tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29875342493079404962024-03-13T03:37:47.543-07:00Chemistry For F.S.Cchismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-57207803334636926402011-12-25T00:07:00.000-08:002011-12-25T00:07:17.384-08:00Chapter 3rd<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>MACROBUTTON MTEditEquationSection2 <span class=MTEquationSection>Equation Chapter 1 Section 1</span><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> SEQ MTEqn \r \h \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ MTSec \r 1 \h \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ MTChap \r 1 \h \* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></i></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span></i></b><![endif]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Chapter No.3<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">GASES</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">States of Matter</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Matter exists in four states solid , liquid , gas and plasma.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The gases are the simplest form of matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Properties of Gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.5in 324.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> The general properties of gases are the following: <o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gases have no definite volume:</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> They occupy all the available space. The volume of the gas is the volume of the container.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gasses have no definite shape.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> They take the shape of the container. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gasses have low densities. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Gases have low densities as compared with liquids and solids. The gases bubble through liquids and tend to rise up.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gasses con diffuse and effuse.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> They can diffuse and effuse rapidly through each other in all directions. The odour spreads in this way. The property of diffusions operates in liquids as well but is negligible in solids.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gases are compressible. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> They can easily be compressed by applying pressure because there are large empty spaces between the molecules. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gases are expendables.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> They can expand on heating or increasing the available volume . They expand to fill the entire volume of their containers. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Liquids and solids do not show an appreciable increase in volume when they are heated. On sudden expansion of gases, cooling effect is observed. this phenomenon is called <i>Joule-Thomson effect</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gases exert pressure</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">. They exert pressure on the walls of the container. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gases are miscible. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">They can be mixed in all proportions forming a homogeneous mixture. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">weak intermolecular forces.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> The intermolecular forces in gases are very weak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Gases are liquefiable.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> They may be converted to the liquid state with sufficiently low temperature and high pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Properties of Liquids<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> All liquids show the following general properties.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. <i>Liquids have definite volume but indefinite shape.</i> They adopt the shape of the container in which they are placed but their volume does not change.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2. <i>Liquids molecules are in constant random. </i>The evaporation and diffusion of liquid molecules are due to this motion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3. <i>Liquids are denser than gases.</i> The densities of liquid are much greater than those of gases but are close to those of solids.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">4. <i>Liquid molecules are very close together</i>. Molecules of liquid lie close together with very little space between them so they cannot be compressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">5. <i>Intermolecular attractive forces.</i> The intermolecular attractive forces in liquids are intermediate between gases and solids. The melting and boiling points of gases, liquid and solids depend upon the strength of such forces. The strength of these forces is different in different liquids.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">6. <i>Liquid molecules possess kinetic energy</i>. Molecules of liquids possess kinetic energy due to their motion. Liquid can be converted into solids on cooling, e I , by decreasing their kinetic energy. Molecules of liquid collide among them-selves and exchange energy but those of solid cannot do so.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Properties of Solids<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. <i>Solid particles are very close together.</i> The particles of solid substances are very close to each other and they are tightly packed. Due to tight packing of particles solids are non-compressible and non-diffusible.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2. <i>Strong attractive force .</i>There are strong attractive forces in solids which hold the particles together firmly. Due to this reason solids have definite shape and volume.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3. <i>The solid particles possess only vibration motion.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Units of Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>“The pressure of air (Earth’s atmosphere) at sea level that will support a column of mercury 760 mm in height is called one atmosphere.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> It is the force exerted by 76 cm long column of mercury on an area of 1 cm<sup>2 </sup>at O<sup>0</sup>C .It is the average pressure of atmosphere at sea level. A second common pressure unit is the torr. One torr is the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1 mm in height. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 262.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b>So, <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1 atm=760 torr=760mm Hg<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (pa). Remember that pressure is force per unit area, so Pascal can by expressed using the SI units for force and area. The SI unit of force is the Newton (N), and are area is measured in square (m<sup>2</sup>).Thus<b>, I pa =1Nm<sup>-2 </sup>, and IN =1 kg ms<sup>-2</sup>,</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b>So</b>, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1 pa =1 kg m<sup>-1 </sup>S<sup>-2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Hence, <b>1 atm =760 torr =760mm Hg=101325 pa =101.325 kpa </b>(kilopascal).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> The most commonly unit of pressure used in engineering work is pounds per square inch (psi).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1 atm -760=760torr =14.7 pounds inch 2 .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> The unit of pressure mill bar is commonly used by meteorologists.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gas Laws<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>“The relationships between the volume of a given amount of gas and the prevailing conditions of temperature and pressure are called the gas laws.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> When the external conditions of temperature and pressure are changed, the volume of a given quantity of all gases in affected. This effect is nearly the same irrespective of the nature of the gas. Thus gases show a uniform behavior towards the external conditions. The gas laws describe this uniform behavior of gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Boyle,s Law<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>“At constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied a the gas.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Mathematically: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;
height:33pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span> (T and n constant) </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45pt;height:30.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="60" /><!--[endif]--></span> </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> PV=K ----------(1)</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> Where”K”is a proportionality constant. The value of k is different for different amounts of the same gas . </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> According to Eq (1), boyle’s law can be stated as follows:</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <i>“At constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume of a fixed amount of a gas remains constant.”<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> So, P<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1 </sub>=k and P<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>=k</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> Hence, <b>P<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1 </sub>=P<sub>2 </sub>V<sub>2 </sub></b></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> Where P<sub>1 </sub>and V<sub>1 </sub>are the initial pressure and volume while P<sub>2 </sub>and V<sub>2 </sub>are the final pressure and volume.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Experimental Verification of Boyles,s Law<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Consider a fixed amount of a gas in a cylinder at constant temperature say at 25<sup>o</sup>C. The cylinder is fitted with a moveable piston and a manometer to read the pressure of the gas directly .Let the initial volume of the gas is 1 dm<sup>3 </sup>and its pressure is 2 atm when the piston has one weight on it. When the piston is loaded with a weight two times greater with the help of two equal weights, the pressure becomes 4 atm and the volume is reduced to </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">dm <sup>3</sup>. Similarly when the piston is loaded with a weight three times greater. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Then the pressure becomes 6 atm and volume is reduced to dm<sup>3 </sup>.Thus <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<sub>1 </sub>V<sub>1 </sub>=2atmx1dm<sup>3 </sup>=2 atm dm<sup>3 </sup>=k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<sub>2 </sub>V<sub>2 </sub>=4atm x </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">dm<sup>3 </sup>= 2atm dm<sup>3 </sup>=k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<sub>2 </sub>V<sub>2 </sub>=4atm x </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:30.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">dm<sup>3 </sup>= 2atm dm<sup>3 </sup>=k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hence the Bye’s law is verified.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The value of k will remain the same for the same quantity of a gas at the same temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig, Verification of Boyle,s Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example 1 :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> A gas having a volume of 10 dm<sup>3 </sup>is enclosed in a vessel at 0<sup>o</sup>C and the pressure is 2.5 atmospheres . This gas is allowed to expand until the new pressure is 2 atmospheres. what will be the new volume of this gas, if the temperature is maintained at 273 k.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution: Given:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>1 </sub> =2.5atm ; P<sub>2 </sub> =2atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>1 </sub> =10dm<sup>3</sup> ; V<sub>2 </sub> =?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Since temperature is constant ( 0o C =273k )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Formula Used: V<sub>2 </sub> =P<sub>1 </sub>V<sub>1 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>2 </sub> =<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>2</sub> =</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:77.25pt;height:30.75pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="103" /><!--[endif]--></span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <b>V<sub>2</sub> =12.5 dm<sup>3 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Graphical Explanation of Boyles,s Law<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Take a given amount of gas and enclose it in a cylinder having a piston in it. The Boyle,s law can be represented graphically in three different ways as described below:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keeping the temperature constant at 0o C, when the pressure of the gas is varied, its volume changes. On plotting a graph between pressure on the x-axis and volume on the y-axis, a curve is obtained. Fig (a). This graph shows that volume is inversely proportional to pressure. Increase in pressure decreases the volume. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“The pressure –volume curve obtained at constant temperature is called isotherm” <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Now increase the temperature of the same gas to 25o C .keeping the temperature constant graph between pressures of the gas is varied, its volume changes. Again on plotting a obtained .this curve goes away from both the axes, fig (b). The reason is that, at higher temperature, the volume of the gas has increased. Again, this graph shows that volume is inversely proportional to pressure. The increase in pressure decreases the volume.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Similarly, if we increase the temperature further, keeping it constant, and again plot another isotherm, It further goes away from the axes and produces the same result.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig (a) . Isotherm of a gas at 0<sup>o</sup>C Fig (b). Isotherm of a gas at different temperatures<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keeping the temperature constant at T<sub>1</sub>, when the volume of the gas is increased, the gas spreads over a larger region of space. Consequently, it exerts less pressure on the container. It means increase in column decreases the pressure of the gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">On plotting a graph between the reciprocal of volume (</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323478"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> )n x-axis and pressure (P) on the y-axis. It shows that p is directly proportional (</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323479"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> )to . It indicates that the pressure goes down as the gas expands. This straight line will meet at the origin where both p and (</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323481"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> )are zero. Thus we can say that p goes to zero as V goes to infinity (</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323482"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =0). Now increase the temperature of the same gas from T<sub>1 </sub>to T<sub>2 </sub>. Keeping the temperature constant at T<sub>2 </sub>. When volume is varied, its pressure changes. Again plot the graph between (</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323483"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> )on x-axis, and P on y-axis, again a straight line is obtained which meet at the origin . This straight line will be away from the x-axis, Fig(a) . Again the straight line straight line indicates that P is directly proportional to (</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323484"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> ).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig.(a) A plot between P and</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323485"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Fig (b) A plot between pressure and product pf P </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keeping the temperature constant at T<sub>1</sub>, when the pressure of the gas is varied, its volume changes. On plotting a graph between P on x-axis and the product PV on y-axis, a straight line parallel to x-axis is obtained, Fig (b). This straight line shows that PV remains constant even if we change pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Now increase the temperature of the same gas form T<sub>1 </sub>to T<sub>2</sub>. Keeping the temperature constant at T<sub>2</sub>, when the pressure of the agars is varied, its volume change. On plotting graph between P on x-axis and the product PV on y-axis, again a straight line parallel to x-axis is obtained, Fig (b) . This straight line shows that PV remains constant even if we change pressure. However, the value of PV increases with increase in temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Charles’s Law<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>“At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>Mathematically:</b> V = T (P and N are constant)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V = kT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323486"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">= k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Where k is a proportionality constant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> If the temperature is changed from T<sub>1 </sub>to T<sub>2 </sub>and the volume is changed from V<sub>1 </sub>to V<sub>2 </sub>then we have<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(V<sub>1 </sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">= k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> and </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">= k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> so, </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>1 </sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> = k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(V<sub>1 </sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span></b><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Experimental Verification of Charles, s Law<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: distribute-all-lines;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Consider a fixed amount of a gas enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a moveable piston. Let the volume of the gas is V1 and its temperature is T1. If the gas in the cylinder is heated, the temperature and the volume of the gas will increase . The new temperature be T2 and volume will be V-2 . It can be shown that the ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(V<sub>1 </sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hence Charles’ s law is verified.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig. Verification of Charles’s Law<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example 2 : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 250cm<sup>3 </sup>of hydrogen is cooled from 127<sup>o </sup>C to -27o C by maintaining the pressure constant. Calculate the new volume of the gas at the low temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution: Given:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V1 =250cm<sup>3</sup> ; V<sub>2 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T<sub>1 </sub> =273+127=400k ; T<sub>2 </sub>=273-27=246k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Formula Used: </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>1 </sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>2</sub> = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>1 </sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">xT<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>2</sub> = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(250cm<sup>3 </sup>x 246 k,400) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>2</sub> = 153.75 cm<sub>3 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Derivation of Absolute Zero<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In order to derive absolute zero of temperature considers the following quantitative statement of Charles’s law.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Statement: “At constant pressure , the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323487"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->of its original volume at 0<sub>o </sub>C for every 1 <sub>o</sub>C rise or fall in temperature respectively.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In order to understand the above statement .suppose V <sub>o</sub> is the volume of a given <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mass of gas at 0 <sup>o</sup>C and V<sub>1 </sub>is the volume at T <sup>o</sup>C .Then from the statement of Charles,s law.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For 1 <sup>o</sup>C rise in temperature, the increase in volume =Vo x<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1040"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323488"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(Vo ,273) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">And, for to C rise in temperature ,the increase in volume =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(Vo ,273) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">xt<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>o </sub>t,273) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The volume , V<sub>t </sub>of the gas at to C becomes , <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>t </sub>=vol of gas at 0<sup>o</sup>C =increase in vol.at t<sup>o</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>t</sub>=V<sub>o </sub>+<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>t</sub>=V<sub>o </sub>(1+</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1041"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323489"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">This general equation can be used to know the volume of the gas at various temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Suppose at 0<sup>o</sup>C , the original volume , V<sub>o </sub>of the gas is 546 cm <sup>3 </sup>.Thus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Vo =546 cm3 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At 10o C, V10 =546(1+</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1042"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:110.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="147" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1042"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323490"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">dm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> </div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At 100 oC V100 =<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:150.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="201" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1043"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323491"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->cm<sup>3 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Thus , the increase in temperature from 10<sup>o </sup>C to 100 <sup>o</sup>C, increases the volume from 566 cm<sup>3 </sup>to 746cm<sup>3 </sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Applying the Charles’s Law,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(V<sub>1 </sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="73" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1044"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323492"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The two ratios are not equal. So , Charles’s law is not being obeyed when temperature is measured on the Celsius scale. For this reason a new temperature scale has been developed. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The new temperature scale starts from-273<sup>o</sup>C (more correctly-273.16 <sup>o</sup>C) which is called zero Kelvin (0k) or zero absolute. The advantage of this scale is that all the temperatures on this scale are in positive figures .In order to develop the new temperature scale, the best way is to plot a graph between the variables of Charles,s law . That is, V and T.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Table: volume –Temperature data for a given amount of a gas at constant pressure<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Volume (cm<sup>3</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Celsius Temperature(<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Temperature (K)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: center 50.0pt right 100.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1045"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323493"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=k=cm<sup>3 </sup>k<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: center 50.0pt right 100.0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1092<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">273<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">546<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">846<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">150<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">423<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">746<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">100<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">373<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">646<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">323<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">566<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">283<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">548<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">274<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">546<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">273<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">544<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">272<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">526<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">263<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">400<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-73<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">200<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">346<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-100<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">173<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">146<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-200<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">73<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.85pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.55pt;" valign="top" width="183"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-273<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.15pt;" valign="top" width="116"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Graphical Explanation of Charles,s Law<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Keeping the pressure of a given mass (say 1 mole) of gas constant, when the temperature of a gas is varied, its volume changes. The volumes at different temperatures are measured, Now if a graph is plotted between temperature (<sup>o</sup>C) on x-axis and volume on y-axis , a straight line is obtained ,this straight line cuts the temperature-axis and (x-axis) at -273. 16<sup>o</sup>Cif it is extrapolated. The volume of a gas becomes zero at -273.16<sup>o</sup>C. This temperature is the lowest temperature which is attainable if the substance remains in the gaseous stat. Actually, all real gases first converted into liquid and then into solids before reaching this temperature<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig. the graph between volume and temperature for a gas according to table.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">If many plots of this type are examined. It is found that a given gas follows different straight lines for different masses of gas and for different pressures. Greater the mass of gas taken, greater will be the slope of the straight line. The reason is that greater the number of moles greater the volume occupied .All these straight lines when extrapolated meet at a common point of -273.16<sup>o</sup>C (0k). It is clear that this temperature of -273.16oC will be attained when the volume becomes zero. It is true for an ideal gas. But for a real gas. Thus-273.16oC represents the coldest temperature. This is the zero point (0K) for an absolute scale of temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Charles’s law is obeyed when the temperature is taken on the Kelvin scale. For example, at 283K (10<sup>o </sup>C) the volume is 566 cm<sup>3 </sup>and at 373 k (100<sup>o </sup>C) the volume is 746 cm<sup>3 </sup>. According to Charlie’s law.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(V<sub>1</sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:78.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="105" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1046"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323494"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hence , Charles’s law is obeyed .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Scales of Thermometry</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For measuring temperature, three scales of thermometry are used.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(<b>a) Celsius or Centigrade Scale</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> One this scale, the temperature of ice at 1 atmospheric pressure is 0<sup>o</sup>C, and the temperature of boiling water at 1 atmospheric pressure is 100<sup>o</sup>C. The space between these temperature marks is divided into 100 equal parts and each part is 1 <sup>o</sup>C <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) Fahrenheit Scale <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">On this scale, the temperature of ice at 1 atmospheric pressure is 32Fand the temperature of boiling water is 212<sup>o </sup>F .The space between these temperature marks is divided into 180equal parts and each part is 1<sup>o</sup>F<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(c) Absolute or Kelvin scale<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> One the absolute or Kelvin scale, the temperature of ice at 1 atmospheric pressure is 273 K and that of boiling water is 373 K. On the Kelvin scale, absolute zero (0K) is the temperature at which the volume of a gas becomes zero. It is the lowest possible temperature that can be achieved. Thus, temperatures on the Kelvin scale are not divided into degrees .Temperatures on this scale are reported in units of Kelvin , not in degrees temperature on Kelvin Scale=273.16<sup>o</sup>C or 0K=273.16<sup>o</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Temperature on Kelvin scale=273+temperature <sup>o</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Or<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T (k)=273+ <sup>o</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The following relationship helps us to understand the introversions of various scales of temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T (k)=273+ <sup>o</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><sup><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></sup></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">C=</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 19.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1047"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1047"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323495"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42.75pt;height:20.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="57" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1048"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323496"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><sup><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">o</span></sup></b><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">f=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1049"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323497"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> (<sup>o</sup>C)+32<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Remember </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">that the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales are both relative temperature scales. They define two reference points (such as 0<sup>o</sup>C and 100<sup>o</sup>C). The Kelvin scale, however, is an absolute scale. Zero on this scale is the lowest temperature that can achieved. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The temperature 273.16 k (0o C) and pressure 1 atmosphere (760 mm Hg) have been chosen as standard temperature and standard pressure. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> STP 273.16K (0o C) and 1 atm (760 mm Hg)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">General Gas Equation [Ideal Gas Equation]<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>“ A gas equation which is obtained by combining Boyle ‘s law , Charles ,s law and Avogadro ,s law is called general gas equation.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> It relates pressure, volume temperature and number of moles of gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> According to Boyle’s Law V</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1050"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1050"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323498"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,9) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (at constant T and n)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> </div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">According to Charles’s Law V </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1051"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1051"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323499"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T (at constant P and n)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> According to Avogadro’s Law V</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1052"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323501"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T (at constant P and T)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> If the variables P,T and n are not Kept constant then all the above three relationships can be combined together. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1053" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1053"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323502"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(nT,P) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V=R</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(nT,P) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where ‘R’ is a general gas constant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">pV=nRT(First Form)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>The above equation is called ideal or general gas equation. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The general gas equation shows that if we have any quantity of an ideal gas then the product of its pressure and volume is equal to the product of number of moles, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Variation on the Gas Equation<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> During chemical and physical processes, any of the four variables (P,V,n ,T) in the ideal gas equation ,PV =nRT may be fixed and any of them may change.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For examples:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1. For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> PV= nRT =constant [</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1054" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1054"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323503"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n and T constant]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> PV=k (Boyle’s Law)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2. For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1055" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:96pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="128" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1055"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323504"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> =[<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1056" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1056"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323505"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> n and P constant]</div><div align="center" class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1057"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="48" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1057"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323506"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V=kT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3. For a fixed amount of gas at constant volume,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> </div><div align="center" class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1058" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:99.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image041.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="133" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1058"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323507"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> =[<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1059"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323508"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> n and V constant]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=kT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For a fixed pressure and temperature, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1060" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:93pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060" width="124" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1060"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323509"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">[</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1061" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1061"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323510"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">and T constant ]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V=kn (Avogadro’s Law)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For a fixed volume and temperature,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MTDisplayEquation" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1062" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:90.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062" width="121" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1062"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323511"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> [<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1063" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1063"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323512"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> T and V constant]</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=kn<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">General Gas Equation For one mole of gas<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For one mole of gas , the general gas equation is <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV==RT [</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1064"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1064"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323513"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n=1]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(PV,T)=R </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For two different pressure, volumes and absolute temperatures, the above equation can be written as,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(P<sub>1 </sub>V<sub>1 </sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>)=R </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(P<sub>2 </sub>V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>)=R </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hence, we can write,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(P<sub>1 </sub>V<sub>1</sub>,T<sub>1</sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(P<sub>2 </sub>V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (Second Form)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Numerical Value of Ideal Gas Constant , R<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The numerical value of R depends upon the units chosen for P,V and T.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(i) When pressure is expressed in atmosphere and volume in dm<sup>3</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For 1 mole of a gas at STP, we have <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> N= 1 mole, P=1 atm, T =273.16k, V=22.414dm<sup>3 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Putting these value in general gas equation,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(VxP ,n xT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R= </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(22.414dm<sup>3 </sup>x 1 atm,1 mole x273.16k) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=0.0821dm<sup>3 </sup>atm k <sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">when pressure is expressed in mm of mercury or torr and volume of gas in cm<sup>3 </sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R= 0.0821dm<sup>3 </sup>atm k<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Since 1 dm<sup>3 </sup>=1000cm<sup>3 </sup> : 1 atm =760mm of Hg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=0.0821x1000 cm<sup>3 </sup>x760mm Hg K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=62400 cm<sup>3 </sup>mm Hg K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Since 1 mm=1 torr<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=62400 cm<sup>3 </sup>torr K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">When pressure is expressed in Nm<sup>-2 </sup>and volume in m<sup>3 </sup>(SI Units)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For 1 mole of gas at STP, <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">N= 1 mol, P=101325 Nm<sup>-2</sup>, T=273.16 K, V=0.022414m<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Substituting the values in general gas equation,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 376.15pt right 432.75pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(VxP,nxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(0.022414 m<sup>3 </sup>x101325 Nm<sup>-2 <span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></sup>,1 molx273.15 K) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=8.3143 NmK<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Since 1 Nm=1 j<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=8.3143jk <sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Remember that,</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> whenever the pressure is given in Nm<sup>-2 </sup>and the volume in m<sup>3 </sup>,then the value of used must be 8.3143 jk<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Remember that</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> when the pressure is given in Nm<sup>-2 </sup>and the volume in m<sup>3</sup>, then the value of R used must be 8.3143JK<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>.joule (j) is unit of work and energy in the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(iv)<b><i> When energy is expressed in ergs</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=8.3143jk <sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Since 1 J =10<sup>7 </sup>erg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=8.3143x10<sup>7 </sup>erg K<sup>-1 </sup>mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(<b><i>v) When energyis expressed in calories. </i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=8.3143jk -1 mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Since 1 cal=4.184j<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Or 1 j=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,4.184)cal . </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R= </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(8.3143,4.184)=1.987 cal K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R = 1.987 cal K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(vi) R can be expressed in units of work or energy per Kelvin per mole . <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Form ideal gas equation, we can write <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 119.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(VxP,nxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> If the pressure is written as force per units area and volume as area x length,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(F/Ax Ax length ,n xT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(Force x length , nT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(Work,nT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(Work ,molxK) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hence R can be expressed in units of work or energy per Kelvin per mole.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Physical Meaning of Value of R<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The physical meaning of the value 0.0821 dm3 atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>of R is that if we have one mole of an ideal gas at 273.16 K and one atmospheric pressure and its temperature is increased by 1 K then it will absorb 0.0821 dm<sup>3 </sup>atm of energy , dm3 atm being the unit of energy .Hence the value of R is a universal parameter for all the gases . It tells us that the Avogadro’s number of molecules of all the ideal gases have the same demand of energy. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Density of an Ideal Gas <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> We know that, n=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(m,M) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Where a is the number of moles of gas .m is the mass of the substance in grams and M is the molar mass of the substance.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> On substituting the above expression into the ideal gas equation,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> We obtained<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(m,M) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">RT (Third From)-------(6)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PM=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(m,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=RT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PM=dRT (d=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(m,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">d= </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(MxP,RxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (Fourth From)---------(7)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hence the density of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its molar mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Greater the pressure on the gas , the closer will be the molecules and greater the density temperature of the gas ,the lower will be the density of the gas.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> With the help of equation (7) ,we can calculate the relative molar mass, M of an ideal gas if its pressure ,temperature and density are know.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example3:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> A sample of nitrogen gas is enclosed in a vessel of volume 380 cm<sup>3 </sup>at 120<sup>o </sup>C and pressure of 101325 Nm<sup>-2 </sup>.This gas is transferred to a 10dm<sup>3</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Flask and cooled to 27<sup>o </sup>C.Calculate the pressure in Nm<sup>-2 </sup>exerted by the gas at27<sup>o </sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V<sub>1 </sub>=380cm<sup>3 </sup>=0.38 dm<sup>3 </sup> ; V<sub>2 </sub>=10dm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<sub>1 </sub>=101325 Nm<sup>-2 </sup> ; P<sub>2 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T<sub>1 </sub>=273+120=393k ; T<sub>2 </sub>=273+27=300k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Formula used</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(P<sub>2 </sub>V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(P<sub>1 </sub>V<sub>1</sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>2 </sub>=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(P<sub>1 </sub>V<sub>1 </sub>x T<sub>2</sub>,T<sub>1 </sub>xV<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>2 </sub>=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(1 atmx0.38dm<sup>3 </sup>x300K,393Kx10dm<sup>3 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>2 </sub>=0.028atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>2 </sub>=0.029x101325<b>=2938.4 Nm<sup>-2 </sup>Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example 4:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Calculate the density of CH<sub>4 </sub>at 0<sup>o </sup>C and 1 atmospheric pressure, what will happen to the density if<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">temperature is increase to 27<sup>o </sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">the pressure is increased to 2 atmospheres at 0<sup>o </sup>C</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M<sub>CH4</sub>=12+4=16g mol<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=1 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> R= 0.0821dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T = 273+0=273K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(MxP,RXT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(16g mol<sup>-1 </sup>x1 atm,0.0821dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>x273 k) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>d=0.7138 g dm3 Answer <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Density at 27<sup>o </sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">M<sub>CH4=</sub>16g mol <sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P= 1 atm <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=0.0821 dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T=273+27=300K<sup> <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used:</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">d=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(MxP,RxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(16g mol<sup>-1 </sup>x1 atm,0.0821 dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>x300k) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>d = 0.6496g dm<sup>3</sup> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Thus by increasing the temperature from 0<sup>o </sup>C , the density of gas has decreased form 0.7143 to 0.6496 g dm<sup>3 </sup>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) Density at 2 atm pressure and 0<sup>o </sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M<sub>CH4</sub>=16g mol-1 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P = 2 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> R =0.0821 dm3 atm K-1 mol-1 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T = 273+0=273k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used:</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(MxP,RxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(16g mol<sup>-1 </sup>x2atm , 0.0821 dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>d=1.428 g dm-3 Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Thus the increasing of pressure has increased the density . the density becomes double by doubling the pressure .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example 5:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Calculate the mass of 1 dm3 of NH<sub>3 </sub>gas at 30<sup>o </sup>C and 1000 mm Hg pressure, considering that NH<sub>4 </sub>is behaving ideally.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution: Given:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=1000 mm Hg = 1.316 atm ; V=1 dm<sup>3 <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> MNH4 =14+3=17g mol-1 : R=0.0821dm3 atm K-1 mol-1 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T=273+30-303l ; m=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used: </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> PV = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(m ,M )RT </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M= </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(PxVxM,RxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M = <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>M =0.0908 g Answer <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Avogadro ‘s Law<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The law may be stated in a number of ways as follows;<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“Equal volumes of ideal gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“Equal number of molecules of ideal gases at the same temperature and pressure occupy equal volumes.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of moles or molecules of gas.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mathematically:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1065" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1065"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323514"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n (at P and T constant) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V=kn<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Explanation</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Since one mole of an ideal gas at STP has a volume of 22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>,So 22.414dm<sup>3 </sup>of an ideal gas at STP will have Avogadro’s number of molecules , i.e, 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mathematically , it can be written as,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>of an ideal gas at STP has number of molecules =6.02x10<sup>23</sup><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 1 dm<sup>3 </sup>of an ideal gas at STP has number of molecules =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>,22.414 ) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">molecules <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =2.68x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In other words if we have one dm<sup>3 </sup>of each of H<sup>2 </sup>,O<sup>2 </sup>,N<sup>2 </sup>and CH<sup>4 </sup>in separate vessels at STP, then the number of molecules in each will be 2.68x 10<sup>22 </sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Similarly when the temperature or pressure are equally changed for these four gases, then the new equal volumes will have the same number of molecules , 2.68x10<sup>22 </sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> One dm<sup>3 </sup>of H<sub>2 </sub>at STP weight approximately 0.0899 grams and one dm<sup>3 </sup>of O<sub>2 </sub>at STP weight 1.4384 grams, but their number of molecules are the same .Although , oxygen molecule is 16 times heavier than hydrogen but this does not disturb the volume occupied by the molecules because molecules , of the gases are widely separated from each other at STP .One molecule of gas is approximately at a distance of 300 times its own diameter from its neighbors at room temperature .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Daltan’s Law of Partial Pressure</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>“The total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of their individual partial pressure.” <o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mathematically</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">: P<sub>t </sub>=P<sub>1 </sub>+P<sub>2 </sub>+P<sub>3 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Where Pt is the total pressure of the mixture of gases and P<sub>1 </sub>,P<sub>2 </sub>and P<sub>3 </sub>are the partial pressure of gas<sub>1 </sub>. gas<sub>2 </sub>and gas<sub> 3 </sub>respectively in the mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases in the pressure a gas would exert if it were the only gas in the container. Partial pressures are commonly represented by small p‘s.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Explanation: Suppose we have four 10 dm<sup>3</sup> cylinders. The first one contains H<sub>2 </sub>gas at a pressure of 400 torr; the second one contains CH<sup>4 </sup>gas at a pressure of 100 torr at the same temperature. Now transfer these gases to the fourth cylinder of capacity 10dm<sup>3 </sup>at the same temperature. According to Dalton‘s law, the pressure in the fourth cylinder is found to be equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas exerted by itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>t </sub>=P<sub>H2 </sub>+PC<sub>H 4 </sub>+P<sub>o2 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>t</sub>=400+500+100=1000 torr<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There three non-reacting gases are behaving independently under the normal conditions. The rapidly moving molecules of each gas in a mixture have equal opportunities to collide with the walls of the container. Hence, each gas in the container exerts a pressure independent of the pressure of other gases in the container. The total pressure is the result of total number of collisions per unit area in a given time. Since the molecules of each gas move independently, so the general gas equation can be applied to the individual gases in the gaseous mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(i)P<sub>H2 </sub>V=n <sub>H2 </sub>RT P<sub>H2 </sub>=n<sub>H2</sub></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1066"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323515"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>H2 </sub></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1067"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1067"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323516"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n<sub>H2 <o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(ii)P<sub>H2 </sub>V=n <sub>H4</sub>RTP<sub>H2 </sub>=n<sub>H2</sub></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1068"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323517"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>ch2</sub></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1069" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1069"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323518"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n<sub>Ch4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(iii)P<sub>O2 </sub>V=n<sub>o2 </sub>RT P<sub>o2 </sub>=no2</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1070" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1070"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323519"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>o2 </sub></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1071" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1071"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323520"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n<sub>o2 <o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1072"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323521"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">is a constant factor<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">H2 , CH4 and O2 have their own partial pressures . Since volume and temperature are the same so their number of moles will be different and will be directly proportional to their partial pressures .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adding Equations (i),(ii) and (iii),we get ,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (P<sub>H2 </sub>+P<sub>CH4 </sub>+P<sub>o2 </sub>)V= (n<sub>H2 </sub>+ n<sub>CH4 </sub>+n<sub>o2 </sub>)RT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>t </sub> = n<sub>t </sub>RT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Where Pt =P<sub>H2 </sub>+P<sub>CH4 </sub>+P<sub>o2 </sub>, n<sub>t </sub>=n<sub>H2 </sub>+n<sub>CH4 </sub>+ n<sub>o2 <o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hence, the total pressure of the mixture of gases depends upon the total number of .moles of the gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Calculation of Partial Pressure of a Gas </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The partial pressure of any gas in a mixture of gases can be calculated provided we know the mass or number of moles of the gas, the total pressure and the total number of moles present in the mixture of gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Suppose we have a mixture of gas A and gas B. The mixture is enclosed in a container having volume (V). The total pressure of the mixture is P<sub>t </sub>. The number of moles of the gases A and B are N<sub>A </sub>and n <sub>B </sub>respectively .If the temperature of the mixture is T, then we can write general gas equations <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For the mixture of gases: P<sub>t </sub>V=n <sub>t </sub>RT --------(i)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For gas A: P<sub>A</sub>V=n<sub>A</sub>RT --------(ii)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For gas B: P<sub>B</sub>V=n<sub>B</sub>RT ---------(iii)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Divide Eq (ii) by Eq (i) ,we get,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1073"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="33" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1073"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="44" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1074"
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o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="23" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1075"
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style='width:17.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="23" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1076"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323526"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> PA=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1077" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:32.25pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image058.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1077" width="43" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1077"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323527"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Similarly, by dividing Eq (iii) by Eq (i), we get <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>A</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1078"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:32.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image058.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1078" width="43" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1078"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323528"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In mole –fraction form, the above equations can be written as,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>A</sub>=X<sub>A </sub>P<sub>t </sub>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1079" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1079" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1079"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323529"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> X<sub>A </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1080" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1080" width="23" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1080"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323530"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>B </sub>= X<sub>B </sub>P<sub>t </sub>[ <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1081" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1081" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1081"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323531"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->X<sub>B </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1082" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:15.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image062.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1082" width="21" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1082"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323532"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example 6:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> There is a mixture of H2, He and CH4 occupying a vessel of volume 13 dm<sub>3 </sub>at 37 <sup>o</sup>C and pressure of 1 atmosphere. The masses of H<sub>2 </sub>and He are 0.8g and 0.12g respectively. Calculate the partial pressure in torr Hg of each gas in the mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution: Given:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=1 atm : V=13dm3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n=? ; T=273+37=310K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> R=0.0821 dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b><i>Formula Used: <o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> PV=nRT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n = </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1083" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image065.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1083" width="28" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1083"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323533"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n=</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1084" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:173.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image066.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1084" width="231" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1084"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323534"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n<sub>H2 </sub> =</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1085" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:111.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image068.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1085" width="149" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1085"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323535"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n<sub>He</sub> =</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1086" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:84.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image070.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1086" width="113" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1086"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323536"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n<sub>CH4 </sub>= 0.51-(0.396+0.03)=0.51-0.426=0.084mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>H2 </sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1087" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:38.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image072.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image073.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1087" width="51" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1087"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323537"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>He </sub>=</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1088"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:149.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image074.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image075.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1088" width="199" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1088"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323538"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> =0.776x760=589.76torr Answer</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<sub>He </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1089"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image077.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1089" width="48" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1089"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323540"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>H2 </sub> =</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1090" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:132.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image078.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image079.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1090" width="177" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1090"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323541"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <b>=0.058x760=44.08 torr Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<sub>CH4 </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1091" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image080.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1091" width="56" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1091"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323542"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>CH4 </sub>=</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1092" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:135.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image083.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1092" width="181" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1092"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323543"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1093" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image084.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1093" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1093"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323544"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=0.164x760=124.64 torr Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Applications of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>’s Law of Partial pressure<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The four important applications of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>’s law of partial pressures are the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1. Determination of the pressure of dry gas:</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Daltons</st1:place></st1:city> law of partial pressure is used to find the pressure of dry gas collected over water. When a gas is collected over water it becomes moist. The pressure exerted by a moist gas is , therefore , me sum of the partial pressure of the dry gas and the pressure of the water vapours which are mixed with the gas <i>.The partial pressure exerted by the water vapour is called aqueous tension</i> .Thus <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture</span></b><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Remember that : <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> While solving the numerical, the aqueous tension is subtracted from the total pressure (P <sub>moist gas</sub> )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2. Process of Respiration: </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In living beings, the process of respiration depends upon differences in partial pressures. When animals inhale air then oxygen moves into lungs as the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is 159 torr while the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is 116 torr . On the other hand, CO<sub>2 </sub>produced during respiration moves out in the opposite direction as its partial pressure is low in the air relative to its partial pressure in the lungs .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 Pilots feel uncomfortable breathing at higher altitudes</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">: At higher altitudes ,the pilot feel uncomfortable breathing because the partial pressure of oxygen in the unperssurized cabin is low as compared to torr in air where one feels comfortable breathing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4 Deep sea divers feel uncomfortable breathing:</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> deep Sea divers take oxygen mixed with an inert gas (He) and adjust the partial pressure of oxygen according to the requirement. In sea after every 100feet depth, the diver experiences about 3 atm pressure .Therefore ,normal air cannot be breathed in depth of sea . Moreover, the pressure of N<sub>2 </sub>increases in depth of sea and it diffuses in the blood.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Diffusion and Effusion<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b><u>Diffusion<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“The spontaneous intermingling (intermixing) of molecules of one gas with another at a given temperature and pressure is called diffusion.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Explanation of Diffusion from Kinetic Theory <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> According to the Kinetic molecular theory of gases, the molecules of the gases move haphazardly. They collide among themselves, collide with the walls of the container and change their directions. In other words the molecules of gases are scattered or intermixed due to collisions and random motion to from a homogeneous mixture. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (1) The spreading of fragrance of a rose or a scent is due to diffusion. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Suppose NO<sub>2 </sub>(a brown gas an d O<sub>2 </sub>( a colorless gas )are separated from each other by a partition . When the partition is removed, both diffused into each other due to collisions and random motion. They generate a homogeneous mixture. The partial pressure of <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Both are uniform throughout the mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Effusion:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> “The escape of gas molecules through an extremely small opening into a region of low pressure is called effusion.” <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The spreading of molecules in effusion is not due to collisions but to their escape one by one .Actually the molecules of a gas are habitual in colliding with the walls of the vessel. When a molecule approaches just in front of the opening it enters the other portion of the vessel. This type of escape of gas molecules through a small hole into a region of low pressure or vacuum is called effusion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Graham’s Law of Diffusion <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b><i>“The rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of it’ s density at constant temperature and pressure.”<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mathematically. Rate of diffusion </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1094" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1094"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1095" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1095"
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style='width:21.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image087.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image088.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1096" width="29" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1096"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323547"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(at constant T and P)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rate of diffusion =<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1097" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1097"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323548"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1098" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:21.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image089.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image090.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1098" width="29" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1098"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323549"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> R =<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1099"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1099" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1099"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323550"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1100" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:21.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image089.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image090.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1100" width="29" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1100"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323551"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> Rx =<span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1101"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image091.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image092.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1101" width="27" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1101"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323552"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=k</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">The constant k is same for all gases, when they are all studied at the same temperature and pressure .</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> Suppose we have two gases 1 and 2 whose rates of diffusion are r<sub>1 </sub>and r<sub>2 </sub>and densities are D1 and d2 respectively. According to Graham’s law,</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> r<sub>1 </sub>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image092.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1102" width="27" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1102"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323553"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><sub>1</sub>=k</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> r<sub>2 </sub>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image092.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1103" width="27" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1103"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323554"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><sub>2</sub>=k</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Divide the two equations and rearrange <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1104" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1104"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="53" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image095.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1105" width="80" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1105"
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id="_x0000_i1106" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:48pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image096.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image097.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1106" width="64" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1106"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323557"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Since the density of a given gas is directly proportional to its molecular mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1107" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1107"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323558"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">M<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Therefore, Graham’s law of diffusion can also be written as,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1108"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image099.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1108" width="71" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1108"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323559"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Where M <sub>1 </sub>and M<sub>2 </sub>are the molecular masses of gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Experimental Verification of Graham’s Law of Diffusion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> This law can be verified in the laboratory by noting the rates of diffusion of two gases in a glass tube when they are allowed to move from opposite ends. Two cotton plugs soaked in NH<sub>4 </sub>OH and HCI solution are introduced in the open ends of 100cm long tube at the same time .NH3 molecules travel a distance of 59.5 cm when HCI molecules cover 40.5 cm in the same time. Dense white fumes of NH<sub>4</sub>CI are produced at the junction of two gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1109"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image101.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1109" width="45" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1109"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323561"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1110" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:251.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image102.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image103.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1110" width="335" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1110"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323562"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1111"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image100.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image101.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1111" width="45" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1111"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323563"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1112" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:1in;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image104.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image105.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1112" width="96" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1112"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323564"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Form Graham’s law the rates of diffusion of NH<sub>3 </sub>and HCI can be calculated by using their molecular masses as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1113" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:33.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image100.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image101.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1113" width="45" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1113"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323565"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1114" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:117pt;height:39.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image106.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="53" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image107.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1114" width="156" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1114"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323566"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">This result is the same as obtained form the experiment.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hence the law is verified<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Remember that light gases diffuse more rapidly than heavy gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Fig: Verification of Graham’s Law<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example 7: 250 cm<sup>3 </sup>of the sample of hydrogen effuses four times as rapidly as 250 cm<sup>3 </sup>of an unknown gas . Calculate the molar mass of unknown gas .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution: Let the symbol for the unknown gas is x.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rate of effusion of unknown gas r<sub>x </sub>=1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rate of effusion of hydrogen gas r<sub>H2</sub>=1x4=4 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Molar of effusion of hydrogen gas M<sub>H2 </sub>=2g mol<sup>-1 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Molar mass of unknown gas, M<sub>x</sub> =?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Formula used:<span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1115" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:1in;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image108.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image109.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1115" width="96" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1115"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323567"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1116" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:78pt;height:36.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image110.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="49" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1116" width="104" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1116"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323568"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Taking square of both the sides,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1117" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image112.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image113.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1117" width="93" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1117"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323569"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M<sub>x </sub>=16x2g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M<sub>x</sub>=32g mol<sup> -1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b><i>“A gas model which explains the physical behavior of gases and the gas laws is called the kinetic molecular theory of gases.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The kinetic molecular theory of gases was first suggested by Bernoulli (1738).R.J .Clausisus (1857) derived the Kinetic gas equation and deduced all the gas laws from it .Maxwell (1859) gave the law of distribution of velocities .Bolt Mann (1870) gave the concept of distribution of energies among the gas molecules. Vander walls (1873) modify the Kinetic gas equation in order to apply for real gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The basic assumptions of the Kinetic molecular theory of an ideal gas are the following: <o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">All gases consist of a large number of very small particles called molecules. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Noble gases (He,Ne, Ar,etc )have mono=atomic molecules .<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The molecules of a gas mve randomly in straight lines in all directions with various velocities</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. They collide with one another and with the walls of the container and change their direction.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The pressure exerted by a gas is due to the collections of the gas molecules with the walls fo the container. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The collisions among the molecules and with the walls of the container are perfectly elastic. There is no loss energy during collision or mutual friction.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The molecules of a gas are widely separated from one another .There is large empty spaces between the gas molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">There are no attractive forces between the gas molecules </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">.There is no force of gravity on gas molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The actual volume of the gas molecules is negligible as compared to the volume of the gas</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The motion of the gas molecules due to gravity is negligible as compared to the effect of continued collisions between them</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute temperature of the gas</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Average K.E <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1118" width="21" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1118"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323570"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->T<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Average K.E=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1119" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1119" width="57" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1119"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323571"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Note : The average kinetic energy is considered because the gas molecules are moving with different velocities . The velocity of each molecules change with each collision .Some of the molecules has very low velocities, while others move very rapidly.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kinetic Gas Equation<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Keeping in view the basic assumptions of kinetic molecular theory of gases, Clausius derived an expression for the pressure of an ideal gas . This equation relates the pressure of the gas with mass of a molecule of the gas, the number of molecules of the gas in the volume of the gas and the mean square velocities of gas molecules .The kinetic gas equation has the following form.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV= <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1120"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:41.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image118.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1120" width="55" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1120"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323572"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Where P=pressure of the gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V=Volume of the gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M=mass of one molecule of gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> N=number of gas molecules in volume<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1121" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image120.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image121.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1121" width="19" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1121"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323573"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=mean square velocity (average of the square of the <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Velocities of the gas molecules)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The idea of the mean square velocity is important because all the molecules of a gas at a particular temperature have different velocities .These velocities are distributed among the molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mean velocity ,Mean Square Velocity ,Root Mean Square Velocity <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mean(average ) velocity,<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1122" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image122.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image123.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1122" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1122"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323574"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>“The average value of the different velocities of all the molecules in a sample of gas at a particular temperature is called the mean velocit .”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> If there are n1 molecules with velocity c<sub>1 </sub>, n<sub>2 </sub>molecules with velocity c<sub>2 </sub>and n<sub>3 </sub>molecules with velocity c<sub>3</sub>,then , <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1123" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:171pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image124.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image125.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1123" width="228" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1123"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323575"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1124" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image122.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image123.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1124" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1124"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323576"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> is known as the mean of average velocity .The bar (-) over the velocity (c ) indicates average or mean value.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In this reference n<sub>1 </sub>+ n<sub>2 </sub>+n<sub>3 </sub>=N<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">mean square velocity ,c<sup>2<o:p></o:p></sup></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b><i>“The average value of the square of the different velocities of all the molecules in a sample of gas at a particular temperatures is called the square velocity.”<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:153.4pt;margin-top:0;width:126pt;
height:36pt;z-index:251657728'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image126.wmz"
o:title=""/> <w:wrap type="square" side="left"/> </v:shape><![if gte mso 9]><o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4"
ShapeID="_x0000_s1026" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323578"> </o:OLEObject> <![endif]><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img align="right" height="48" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image127.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="168" /><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><br clear="all" /> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1125" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image128.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image129.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1125" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1125"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323579"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->is known as the mean square velocity. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Root mean square Velocity ,c<sub>rms</sub><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“The square root of the mean of the squares of the different velocities of all the molecules in a sample of gas at a particular temperature is called the root mean square velocity.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">C<sub>rms </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1126" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:135pt;height:39pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image130.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="52" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image131.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1126" width="180" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1126"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323580"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">“The square root of the mean square velocity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The expression for the root mean square velocity deduced from the kinetic gas equation is written as:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1127"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image132.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image133.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1127" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1127"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323581"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where , C<sub>mns </sub>root mean square velocity <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M =molecular mass of the gas <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T = absolute temperature<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> This equation is a quantitative relationship between the absolute temperature and the velocities of the gas molecules .According to this equation ,the higher the temperature of a gas ,the greater the velocities .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Explanation of Gas Law From kinetic theory of Gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Bo lye’s Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">According to kinetic gas equation,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1128"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image134.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image135.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1128" width="56" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1128"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323582"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Multiplying and dividing by 2 on right hand side.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1129"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image136.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image137.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1129" width="73" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1129"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323583"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">But <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1130" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:42pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image138.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image139.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1130" width="56" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1130"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323584"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=KE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1131"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image140.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image141.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1131" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1131"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323585"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->(K.E)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Now, according to kinetic theory of gases, kinetic is directly proportional to absolute temperature <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">K.E <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1132"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1132" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1132"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323586"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1133" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image142.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1133" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1133"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323587"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->T<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">K.E =kT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1134" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image143.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image144.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1134" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1134"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323588"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">If temperature is constant, then <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1135" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image143.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image144.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1135" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1135"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323589"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->is constant<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=constant (which is boyle’s law)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Thus boyle’s law is derived.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2. Charles,s Law<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">According to kinetic gas equation,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1136"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image145.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image146.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1136" width="56" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1136"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323590"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Multiplying and dividing by 2 on right hand side.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1137"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image136.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image137.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1137" width="73" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1137"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323591"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1138" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image138.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image139.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1138" width="56" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1138"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323592"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=KE<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 83.25pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1139"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image140.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image141.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1139" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1139"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323593"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->(K.E)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Now ,according to kinetic theory of gases , kinetic energy is directly proportional to absolute temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">K.E <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1140"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1140" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1140"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323594"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1141" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image142.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1141" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1141"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323595"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->T<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">K.E =kT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1142" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image143.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image144.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1142" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1142"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323596"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1143" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:32.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image147.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image148.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1143" width="43" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1143"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323598"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">If pressure is constant, then <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1144" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image149.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image150.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1144" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1144"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323599"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->is constant<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V=constant x T<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1145"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1145" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1145"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323600"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1146" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image151.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1146" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1146"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323601"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> T (which is Charles’s law)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 Avogadro’s Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Consider two gases 1 and 2 at the same pressure P and the same volume V.Suppose their number of molecules are N<sub>1 </sub>and N<sub>2 </sub>,masses are m<sub>1 </sub>and m<sub>2 </sub>and mean square velocities are <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1147"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:44.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image152.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image153.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1147" width="59" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1147"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323602"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For gas 1: PV-<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1148"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:47.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image155.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1148" width="63" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1148"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323603"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> …………..(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For gas 2: PV-<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1149"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:50.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image156.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image157.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1149" width="67" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1149"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323604"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> ………….(2)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> From Eq(1) and Eq (2) ,we get,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1150"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:47.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image155.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1150" width="63" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1150"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323605"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1151" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:50.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image156.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image157.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1151" width="67" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1151"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323606"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->……..(3)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">If the temperature of the gas 1 and gas 2 are the same, their kinetic energy will also be the same.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kinetic energy of gas<sub>1 </sub>=kinetic energy of gas<sub>2</sub></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1152"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image158.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image159.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1152" width="49" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1152"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323607"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1153" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:36.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image158.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image159.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1153" width="49" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1153"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323608"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">Dividing eq(3) by eq(4)</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -27.0pt; position: relative; top: 27.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1154" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:104.25pt;height:60pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image160.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="80" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image161.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1154" width="139" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1154"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323609"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">N<sub>1 </sub>= N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Thus ,number of molecules of gas1 =number of molecules of gas2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4. Graham’s law of Diffusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> According to kinetic gas equation,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1155"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:41.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image162.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image163.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1155" width="55" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1155"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323610"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -25.0pt; position: relative; top: 25.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1156"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:186.75pt;height:56.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image164.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="75" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image165.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1156" width="249" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1156"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323611"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For 1 mole gas , N=N<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1157"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image166.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image167.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1157" width="61" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1157"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323612"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> </span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1158"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:186.75pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image168.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image169.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1158" width="249" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1158"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323613"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1159" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image170.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image171.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1159" width="45" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1159"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323614"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> (mN<sub>A</sub>=M)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where M is the molecular mass of gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1160" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:41.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image172.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image173.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1160" width="55" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1160"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323616"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1161" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image174.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image175.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1161" width="44" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1161"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323617"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> [ <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1162" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image176.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image177.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1162" width="24" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1162"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323618"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=d(density of gas)]<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1163" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image178.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image129.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1163" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1163"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323619"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1164" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image179.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image180.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1164" width="25" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1164"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323620"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Taking the square root of both the sides<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1165" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24pt;height:21.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image181.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image182.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1165" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1165"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323621"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1166" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27.75pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image183.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image184.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1166" width="37" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1166"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323622"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c<sub>nms </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1167" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27.75pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image183.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image184.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1167" width="37" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1167"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323623"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Since the root mean square velocity of the gas is equal to the rate of diffusion of the gas,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">C<sub>nms </sub>=r<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">So, r=<span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1168"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27.75pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image185.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image184.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1168" width="37" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1168"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323624"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> r=<span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1169" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45.75pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image186.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image187.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1169" width="61" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1169"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323625"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At constant pressure,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> r= <span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1170" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image188.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image189.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1170" width="60" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1170"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323626"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> r=constant x<span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1171"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21.75pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image190.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image191.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1171" width="29" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1171"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323627"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> r<span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1172"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image192.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image193.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1172" width="41" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1172"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323628"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Thus , Graham ‘s law of diffusion of gases is derived <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Consider one mole of the gas containing N molecules. Suppose m is the mass of one molecule of the gas and<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1173" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image178.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image129.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1173" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1173"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323629"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> is the mean square velocity of the molecule.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> According to kinetic gas equation,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1174"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:41.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image194.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image163.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1174" width="55" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1174"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323630"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> …………..(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The Eq(1) can be rewritten as,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in center 216.35pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1175"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:60.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image195.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image196.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1175" width="81" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1175"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323631"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> ……………(2)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Now , the kinetic energy of one molecule of a gas due to its translational motion is given by the following equation , <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">E<sub>k</sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1176"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image197.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image198.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1176" width="44" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1176"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323632"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> …………….(3)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where Ek is the average translational kinetic energy of a gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> On putting eq(3) in Eq (2) , we get,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1177"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image199.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image200.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1177" width="53" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1177"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323634"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Since the number of gas molecules in one mole of gas in N<sub>A </sub>(Avogadro’s-number)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">So,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">N=N<sub>A</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1178"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image201.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image202.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1178" width="52" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1178"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323635"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For I mole of the ideal gas,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PV=RT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Therefore,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1179"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image201.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image202.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1179" width="52" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1179"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323636"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=RT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">E<sub>k</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1180" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image203.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image204.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1180" width="48" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1180"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323637"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">E<sub>k</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1181" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24pt;height:15pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image205.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image206.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1181" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1181"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323638"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">We can draw the following conclusions from the above equation:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1. Concept of Absolute Zero of Temperature<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">According to the equation, T=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1182"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image207.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image208.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1182" width="53" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1182"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323639"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->, absolute temperature of a gas is directly<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Proportional to the average translational kinetic energy of the gas molecules. It means that a change in temperature brings about a change in the intensity of molecular motion .Thus, when T=0k (-273.16<sup>o </sup>C), the translational kinetic theory, absolute zero of temperature, both velocity and kinetic energy of gas molecules become zero. Also at this temperature, the gas exerts no pressure on the walls of the container.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The absolute zero temperature cannot be attained .However, a temperature as low as 10<sub>-5</sub> K is obtained.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Concept of Average Kinetic Energy of a gas <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The average translational kinetic energy of a gas depends only on its absolute temperature and is independent of the pressure, volume, or type of gas. The mean kinetic energy of each gas molecule is the same at the same temperature. The mean kinetic energy of gas molecule does not depend upon its mass. Therefore, a small molecule such as H<sub>2 </sub>will have , at the same temperature , the same average kinetic energy as a much heavier molecule such as CO<sub>2 </sub>.<i> Hence, for different gases average kinetic energy of molecules at the same temperature is the same. Thus at the same temperature. </i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">K.E of gas 1 = K.E of gas2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3. Concept of Heat Flow<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> When heat flows from one body to another, the molecules in the hotter body give up some of their kinetic energy through collisions to molecules in the colder body. This process of flow of heat continues until the average translational kinetic energies of all the molecules become equal. Consequently, the temperature of both the bodies becomes equal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4. Concept of Temperature of Gases, Liquids and solids<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Temperature is the measure of average translational kinetic energies of molecules. In gases and liquids, temperature is the measure of average translational of kinetic energies of their molecules , In solids , temperature is the measure of vibrational kinetic energy of molecules because there is only vibrational motion about mean position .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Liquefaction of Gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">General Principle of Liquefaction of Gases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Under suitable conditions of temperature and pressure all gases may be liquefied. Liquefaction occurs only when the attractive forces between the molecules are greater than the kinetic energy of the molecules. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Two conditions favour this situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1. High pressure. High pressure is applied on gases. This brings the molecules of a gas close to each other. Thus the forces between the molecules increase. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2. Low temperature. Low temperature is created in gases .This decreases the kinetic energy of the molecules. Thus the attractive forces between the molecules increase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In general, the liquefaction of a gas requires high pressure and low temperature. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Liquefaction means the conversion of a gas into a liquid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For each gas, there is a certain temperature above which the gas cannot be liquefied even if a very high pressure is applied. This temperature is known as critical temperature. The critical temperature of a gas may be defined as, “the highest temperature which a gas con be liquefied by increasing the pressure is called critical temperature.’ The critical temperature is represented by Tc. Below the critical temperature a gas can be liquefied however great the pressure may be. The value of the critical temperature of a gas depends upon its size, shape and intermolecular forces present in it. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> “The pressure which is required to liquefy the gas at its critical temperature is called critical pressure.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The critical pressure is represented by Pc.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The critical temperature and the critical pressure of the gases are very important because they provide us the information about the condition under which gases liquefy.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Examples: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">CO2 is a nonpolar gas its critical temperature is 31.1<sup>o</sup>C. It must be cooled below this temperature before it can be liquefied by applying high pressure. However, if temperature is maintained below 31.1<sup>o</sup>C. Then lower pressure than critical pressure is required to liquefy it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">NH3 is a polar gas. Its critical temperature is 132.44 <sup>o</sup>C. It must be cooled below this temperature before it can be liquefy by applying sufficient high pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Table : Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of Some Gases <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 584px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Critical Temperature T<sub>c </sub>(<sup>o</sup>C)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Critical Pressure P<sub>c9 </sub>(atm)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Carbon dioxide , CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">31.142(304.3k)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">73.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Freon -12 , CC1<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">111.54(384.7k)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">39.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ammonia , NH<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">132.44(405.6k)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">111.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Water Vapours, H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">374.44(647.6k)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">217<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Oxygen , O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-118.75(154.4k)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">49.7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Argon , Ar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-112.26(150.9k)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nitrogen, N<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-147.06(126.1k)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 146.05pt;" valign="top" width="195"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">33.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Joule-Thomson Effect (Joule-Kelvin Effect)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> “The cooling effect produced when a compressed gas is allowed to undergo sudden expansion through the nozzle of a jet is called joule-Thomson effect.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The effect is due to energy used in overcoming the intermolecular attractive forces of the gas. Joule-Thomson effect is used in the liquefaction of gases by cooling.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Explanation: In a compressed gas, the molecules are very close to each other. Therefore, the intermolecular attraction is fairly large. When the compressed gas is allowed to undergo sudden expansion in passing through a small orifice (hole) into a region of low pressure, the molecules move apart. In doing so, the intermolecular attractive forces must be overcome. For this purpose energy is required. This energy is taken from the gas itself which is thereby cooled.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Method from the liquefaction of Gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Lind’s method of liquefaction of gases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The basic principle of the Linde’s method of liquefaction of gases is the joule-Thosmson effect. The apparatus used for this purpose is shown in the fig.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For liquefaction of air, pure dry air is compression .The compressed air is then passed through a spiral pipe having a jet at the end. The air expands at the jet into the chamber where the pressure of the air falls down from 200 atm to 1atm. As a result of joule-Thomson effect a considerable drop of temperature occurs .The cooled air goes up and cools the incoming compressed air of the spiral tube .the cooled air goes again to the compression pump .The process of compression and expansion is repeated again and again till the air is cooled to such an extent that it liquefies. The liquefied air collects at the bottom of the expansion chamber from where it is drawn off. All gases except H<sub>2 </sub>and He can be liquefied by this method.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.65pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 17.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig. linde’s method for the liquefaction of air<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Non-Ideal Behavior of gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> An ideal gas obeys the gas laws and general gas equation for all valyes of temperature and pressure. All real gases, however, show marked deviations from ideal behavior. These deviations from ideal behavior depends on:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(i) Pressure, and (ii) temperature<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> A convenient way of showing the deviations of a real gas from ideal behavior is to plot a graph between on x-axis and </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(PV,RT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> on y-axis. The ratio </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(PV,RT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> is called the compressibility factor. Its value is equal to 1 for 1 mole of an ideal gas for all values of temperature and pressure. For a real gas, the compressibility factor deviate from 1.The extent of deviation from 1 depends upon the pressure and temperature. it may be either greater than 1 or lesser than 1 . A value greater than one shows that thee gas is less compressible than an ideal gas. On the other hand, a value less than one indicate that the gas is more compressible than an ideal gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> For an ideal gas, since the increase of pressure decreases the volume in such a way that</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(PV,RT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> remains constant at constant temperature, so a straight line is obtained parallel to the pressure axis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In order to understand the deviations of a real gas from ideal behavior, let us study the plot of</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(PV,RT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> against p of a few real gases like He, H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>first at 0<sup>o</sup>C and then at 100<sup>o</sup>c. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(a) <u>Effect of Pressure Variation On Deviations at 0<sup>o</sup>C</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In the fig, the curves between compressibility factor and pressure for the four real gases, He, H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>along with the behavior of an ideal gas, are shown.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig Non-ideal behavior of gases at 0<sup>o </sup>C <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At low pressures, all the curves for these four gases approach to unity as the pressure approaches zero. Thus all real gases behave as ideal gases at low pressures (upto10 atm).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At high pressure, the behavior of He and H<sub>2 </sub>differs from that of N<sub>2 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>at 0<sup>o</sup>C.For both he and H<sub>2 </sub>at 0<sup>o</sup>C, the compressibility factor is always greater than one. This curves show a continuous increase for both He. It means that these gases are less compressible than expected from ideal behavior. For both N<sub>2 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>at 0<sup>o</sup>C, the curve first decreases and then increases again as the pressure increases. This decrease in the compressibility factor below unity is more pronounced in CO2<sub> </sub>than in N<sub>2. </sub>For CO<sub>2, the</sub> dip in the curve is greatest. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The extent of deviation of these four gases show that these gases have their own limitations for obeying general gas equation. It depends upon the nature of the gas that at which value of pressure, it will start disobeying .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) Effect of Pressure Variation on Deviation at 100<sup>o</sup>C <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In the fig, the curves between compressibility factor and pressure for the four real gases, He, H<sub>2</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub>at 100<sup>o</sup>C along with the behavior of an ideal gas, are shown. It is clear from the shape of the curves, of these four gases that the deviations from the ideal behavior become less at 100<sup>o</sup>C than at 0<sup>o</sup>C. The graphs come closer to the expected straight line and the deviations are shifted towards higher pressure. It means that the increase in temperature makes the gases ideal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig. Non-ideal behaviour of gases at 100<sup>o</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Conclusions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">On the basis of experimental observations, we draw the following two conclusions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gases are ideal at low pressure and non-ideal at high pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gases are ideal at high temperature and non-ideal at low temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Causes for Deviation From Ideality</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In the derivation of ideal gas equation, PV=nRT, it was assumed that all gases behaved exactly alike under all conditions of pressures and temperatures. In 1873, van der Waals pointed out that all real gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures. It was found that the following two incorrect postulates in the kinetic theory of gases are the cause of deviation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1. The molecules exert no forces of attraction on each other in a gas.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> When the pressure on a gas is high and the temperature is low then the intermolecular attractive forces become significant. Therefore, the ideal gas equation does not hold good .Actually, under these conditions, the gas does not remain ideal .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2. The actual volume of gas molecules is negligible as compared to the volume of the container .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The actual volume of gas molecules is very small as compared to the volume of the container, so it can be neglected. This volume, however, does not remain negligible when there is high pressure on the gas. This can be understood from the following figures.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig. A gas at low pressure when Fig . A gas at high pressure when<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Actual volume is negligible Actual volume is negligible</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Van der Waals equation For Real Gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Keeping in view the molecular volume and the intermolecular attractive forces, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Van derWallls pointed out that the ideal gas equation does not hold good for real gases<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">He suggested that both volume and pressure factors in ideal gas equation needed<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Correction in order to make it applicable to the real gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Volume Correction</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The volume of a gas is the free space in the container available for the movement <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">of molecules . For an ideal gas, the actual volume of the molecules is considered zero. So<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">the volume of an ideal gas is the same as the volume of the container . It also represents the volume in which the molecules are free to move. For a real gas, the molecules are rigid spherical particles which have a definite volume. Consequently, they take up part of the space in the container. Thus the volume in which the molecules of a real gas are actually free to move is less than the volume of the container. Thus, van der Walls suggested that a suitable volume correction term may be subtracted from the volume of the vessel containing the gas . The volume correction term for one mole of the gas is ‘b’. If v is the volume of the vessel containing the gas, then the volume available to gas molecules for their free movement is written as. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V <sub>free</sub> = V <sub>vessel</sub> =b<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where b is constant depending upon the nature of the gas . b is also called the excluded volume or co-volume . It has been found that b is not the actual volume of molecules but it is four times the actual volume of the molecules. B =4 V<sub>m</sub> .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where Vm is the actual volume of one mole of gas molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pressure Correction<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Consider a molecule in the interior of a gas. Since it is completely surrounded by other molecules equally in all directions so the resultant attractive force acting on the molecule is zero .However, when the molecule approaches the wall of the container, the equal distribution of molecules about it is upset. There is now a greater number of molecules away from the wall with the result that these molecules exert net inward pull on the molecule. Thus, when a molecule is about to strike the wall of the container, it experiences a force of attraction towards the other molecules in the gas .So it will strike the wall with a lower velocity and will exert a lower pressure. Hence the observed pressure, P Exerted by the molecules is less than the ideal pressure, Pi<sub> </sub>by an amount P<sup>i </sup>.It is, therefore, necessary to add a pressure correction term in order to obtain the ideal pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<i><sub>i </sub></i>=P+ P<i><sup>i</sup></i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<i><sub>i </sub></i>is the true kinetic pressure, if the forces of attraction would have been absent. P<i><sub>i </sub></i>is the amount of pressure lessened due to attractive forces.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Picture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Fig : Force of attraction and Pressure correction<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">It is suggested that a part of the pressure P for one mole of a gas used up against intermolecular attractions should decrease as volume increase. Consequently, the value of p<i><sup>i </sup></i>in terms of a constant ‘a’ which accounts for the attractive forces and the volume V of vessel can be written as<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<i><sup>i </sup></i>=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(a,V<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">How to prove it?<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<i><sup>i</sup></i>es determined by the forces of attraction between molecules of type A which are striking the wall of the container and molecules of type B which are pulling inward. The net force of attraction is proportional to the concentrations of A type and B type molecules. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1183"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:62.25pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image209.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image210.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1183" width="83" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1183"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323640"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Let ‘n’ is the number of moles of A and B separately and total volume of both gases is ‘v’.Then concentration, C=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(n,v) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> in moles dm-3 of A and B separately. Therefore, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<i><sup>i </sup></i></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1184" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1184" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1184"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323641"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(n,v) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">x</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(n,v) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<i><sup>i </sup></i></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1185" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1185" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1185"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323642"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">x</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(n<sup>2 </sup>,v<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P<i><sup>i </sup></i>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1186" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:23.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image211.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image212.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1186" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1186"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323643"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where’ a’ is a constant of proportionality.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 141.75pt center 216.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">If n=1 , then P<i><sup>i </sup></i>=</span></b><!--[if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:200%'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(a,v<sup>2</sup> ) </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;line-height:200%'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Greater the attractive forces among the gas molecules, smaller the volume of container, greater the value of lessened pressure P<i><sup>i</sup></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> This ‘a’ is called coefficient of attraction or attraction per unit volume . It has a constant value for a particular real gas .Thus effective kinetics pressure of a gas is given by P<i><sub>i </sub></i>, which is the pressure if the gas would have been ideal .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: center 3.0in left 345.75pt; text-align: center;">P<i><sup>i</sup></i>+ P=<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1187" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image084.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1187" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1187"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323644"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The kinetic gas equation for one mole of a gas may be written as,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(<b>P+ </b></span><!--[if supportFields]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(a,v<sup>2</sup> ) </span></b><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></b><![endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">)(V-b) =RT</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">For ‘n’ moles of a gas, the kinetic gas equation may be written as <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(P+</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(n<sup>2 </sup>a ,v<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">) (V-b) =RT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">This is called van der Waals equation. ‘a’ and ‘b’ are known as van der waals constants.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Units of ‘a’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 192.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Since P<i><sup>i </sup></i>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1188" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:23.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image211.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image212.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1188" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1188"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323645"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> a=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1189" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:29.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image213.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image214.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1189" width="39" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1189"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323646"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> a=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1190" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:72.75pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image215.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image216.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1190" width="97" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1190"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323647"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> a=atm dm<sup>6 </sup>mol<sup>-2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In sI units, pressure is in Nm<sup>-2 </sup>and volume in m<sup>3.</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">So, a=<span style="mso-text-raise: -22.0pt; position: relative; top: 22.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1191"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:75pt;height:50.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image217.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="67" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image218.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1191" width="100" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1191"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323648"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> a= Nm<sup>4 </sup>mol<sup>-2 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Units ‘b’: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">‘b’ is excluded or incompressible volume /mole of gas .So , its units should be dm3 mol-1 or m3 mol-1 .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ can be determined by knowing the values of P,V and T of a gaseous system under two different conditions . The values of ‘a’ and ’b’ for some common gases are given in the following table.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 443.55pt;" valign="top" width="591"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gas ‘a’ (atm dm6 mol-2) ‘b’(dm3 mol-1)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 443.55pt;" valign="top" width="591"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hydrogen</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">0.245 0.0266</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Oxygen 1.360 0.0318<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Nitrogen 1.390 0.0391<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Carbon dioxide 3.590 0.0428<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ammonia 4.170 0.0371<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Sulphur</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> dioxide 6.170 0.0564<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Chlorine 6.493 0.0562</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The presence of intermolecular forces in gases like CI<sub>2 </sub>and SO<sub>2 </sub>increase their ‘a’ factor. The least valur of ‘a’ for H<sup>2 </sup>is taken, then its small size and non-palar character. The ‘b’ value of H<sup>2 </sup>is 0.0266 g (1 mol) of H<sup>2 </sup>is taken, then it will occupy 0.0266 dm<sup>3 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>. It means that if 2.0266 dm<sup>3 </sup>or 266 cm<sup>3 </sup>of volume at closet approach in the gaseous stat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Example 8:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> One mole of methane gas is maintained at 300 k. Its volume is 250 cm<sup>3 </sup>.calculate the pressure exerted by the gas under the following conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (i) When the gas is ideal (ii) When the gas is non-ideal <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> a=2.253 atm dm6 mol-1 b=0.0428dm3 mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">when methane gas is behaving as ideal, general gas equation is applied , that is , PV=nRT </span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">v=250 cm =0.25 dm<sup>3</sup> n=1 mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T=300k R=0.0821atm dm<sup>3 </sup>k<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(nRT,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(1mol x 0.0821atm dm<sup>3 </sup>k<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>x300k ,0.25 dm<sup>3 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=98.52 atm Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(ii) When methane gas is behaving as non-ideal, van der Waals equation is applied,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (P</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(n<sup>2 </sup>a,v<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">)(V-nb)=nRT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> One rearranging the above equation for P,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(nRT,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(n<sup>2 </sup>a,v<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1192"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:131.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image219.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image220.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1192" width="175" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1192"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323649"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1193"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:77.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image221.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image222.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1193" width="103" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1193"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323650"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=117.286-36.048<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=81.238atm Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In the non-ideal situation the pressure has lessened up to<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =98.52-81.238=17.282atm Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Plasma Stat (or Plasma)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What is Plasma?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b><i>“A high temperature ionized gas mixture consisting of free electrons, positive ions and natural atom sis called plasma.”<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> It is the fourth state of matter, in addition to solid, liquid and gas. It was first identified by William Crookes in 1879. It is a gaseous state. It is a gaseous state. It is electrically neutral because it consists of almost equal numbers of free electrons and positive ions. It conducts electricity because it contains free electrons and positive ions. It constitutes more than 99% of the visible universe. It is everywhere in our space environment. Naturally occurring plasma is rare on earth. Plasma is used to conduct electricity in neon signs and fluorescent bulbs. It occurs only in lightning discharges and in artificial devices like fluorescent lights, neon signs, etc. Scientists have constructed special chambers to experiment with plasma in laboratories.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">How is Plasma formed?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Plasma is formed by the interaction of energy with atoms or molecules. Atoms or molecules may be ionized on heating. An atom on losing an electron changes to a positive ion. In a sufficiently heated gas, ionization occurs many times, creating clouds of free electrons and positive ions. However, all the atoms are not necessarily ionized and some of them may remain neutral atoms. <b><i>“A high temperature ionized gas mixture consisting of free electrons, positive ions and natural atom sis called plasma.”<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Plasma contains a significant number of electrically charged particles which are free electrons and positive ions. It is due to this reason plasma shows electrical properties and behavior.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What plasma can potentially do?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Plasma can generate explosions, carry electrical currents and support magnetic fields within themselves. Space plasmas can contain enough heat to melt the earth thousands of times over. <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Crystal</st1:place></st1:city> plasmas can freeze the earth at least a hundred times, one after the other.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Artificial and Natural plasma:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Artificial Plasma can be created by using charges on a gas, e.g,. in neon signs .Plasma at low temperature is not exist. This is because outside a vacuum, low temperature plasma reacts rapidly with any molecule it meets. This aspect makes it both very useful and not easy to use.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Natural plasma exists only at very high temperatures or low temperature vacuums. It does not break down or react rapidly. It is extremely hot having a temperature over 20.000 <sup>o</sup>C. Plasmas possess very high energy. They vaporize any material they touch.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Characteristics of Plasma:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Plasma shows a collective response to electric and magnetic fields. This is because it has sufficient numbers of charged particles. The motions of the particles in the plasma generate fields and electric currents from within plasma density. It refers to the density of the charged particles.</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Although plasma contains free electrons and positive ions and conducts electricity but as whole it is electrically neutral. It contains equal number of free electrons and positive ions.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Where is plasma found?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Plasma is the most abundant from of matter. The entire universe is almost of plasma. It existed before any other forms of matter came into being .Plasmas are found from the sun to qarks. Quarks are the smallest particles in the universe. Most of the matter in inner-stellar space is plasma. The sun is a 1.5 million kilometer ball of plasma which is heated by nuclear fusion. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> On the earth, plasma only occurs in a few limited places such as lightning bolts, flames, auroras and fluorescent lights. On passing electric current through neon gas, both plasma and light are produced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Applications of plasma:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The important applications of plasma are the following.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">A fluorescent light bulbs and tube is not like an ordinary light bulb. Inside the tube is a gas. When light is turned on, electricity flows through the tube. This electricity acts as a source of energy and chares up the gas. This charging and exciting of the atoms creates a glowing plasma inside the tube or bulb. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Neon signs are glass tubes filled with gas. When they are turned on, electricity flows through the tube. The electricity charges the gas and creates plasma inside the tube. The plasma glows a special colour depending on the nature of the gas inside the tube.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">They are used for processing go semiconductors, sterilization of some medical products, lamps ,lasers, diamond coated films , high power micro wave sources, and pulsed power switches.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">They provide foundation for the generation of electrical energy from fusion pollution control, and removal of hazardous chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Plasmas are used to light up offices and homes, make computers and electronic equipment to work. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(vi)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">They drive lasers and particle accelerators, help to clean up the environment, pasteurize foods, and make tools corrosion-resistant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Future Horizons:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Scientists are working on putting plasma to effective use. Low energy plasma should by able to survive without instantly reacting and degeneration. The application of magnetic fields involves the use of plasma. The magnetic fields create low energy plasma which relate molecules which are in a metastable state. The metastable molecules do not react until they collide with another molecule with just the right energy. This enables the met stable molecules to survive long enough to react with a designated molecule. The met stable molecules are selectivity. It makes a potentially unique solution to problems like radioactive contamination. Scientists are experimenting with mixtures of gases to work as met stable agents on plutonium and uranium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">EXERCISE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q1: Select the correct answer out of the following alternative suggestions:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pressure remaining constant, at which temperature the volume of a gas will become twice of what it is at 0<sup>o</sup>C .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a. 546<sup>o</sup>C b.200<sup>o</sup>C c. 546 k d. 273k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hind: V<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1194" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image223.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1194" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1194"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323652"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->T.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Number of molecules in one dm3 of water is close to<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a. <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1195"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image224.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image225.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1195" width="69" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1195"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323653"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> b. <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1196" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:57pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image226.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image227.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1196" width="76" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1196"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323654"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> c. <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1197" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image228.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image229.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1197" width="69" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1197"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323655"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> d. <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1198" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:126.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image230.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image231.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1198" width="169" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1198"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323656"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hint: 1 dm<sup>3 </sup>of H<sub>2</sub>O =1000cm<sup>3 </sup>of H<sub>2</sub>O; 1000cm<sup>3 </sup>of H<sub>2</sub>O =1000g of H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">No of moles of H<sub>2</sub>O =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1199" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:68.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image232.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image233.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1199" width="91" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1199"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323657"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->moles (<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1200" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1200" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1200"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323658"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1201" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image234.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1201" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1201"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323659"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> 1 ml of H<sub>2</sub>O =1 f of H<sub>2</sub>O)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Which of the following will have the same number of molecules at STP?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">280cm<sup>3 </sup>of CO<sub>2 </sub>and 280 cm<sup>3 </sup>of N<sub>2 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">11.2dm<sub>3 </sub>of O<sub>2 </sub>and 32 g of O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">44g of CO2 and 11.2 dm3 of CO<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">28 g of N<sub>2 </sub>and 5.6 dm<sup>3 </sup>of oxygen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">If absolute temperature of a gas is doubled and the pressure is reduced to one half , the volume of the gas will <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a. remain unchanged b. Increase four times<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c. reduce to<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1202" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image235.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image236.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1202" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1202"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323660"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> d. be doubled <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hint: PV = RT, V=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1203" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image237.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image238.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1203" width="29" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1203"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323661"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->: V<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1204" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:24pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image239.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image240.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1204" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1204"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323662"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">How should the conditions be changed to prevent the volume of a given gas from expanding when its mass is increased?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Temperature is lowered and pressure is increased.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Temperature is increased and pressure is lowers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Temperature and pressure both are lowered <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Temperature and pressure both are increased.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hint: PV = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1205" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image241.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image242.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1205" width="24" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1205"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323663"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->RT, V=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1206" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image243.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image244.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1206" width="40" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1206"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323664"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->: V<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1207" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:33pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image245.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image246.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1207" width="44" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1207"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323665"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->( M and R being constant)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(vi)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The molar volume of CO2 is maximum at<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a. STP b. 127<sup>o</sup>C and 1 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c. 0<sup>o</sup>C and 2 atm d. 273 <sup>o</sup>C 1 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hint:For1 mole of CO<sub>2 </sub>PV = RT, V=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1208" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image237.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image238.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1208" width="29" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1208"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323666"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->: V<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1209" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:24pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image239.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image240.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1209" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1209"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323667"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> or V<sub>m</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1210" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image239.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image240.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1210" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1210"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323668"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The order of the rate of diffusion of gases NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2 </sub>C1<sub>2 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>si :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></sub><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">NH<sub>3</sub></span><sub> </sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1211" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image084.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1211" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1211"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323669"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->SO<sub>2 </sub>> C1<sub>2 </sub>> CO<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">NH<sub>3 </sub>> CO<sub>2 </sub>> SO<sub>2 </sub>> C1<sub>2 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">C1<sub>2 </sub>>SO<sub>2 </sub>> CO<sub>2 </sub>>NH<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Hint: r<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1212" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image247.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image248.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1212" width="56" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1212"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323671"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(viii) Equal masses of methane and oxygen are mixed in an empty container at 25 <sup>o</sup>C . The fraction of total pressure exerted by oxygen is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> a. <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1213" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image249.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1213" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1213"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323672"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> b. <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1214"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image250.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image251.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1214" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1214"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323673"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> c. <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1215"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image252.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image253.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1215" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1215"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323674"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> d. <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1216"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image254.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image255.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1216" width="21" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1216"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323675"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hint: In an empty container, the partial pressure of gas is directly proportional to the mole-fraction of the gas. Partial pressure </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1217" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15.75pt;height:15pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image256.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1217" width="21" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1217"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323676"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">mole fraction, at STP.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(viii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Gases deviate from ideal behavior at high pressure. Which of the following is correct for non-ideality?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At high pressure, the ga molecules move in one direction only.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At high pressure, the collision between the gas molecules are increased manifold. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At high pressure, the intermolecular attractions become significant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l26 level2 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At high pressure, the intermolecular attractions become significant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ix)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The deviation of a gas from ideal behavior is maximum at<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a. -10<sup>o</sup>C and 5.0atm b. -10<sup>o</sup>C and 2.0atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c. 100 oC and 2.0 atm d. 0.<sup>o</sup>C and 2.0atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (xi) A real gas obeying van der Waals equation will resemble ideal gas if <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> a. both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are larger b. both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are small<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> c. ‘a’ is small and ‘b’ is larger d. ‘a’ is larger and ‘b’ is small<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (i)c (ii)d (iii)a (iv)b (v)a (iv)b (vii)b (viii)a (ix)d (x)a (xi)b<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q2. Fill in the blanks.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The product of PV has the S.I. unit of _______.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Eight grams each of O<sub>2 </sub>and H<sub>2 </sub>at 27<sup>o</sup>C will have total K.E in the ratio of ________.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Smell of the cooking gas during leakage from a gas cylinder is due to of the property of _______of gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Equal _________of ideal gases at the same temperature and pressure contain ________number of molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The temperature above which a substance exists only as gas is called _____.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (i) atm dm3 (ii) :16 (iii) diffusion (iv) Volumes: equal (v) Critical temperature<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q3. label the following sentences as true or false.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Kinetic energy of molecules is zero at 0<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">A gas in a closed container will exert much higher pressure at the bottom due to gravity than at the top.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Real gases show ideal gas behavior at low pressure and high temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Liquefaction of gases involves decrease in intermolecular spaces.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">An ideal gas on expansion will show Joule-Thomson effect.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. (i) False (ii) False (iii) True (iv) False (v) False <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q4:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) What is Boyle’s law of gases? Give its experimental verification.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What are isotherms? What happen to the positions of isotherms when they plotted at high temperature for a particular gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Why do we get a straight line when pressures exerted on a gas are plotted against inverse of volumes. This straight line changes its position in the graph by varying the temperature. Justify it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">How will you explain that the value of the constant k in equation PV=k depends upon<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The temperature of the gas (ii) the quantity of the gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans: (a) Isotherms: The P-V curves obtained at constant temperature are called isotherms. These curves are obtained by plotting a graph between pressure on the x-axis and volume on the y-axis. Similar curves are obtained at fixed temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> When the isotherms (P-V curves are plotted at high temperature, they go away from the axes. The reason is that, at higher temperature, the volume of the gas increase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(c) A plot of P versus </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> gives a straight line at constant temperature. This shows that p is directly proportional to </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. This straight line will meet at the origin where both P and</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> are zero. The P goes down as the gas expands, falling away to zero as the volume approaches infinity (</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1218" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image257.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image258.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1218" width="25" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1218"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323677"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=0)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> This straight line changes its position because both pressure and volume varies on varying the temperature. When temperature is increased both pressure and volume will increase. Keeping T constant and plotting P versus </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> another straight line is obtained. This straight line goes away from x-axis. However , when temperature is decreased both the values of P and V will decrease. Again a straight line is obtained. This straight line will be closer to the x-axis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(d) General equation: PV=nRT _______(1)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The general gas equation contains the Boyle’s law, for which nRT are constant at fixed T and n.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Bolyle’s law: PV=k _______(2)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Form Eq (1) and Eq (2), we get<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> K=nRT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> K=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(m,M)RT </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> K=constant x mT (at fixed R and M )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> K <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1219" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image259.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1219" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1219"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323678"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> mT _______(3)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> This relation indicates that<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 63.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">k<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1220" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image259.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1220" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1220"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323679"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> T; it means k depends upon the temperature of the gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 27.0pt list 63.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">k <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1221" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image259.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1221" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1221"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323680"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->m; it means k depends upon the quantity of the gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q5. (a) What is the Charles’s law? Which scale of temperature is used to verify that <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1222" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image260.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1222" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1222"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323681"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->= k (pressure and number of moles are constant) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (b) A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 150.0mL at 25.0o C. it is then cooled at constant pressure until it occupies 100.0mL. What is the new temperature?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (c) Do you think that the volume of any quantity of a gas becomes zero at -273<sup>o</sup>C. Is it not against the law of conservation of mass? How do you deduce the idea of absolute zero from this information?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(a) The relation, </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(V,T) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=k can be verified only when T is taken on the Kelvin scale.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(b) V<sub>1 </sub>=150 mL T<sub>1 </sub>=273+25=298K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>2 </sub>=100 mL T<sub>2 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1223" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image260.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1223" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1223"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323682"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,T<sub>2 </sub>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> or <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T<sub>2 </sub>=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(V<sub>2 </sub>,V<sub>1 </sub>)x T<sub>1<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></sub></span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T<sub>2 </sub>=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(100mL,150mL)x298k </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T<sub>2 </sub>=198.67k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T<sub>2 </sub>=273+t<sup>o</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> t<sup>o</sup>C=T<sub>2 </sub>– 273<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> t<sup>o</sup>C=198.67-273<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =-74.33<sup>o</sup>C Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(c) We know that : V<sub>1 </sub>=V<sub>o </sub>(1+</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(t,273) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">At -273<sub>o</sub>C, V<sub>-273 </sub>= V<sub>o </sub>(1-</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(273,273) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">)= V<sub>o </sub>(1-1) =V<sub>o </sub>x0=0<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The volume of the gas become zero at- 273<sup>o</sup>C. But it is impossible to imagine that a<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Gas which is matter occupies no space. It goes against the law of conservation of mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hence, it follows that -273<sup>o</sup>C is the lowest temperature which a body can ever have. So -273<sup>o </sup>C is called the absolute zero of temperature. The scale of temperature on which -273<sup>o</sup>C is taken as zero is called absolute scale of temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q6.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) What is Kelvin scale of temperature ? Plot a graph for one mole of an ideal gas to prove that a gas become liquid, carlier than -273o C .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (b) Throw some light on the factor </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,273) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">in Charles’s law.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(b)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In Charles’s law, the factor</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,273) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (0.00366 ) is the coefficient of expansion of given mass of gas at constant pressure. It shows that a gas expands by</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,273) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> parts of its volume at 0<sup>o </sup>C for a rise of temperature of 1<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>Statement of Charles’s Law:</b> <i>“At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by</i></span><!--[if supportFields]><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,273) </span></i><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span></i><![endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> of its volume at0<sup>o</sup>C for every 1<sup>o</sup>C rise or fall in temperature .”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Mathematically.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<i><sub>t </sub></i>-=V<sub>o </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1224" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image260.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1224" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1224"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323683"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>It means that if we have 273 cm<sup>3 </sup>of gas at 0<sup>o</sup>C, its volume will increase by 1 cm<sup>3 </sup>for every 1<sup>o</sup>C rise in temperature if it is heated at constant pressure Thus,<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -63.0pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> At 1<sup>o</sup>C , the volume will become 274 cm<sup>3</sup>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> At 2<sup>o</sup>C , the volume will become 271 cm<sup>3</sup>.</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> At 273<sup>o</sup>C , the volume will become 0 cm<sup>3</sup>. </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in;">Similarly, if the gas is cooled by 1<sup>o</sup>C at constant pressure, its volume will decrease by 1 cm<sup>3 </sup>. Thus,</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in;"> At -1<sup>o</sup>C , the volume of the gas becomes 272 cm<sup>3</sup>.</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in;"> At -2<sup>o</sup>C , the volume of the gas becomes 275 cm<sup>3</sup>. </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in;"> At -273<sup>o</sup>C , the volume of the gas becomes 546 cm<sup>3</sup>.</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><b>Q7.</b> (a) What is the general gas equation? Derive it in various forms.</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Can we determine the molecular mass of an unknown gas if we know the pressure, temperature and volume along with the mass of that gas?</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) How do you justify from general gas equation that increase in temperature or decrease of pressure decreases the density of gas?</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(d) Why do we feel comfortable in expressing the densities of gases in the units of g dm<sup>-3 </sup>rather than g cm<sup>-3</sup>, a which is used to express the densities of liquids and solids.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(b)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Yes, we can determine the molecular mass of an unknown gas if we know its, P,T,V and m by applying the following formula:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">M=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(mRT,pV) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(c)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> We know form general gas equation,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 157.5pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">d= </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(MxP,RxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">d=constant x </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(P,T) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (M and R being constant)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">d=</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1225" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15.75pt;height:15pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image261.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1225" width="21" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1225"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323684"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(P,T) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Density is directly proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to temperature or decrease of pressure, decreases the density of the gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.(d)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The densities of gases are very low. They are about 1000 times smaller than the densities of liquids and solids. So, if gas densities are expressed in g cm<sup>-3</sup>, then the values will be very small. They may go to fourth place of decimal for some gases. When we express the densities in g dm<sup>-3</sup>, then the values of the densities become reasonable to be expressed. For example, the density of CH<sub>4 </sub>gas is 0.7168 g dm<sup>-3 </sup>at STP, but if it is expressed in g cm<sup>-3 </sup>, then it is 0.0007168 g cm<sup>-3 </sup>at STP. Therefore, we feel comfortable in expressing the densities of gases in the units of g dm<sup>-3 </sup>rather than in g cm<sup>-3</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q8.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Derive the units for gas constant R in general gas equation: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) When the pressure is in atmosphere and volume in dm<sup>3.</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (b) when the pressure is in Nm<sup>-2 </sup>and volume in m<sup>3 </sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> ( c) when energy Is expressed in ergs.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q9.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) what is Avogadro’s law of gases?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) Do you think that 1 mole of H<sub>2 </sub>and 1 mole NH<sub>3 </sub>at 0<sup>o</sup>C and 1 atm pressure will have equal Avogadro’s number of particles? If not, why?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(c) Justify that 1 cm<sup>3 </sup>of H<sub>2 </sub>and 1 cm<sup>3 </sup>of CH<sub>4 </sub>at STP will have the same number of molecules, when one molecules of CH<sub>4 </sub>is 8 times heavier than that of hydrogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (b) 1 mole of H<sub>2 </sub>and 1 mole of NH<sub>3 </sub>at 0<sup>o</sup>C and 1 atm pressure will have equal number of molecules under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. Hence, 1 cm3 of H2 and 1 cm3 of CH4 at STP will have the same number of molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q10. </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(a) <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>’s law of partial pressure is only obeyed by those gases which do not have attractive forces among their molecules. Explain it. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Derive an equation to find out the partial pressure of a gas knowing the individual moles of component gases and the total pressure of the mixture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Explain that the process of respiration obeys the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>’s law of partial pressure. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">How do you differentiate between diffusion and effusion? Explain Graham’s law of diffusion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) For <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>’s law of partial pressure to hold, there will be no attractive forces among the molecules on the walls of the gases. The pressure of a gas is due to the collisions of the molecules on the walls of the container. In the absence of attractive forces each molecules of gas mixture will hit the walls of the container with the same number of times and with the same force. Thus the partial pressure of a given gas is unaffected by the presence of other gases. In this case, the total pressure. Hence the law will not hold in the presence of attractive forces among the molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q11.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) What is critical temperature of a gas? What is its importance for <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Liquefaction of gases? Discuss Linde’s method of liquefaction of gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) What is Joule-Thomson Effect? Explain its importance in linde’s method of liquefaction of gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. (a) Importance of Critical temperature for liquefaction of gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The critical temperature of the gases provides us the information about the <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Condition under which gases liquefy. For example,O2 ,has a critical temperature 154.4k(-118,75 <sup>o</sup>C). It must be cooled below this temperature before it can be liquefied by applying high pressure. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q12</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. (a) What is Kinetic molecular theory of gases? Give its postulates.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">How dose Kinetic molecular theory of gases explain the following gas laws:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(i) Boyle’s law (ii) Charles’s law<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(iii) Avogadro’s law (iv) Graham’s law of diffusion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q13. (a</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">) Gases show non-ideal behavior at low temperature and high pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Explain this with the help of a graph.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) Do you think that some of the postulates of Kinetic molecular theory of gases are faulty? Point out these postulates.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(c) Hydrogen and helium are ideal at room temperature, but SO<sub>2 </sub>and C1<sub>2 </sub>are non ideal. How will you explain this?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (c) Hydrogen (b.p-253<sup>o</sup>C) and helium b.p-269<sup>o</sup>C)have a very low boiling points .They are far away from their boiling points at room temperature. Also, they have smaller number of electrons in their molecules and smaller molecular sizes, i.e., molecular weight. So, intermolecular forces are negligible at room temperature. Hence, they behave as an ideal gases at room temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> On the other hand, SO<sub>2 </sub>(b.p-10<sup>o</sup>C) and C1<sub>2 </sub>(b.p-34<sup>o</sup>C) have boiling points near to room temperature. They are not far away from their boiling points at room temperature. Also, they have larger number of electrons in their molecules and larger molecular sizes. So, sufficient intermolecular attractive forces are present at room temperature. Hence, they behave as non-ideal at room temperature. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q14.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) Derive van der Waals equation for real gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">What is the physical significance of van der Waals constant, ‘a’ and ‘b’.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Give their units.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans. (b)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Physical Significance of van der Waals constant ‘a’ and ‘b’<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (i)<b> Significance of’ a’:</b> The value of constant ‘a’ is a measure of the intermolecular attractive forces and greater will be the ease of its liquefaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>Units of ‘a’ :<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The units of ‘a’ are related to the units of pressure, volume and number of moles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(an<sup>2 </sup>, V<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> or </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(PV<sup>2 </sup>, n<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a= </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f( (pressure )(volume)<sup>2 </sup>, (mole)<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f((atm)(dm <sup>3</sup>)<sup>2 </sup>,(mole)<sup>2 </sup>)<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a= atm dm<sup>6 </sup>mol<sup>-2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In SI units: a= </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f( (pressure )(volume)<sup>2 </sup>, (mole)<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f( (Nm<sup>-2 </sup>)(dm<sup>3 </sup>)<sup>2 </sup>,(mole)<sup>2 </sup>)<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=Nm<sup>4 </sup>mole <sup>-2<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Significance of ‘b’: The value of constant ‘b’ us related to the size of the molecule. Larger the size of the molecule, lager is the value of ‘b’. It is effective volume of the gas molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Units of ‘b’: <sup> <o:p></o:p></sup></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">‘b’ is the compressible volume per mole of gas. So the units of ‘b’ are related to the units of volume and moles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">V=nb or b = </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(V,n) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">b=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(volume ,mole) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=dm<sup>3 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> In SI units: b=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(volume ,mole) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(m<sup>3 </sup>,mol) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=dm<sup>3 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q15.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Explain the following facts:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(a) The plot of PV versus P is a straight line at constant temperature and with a fixed number of moles of an ideal gas. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) The straight line in (a) is parallel to pressure-axis and goes away from the pressure axis at higher pressure for many gases.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(c) The van der walls constant ‘b’ of a gas is four times the molar volume of that gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(d) Pressure of NH<sub>3 </sub>gas at given conditions (say 1 atm pressure and room temperature) is less as calculated by van der Waals equation than that calculated by general gas equation. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(e) Water vapors do not behave ideally at 273 k.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(f) SO<sub>2 </sub>is comparatively non-ideal at 273 k but behaves ideally at 327 K.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans. (a)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> At constant temperature and with a fixed number of moles of an ideal gas, when the pressure of the gas is varied, its volume changes, but the product PV remains constant. Thus,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>1 </sub>V<sub>1 </sub>= P<sub>2 </sub>V<sub>2 </sub>= P<sub>3 </sub>V<sub>3 </sub>=<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hence, for any fixed temperature, the product PV when plotted against P.a straight line parallel to P-axis is obtained. This straight line indicates that PV remains constant quantity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans. (b)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Now, increase the temperature of the same from T<sub>1 </sub>to T<sub>2 </sub>.At constant temperature T<sub>2 </sub>and with the same fixed number of moles of an ideal gas, when the constant. However, the value of PV increase with increase in temperature. On plotting graph between P on x-axis is obtained. This straight line at T<sub>2 </sub>will be away from the x-axis. This straight line also shows that PV is a constant quantity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans. (c) Excluded volume, ‘b’ is four times the molar volume fo gas.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The excluding with each other as shown in Fig. The spheres are considered to be non-compressible. So the molecules cannot approach each other more closely than the distance, 2r . Therefore, the space indicated by the dotted sphere having radius, 2r will not be available to all other molecules of the gas. In other words, the dotted spherical space is excluded volume per pair of molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Let each </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">molecules be a sphere with radius =r <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1226"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image262.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1226" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1226"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323685"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><b>Volume </b>of one molecules (volume of sphere)=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(3,4) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1227"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image263.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image264.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1227" width="27" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1227"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323686"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The distance</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> of the closest approach of 2 molecules =2 r<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1228"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image262.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1228" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1228"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323687"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->The excluded volume for 2 molecules=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(4,3) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1229" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:87pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image265.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image266.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1229" width="116" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1229"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323688"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1230" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image262.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1230" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1230"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323690"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->The excluded volume for 1 molecule=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(4,3) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1231" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:57.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image267.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image268.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1231" width="77" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1231"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323691"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1232" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image269.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image270.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1232" width="69" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1232"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323692"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =4V<sub>m </sub>=b<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The excluded volume for ‘n’ molecules=n b <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Where V<sub>m </sub>is the actual volume of a molecule. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hence, the excluded volume or co-volume or non-compressible volume is equal to 4 times the actual volume of the molecules of the gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">. (d) The pressure of NH<sub>3 </sub>calculated by general gas equation is high because it is considered as an ideal gas. In an ideal gas, the molecules do not exert any force of attraction on one another. On the other hand, when the pressure of NH<sub>3 </sub>is considered as a real gas. Actually, NH<sub>3 </sub>is a real gas. It consists of polar NH3 molecules approaches the walls of the container, it experiences an inward pull. Clearly, the molecule strikes the wall with a lesser force than it would have done it these are no attractive forces. As a result of this , the real gas pressure is less than the ideal pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (e) Water vapors present at 273K do not behave ideally because polar water molecules exert force of attraction on one another.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Ans.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (f) At low temperature, the molecules of SO2 possess low kinetic energy. They come close to each other. The e intermolecular attractive forces become very high. So, it behave non-ideally at 273K. At high temperature, the molecules of SO2 have high kinetic energy. The molecules are at larger distances from one other another. The intermolecular attractive forces become very weak. So, it behaves ideally at 327K.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q16. </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Helium gas in a 100 cm<sup>3 </sup>container at a pressure of 500 torr is transferred to a container with a volume of 250cm<sup>3</sup>.What will be the new pressure <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">if no change in temperature occurs<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">if its temperature changes from 20 <sup>o</sup>C to 15 <sup>o</sup>C?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) Given: P<sub>1</sub>=500 torr P<sub>2 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>1 </sub>=100cm<sub>3</sub> V<sub>2 </sub>=250cm<sub>3 <o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula used: P<sub>2 </sub>V<sub>2 </sub>= P<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>2 </sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1233"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image271.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image272.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1233" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1233"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323693"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>2 </sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1234"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:83.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image273.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image274.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1234" width="111" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1234"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323694"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>=250torr Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (b) Given: P<sub>1 </sub>=500torr ; P<sub>2 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>1 </sub>=100cm3 ; V<sub>2 </sub>=250 cm<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T<sub>1 </sub>=273 +20=293K : T<sub>2</sub>=273+15=288K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used:<b> </b> <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1235" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:26.25pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image275.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image276.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1235" width="35" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1235"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323695"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1236" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:24pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image277.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image278.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1236" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1236"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323696"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>2 </sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1237"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image277.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image278.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1237" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1237"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323697"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->x<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1238" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:15.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image279.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image280.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1238" width="21" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1238"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323698"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1239"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image281.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image282.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1239" width="155" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1239"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323699"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>=196.58 torr Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q17.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>(a)</b> What are the densities in kg/m<sup>3 </sup>of the following gases at STP<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (i) Methance, (ii) oxygen (iii) hydrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (P=101325Nm<sup>-2</sup>, T=273k, molecular masses are in kg mol<sup>-1 </sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>(b)</b> Compare the values of densities in proportion to their mole masses.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>(c)</b> How do you justify that increase of volume upto 100 dm<sup>3 </sup>at 27 <sup>o</sup>C of 2 moles of NH<sub>3 </sub>will allow the gas behave ideally.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) (i)Given P=101325Nm<sup>-2<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T=273K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Molar mass of CH<sub>4</sub> =12+4=16g mol<sup>-1 </sup>=16x10<sup>-3 </sup>kg mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">R=8.3143NmK<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Formula Used: d=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1240" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:29.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image283.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image284.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1240" width="39" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1240"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323700"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1241" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:155.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image285.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image286.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1241" width="207" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1241"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323701"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d= 0.714kgm<sup>-3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=101325Nm<sup>-2 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">T=273k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Molar mass of O<sub>2 </sub>=32g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d= ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Formula used: d=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1242" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:29.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image287.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image284.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1242" width="39" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1242"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323702"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1243" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:156pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image288.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image289.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1243" width="208" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1243"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323703"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d=1.428kgm<sup>-3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (iii) P=101325Nm<sup>-3</sup> ; T=273k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Molar mass of H<sub>2</sub> =2x10<sup>-3</sup>kg mol<sup>-1</sup> :R=8.3143 NmK<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used: d=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1244" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:29.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image287.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image284.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1244" width="39" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1244"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323704"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1245"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:150pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image290.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image291.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1245" width="200" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1245"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323705"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>d=0.089kg m<sup>-3<o:p></o:p></sup></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q18.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> A sample of krypton with a volume of 6.25 dm<sup>3 </sup>, a pressure of 765 torr and a temperature of 20<sup>o</sup>C is expanded to a volume of 9.55 dm<sup>3 </sup>and a pressure of 375 torr. What will be its final temperature in <sup>o</sup>C?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P<sub>1</sub> = 765torr ; P<sub>2 </sub>=375torr<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V<sub>1 </sub> =6.25dm<sup>3 </sup> ; V2 =9.55 dm<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T1 =273+20 =273k ;T<sub>2 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Formula used: <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1246"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:26.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image292.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image276.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1246" width="35" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1246"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323707"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->x<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1247" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:24pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image277.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image278.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1247" width="32" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1247"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323708"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T<sub>2</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1248"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image293.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image294.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1248" width="45" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1248"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323709"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T<sub>2 =</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1249" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:126.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image295.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image296.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1249" width="169" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1249"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323710"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T2 =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1250" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:117.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image297.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image298.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1250" width="157" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1250"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323711"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T1 =273+<sup>o</sup> C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <sup>o</sup>C =T-273=219.46-273<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=-53.54 <sup>o</sup>C Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q19.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Working at a vacuum line, a chemist isolated a gas in a weighing bulb with a volume of 255 cm<sup>3 </sup>, at a temperature of 25 <sup>o</sup>C and under a pressure in the bulb of 10.0torr. The gas weight 12.1 mg. what is the molecular mass of this gas?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V=255 cm<sup>3 </sup> =0.255 dm<sup>3 <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">P=10.0torr =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1251"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:90pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image299.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image300.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1251" width="120" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1251"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323712"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T<sub>1 </sub>=273+25=298K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> m=12.1mg=0.0121g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> R=0.0821dm<sup>3 </sup>atom K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used: PV=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1252" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image301.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image242.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1252" width="24" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1252"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323713"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->RT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1253" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:48.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image302.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image303.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1253" width="65" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1253"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323714"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1254" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:183.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image304.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image305.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1254" width="245" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1254"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323715"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>M=87.93 g Mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q20.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> What pressure is exerted by a mixture of 2.00g of H<sub>2 </sub>and 8.00g of N<sub>2 </sub>at 273 K in a dm<sup>3 </sup>vessel?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Given: V=10dm<sup>3 </sup> ; T=273k<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> R=0.0821 dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P <sub>H2 </sub>=? P<sub>N2 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mass of<sub> H2 </sub>=2.00g Mass of <sub>N2 </sub>=8.00g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Molar mass of H<sub>2 </sub>=2g Molar mass of N<sub>2 </sub>=28g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n<sub>H2 </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1255" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:50.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image306.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image307.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1255" width="67" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1255"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323716"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=1 mole ;n <sub>N2 </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1256" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image308.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image309.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1256" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1256"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323717"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=0.286 mole<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n=m<sub>H2 </sub>+n<sub>N2 </sub>=1+0.286=1.286 moles <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> PV=nRT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P x10 dm<sup>3 </sup>=1.286 molx 0.0821dm<sup>3 </sup>atm k<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup>x 273K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1257"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:198pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image310.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image311.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1257" width="264" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1257"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323718"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>P=2.88 atm Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q21. (a)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The relative densities of two gases A and B are 1:1.5 find out the volume of B which will diffused in the same time in which 150 dm<sup>3 </sup>of A will diffuse?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hydrogen (H<sub>2 </sub>) diffuses through a porpous plate at a rate of 500cm3 per minute at 0<sup>o</sup>C. What is the rate of diffusion of oxygen through the same porpous plate 0<sup>o</sup>C?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(c)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> The rate of effusion of an unknown gas A through a pinhole is found to be 0.279 times the rate of effusion of H<sub>2 </sub>gas through the same pinhole.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Calculate the molecular mass of the unknown gas at STP.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Given:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> d<sub>A </sub> =1 r<sub>A</sub>=150dm<sub>3 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1258" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image312.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image313.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1258" width="68" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1258"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323719"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1259" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54pt;height:36.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image314.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="49" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image315.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1259" width="72" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1259"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323720"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> rB=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1260" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:162pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image316.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image317.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1260" width="216" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1260"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323721"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> r</span><span style="font-size: 6.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">H </span><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2=500 </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">cm<sup>3 </sup>per minute M<sub>H2 </sub> = 2 g mol<sup>-1 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> r<sub>o2</sub>=? M<sub>o2 </sub> =32 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1261" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:71.25pt;height:38.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image318.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image319.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1261" width="95" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1261"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323722"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(500cm<sup>3 </sup>, r</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o</span><sub><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2 </span></sub><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>)<sub> </sub></span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1262" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:60.75pt;height:38.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image320.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image321.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1262" width="81" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1262"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323724"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(500cm<sup>3 </sup>,r</span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o</span><sub><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2 </span></sub><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> r</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(500cm<sup>3 </sup>,4 ) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>=125cm<sup>3 </sup>Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(c)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Given: r</span><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">H</span><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=1 r<sub>A</sub>=0.279<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M<sub>A </sub>=? M</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">H</span><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(r<sub>A </sub>,r</span><span
style='font-size:6.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>H</span><sub><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2 </span></sub><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">=<span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1263" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:39.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image322.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="53" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image323.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1263" width="48" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1263"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323725"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -18.0pt; position: relative; top: 18.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1264" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30pt;height:42pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image324.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="56" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image325.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1264" width="40" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1264"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323726"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1265" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image326.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image327.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1265" width="36" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1265"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323727"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1266" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:47.25pt;height:36.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image328.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="49" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image329.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1266" width="63" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1266"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323728"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1267" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:45.75pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image330.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image331.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1267" width="61" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1267"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323729"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 0.078=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1268" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45.75pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image330.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image331.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1268" width="61" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1268"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323730"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M<sub>A </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1269" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image332.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image333.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1269" width="92" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1269"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323731"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> M<sub>A </sub>=25.64 g mol<sup>-1</sup> Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q22.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Calculate the number of molecules and the number of atoms in the given amounts of each gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">20cm<sup>3 </sup>of cH<sub>4 </sub>at 0<sup>o</sup>C and pressure of 700 mm of mercury <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1 cm<sup>3 </sup>of NH<sub>4 </sub>at 100<sup>o</sup>C and pressure of 1.5 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>(a)</b> Given: P=700 mm =0921atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V=20cm<sup>3 </sup>=0.02dm<sup>3 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> R=0.0821dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T=273+0=273K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> N=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>Formula Used:</b> PV=nRT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(PxT,RxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1270" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:152.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image334.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image335.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1270" width="203" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1270"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323732"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> No of molecules =No of moles x N<sub>A </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>=8.22x10<sup>20 </sup>molecules Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Since 1 molecule of CH<sub>4 </sub>contains =5 atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Therefore, No of atoms =5x4.948x10<sup>20</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>=24.74x10<sup>20 </sup>atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>(b)</b> Given P=105 atm ; R=0.0821dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V=1 cm<sup>3 </sup>=0.001dm<sup>3</sup> ; T=273+100=373K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>Formula Used: </b>n=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(PxT,RxT) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1271" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:240pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image336.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image337.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1271" width="320" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1271"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323733"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> No of molecules =4.89x10<sup>-5 </sup>x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =29.44x10<sup>18 </sup>=2.944x10<sup>19 </sup>molecules Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> No of atoms =2.944x10<sup>19 </sup>x4=1.18x10<sup>20 </sup>atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q23. Calculate the masses of 10<sup>20 </sup>molecules of each of H<sub>2 </sub>,O<sub>2 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>at STP. What will happen to the masses of these gases, when the temperature of these gases are increased by 100<sup>o</sup>C and pressure is decreased by 100 torr.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) Given: Molecules of H<sub>2 </sub> =10<sup>20</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Now , 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of H<sub>2 </sub>at STP =1mole =2g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 10<sup>20 </sup>molecules of H<sub>2 </sub>at STP =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(2, 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>)x10<sup>20 </sup></span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> =0.332x10<sup>-5 </sup>g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>=3.32x10<sup>-4 </sup>g Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (b) Given: Molecules of O<sub>2</sub> =10<sup>20</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Now, 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of O<sub>2 </sub>at STP =32g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 10<sup>20 </sup>molecules of CO<sub>2 </sub>STP =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(32x10<sup>20 </sup>,6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>)g </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>=5.32x 10<sup>-3 </sup>g Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (c) Given: Molecules of CO<sub>2 </sub> =10<sup>20</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Now, 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of CO<sub>2 </sub>at STP =44g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> 10<sup>20 </sup>molecules of CO<sub>2 </sub>at STP =</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(44, 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>g)10<sup>20 </sup>g </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>=7.30x10<sup>-3 </sup>g Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q24.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a) Two moles of NH<sub>3 </sub>are enclosed in a 5dm<sup>3 </sup>flask at 27<sup>o</sup>C. calculate the pressure exerted by the gas assuming that <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">it behaves like an ideal gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Times;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">it behaves like a real gas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a=1.17 atm dm<sup>6 </sup>mol<sup>-2 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">b=0.0371 dm<sup>3 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) Also calculate the amount of pressure lessened due to forces of attractions at these conditions of volume and temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(c) Do you expect the same decreased in the pressure of 2 moles of NH<sub>3 </sub>having a volume of 40dm<sub>3 </sub>and at temperature of 27<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a.i) Given: V=5dm<sup>3</sup> ; T=273+27=300K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> n=2mole ; R=0.821dm<sup>3 </sup>atm K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <b>Formula Used: </b> PV=nRT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(nxRxT,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P==<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1272" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:189.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image338.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image339.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1272" width="253" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1272"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323734"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=9.852 atm Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> (a.ii) Given: n=2mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> a=4.17atm dm<sup>3 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> b=0.0371dm<sup>3 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> V=5dm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> R=0.0821atm dm<sup>3 </sup>K<sup>-1 </sup>mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> T=273+27=300K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> Formula Used: <span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1273" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:53.25pt;height:38.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image340.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image341.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1273" width="71" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1273"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323735"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->(V-nb)=nRT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> On rearranging the equation <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(nRT ,V-nb ) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(n<sup>2</sup>a ,V<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> On substituting the values<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(2x0.821x300,5-2(0.0371) ) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f( (2)<sup>2 </sup>x 4.17, (5)<sup>2 </sup>) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(49.26,5-0.0742) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(16.68,25) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(49.25,4.93) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(16.68,25) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=9.99-0.667<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=9.32atm Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(b) Difference of pressure ,<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1274"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image342.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image343.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1274" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1274"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323736"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> P=9.852-9.32=053atm Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(c) Given: n = 2 mol ; V=40dm<sup>3</sup>;T=273+27=300K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> p =?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Formula Used: PV=nRT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P= </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(nxRxT,V) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span> eq \f(2x0.0821x300,40) </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> P=1.232 atm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The decrease in pressure is not the same<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-12630982244638874932011-12-25T00:04:00.000-08:002011-12-25T00:04:05.195-08:00Chapter 2nd Theory<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chapter 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN CHEMISTRY<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Analytical Chemistry:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “The science of chemical characterization is called analytical chemistry.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">OR<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> “The branch of chemistry which deals with qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of a sample is called analytical chemistry”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Qualitative Analysis:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Detection or identification of elements in a compound is called qualitative analysis.e.g. Detection of radicals of salt<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Quantitative Analysis:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The determination of the relative amounts of elements in a compound is called quantitative analysis.e.g Combustion analysis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It involves following steps<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sampling<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Separation of desired components<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Measurements<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Calculation of results<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Drawing the conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Experimental Techniques:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> During the laboratory work a student deals with following techniques<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Filtration<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Crystallization<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sublimation<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Solvent Extraction<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">i. FILTRATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The process in which insoluble particles are separated from a liquid is called filtration. For filtration we can use a Filtration paper or Filter crucible.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Filter Paper:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The filtration by filter paper is a slow process. In this process solvent passes through filter paper and insoluble particles are left behind on the filter paper. Many types of filter papers are available. They have different porosites (pore sizes). A suitable filter paper is chosen. Its size should be large so that it should be<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323087"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> to <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323088"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->full of precipitates at the end of filtration.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The funnel should be large so that its rim should extend 1-2 cm above the filter paper. The stem of funnel should be long. It should touch the side of beaker. Moreover stem of funnel should remain full of liquid during the filtration. The filter paper should be fitted properly otherwise it is time wastage.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Folding of Filter Paper:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Filter paper should be folded twice.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The first fold should be along the diameter.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In second fold the edges should not be quite matched.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The folded filter paper should be opened on the larger section.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A cone is formed by three fold side and one fold side.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The apex angle should be greater than 60<sup>o</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Then filter paper is placed into the 60<sup>o</sup> funnel.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -0.35pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Finally wet the filter paper and press it firmly.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ix.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The rate of filtration can be increased by gentle suction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 30.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.25pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>x.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The rate of filtration can also be increased by fluted filter paper.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Fluted Filter Paper)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fluted Filter Paper:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> A Filter Paper Raving many elevations and depressions is called fluted filter paper. A filter paper folded by fan like arrangement with alternate elevations and depressions given fluted filter paper.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Filter Crucibles:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> We use filter crucible for an easy filtration. There are two types of filter crucibles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gooch Crucible<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sintered glass Crucible<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.4pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i. <u>Gooch Crucible:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.75pt; tab-stops: 30.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> It is made of porcelain. Its bottom is perforated covered with paper pulp. The Gooch crucible is placed on suction apparatus. It is shown in figure. It is used to filter those precipitates which are to be heated at high temperature. Some solutions like HCl, KM<sub>n</sub>O<sub>4</sub> react with paper. So their filtration is done by covering Gooch crucible with asbestos [CaMg<sub>3</sub> (SiO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>].<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Gooch Crucible Fitted on Filtring Apparatus)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.75pt; tab-stops: 30.25pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ii. <u>Sintered Glass Crucible:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -5.75pt; tab-stops: 30.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> It is made of glass. Its bottom is sealed with sintered (porous) glass disc. It needs no preparation. All solutions can be filtered by it.<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Sintered Glass Crucible)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ii. Crystallization<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The process of crystals formation is called crystallization. When a hot saturated solution of a substance is cooled, then crystals of solid substance separate out. It is called crystallization. This process is used for purification of solid compounds. E.g. Purification of naphthalene. The process of crystallization involves the following steps.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i. <u>Choice of Solvent:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> A suitable solvent is chosen by hit and trial method. An ideal solvent has following properties<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It should dissolve maximum amount of solute.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It should not react with solute.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It should not dissolve the impurities.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">On cooling, it should form pure crystals<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It should be cheap (in-expensive)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It should be easily removable.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Its use should be safe<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">An inflammable solvent should be heated on water bath. The most common solvents are water, rectified spirit(95% alcohol), absolute alcohol(99% alcohol), ether, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, carbon tetra chloride.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ii. <u>Preparation of Saturated Solution:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The substance is dissolved in minimum amount of solvent. To dissolve more and more solute, the solution should be heated directly or on water bath. The stirring of solution is necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Precaution</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:There are certain solutions which are volatile and these should be heated with the help of water bath.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Diagram……<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">iii. <u>Filtration:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The hot saturated solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities. Sometimes premature crystals can form. It can be prevented by using hot water funnel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Diagram…..<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">iv. <u>Cooling:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The hot filtered solution is cooled. The moderate cooling gives the medium sized crystals and slow cooling gives bigger crystals. Therefore slow cooling is avoided because it contains solvent as an impurity. Sometimes a few crystals of pure solid are added in solution to start the crystallization process.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">v. <u>Collecting the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Crystals</st1:place></st1:city>:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> When the crystallization is complete, then mixture of crystals and mother liquor is filtered through Gooch crucible using a vacuum pump. The mother liquor is removed completely by full suction. Then the filter cake is pressed to remove the rest mother liquor. Finally the crystals are washed with small amount of cold solvent. This process is repeated many times till pure crystals are formed. By evaporation of the mother liquor we can get a fresh crop of crystals. The mixture through which crystals are formed called mother liquor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Diagram………<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">vi. <u>Drying of <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Crystals</st1:place></st1:city>:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> There are three methods for drying the crystals.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Press the crystals between the folds of filter paper. Repeat this process many times but by this method crystals are crushed and fibers of filter paper can mix with them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dry the crystals at 100<sup>o</sup>C in an oven. Here solid should not melt or decompose at 100<sup>o</sup>C. This method is also not reliable because there are many solids which have low very low m.p can not be dried. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Spread the crystals over watch glass and keep in vacuum desiccators for many hours. The drying agents used in desiccators are CaCl<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Silica gel. This is the most reliable method<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Diagram…………….<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">vii. <u>Decolourization of Undesirable Colours:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Sometimes crystals become coloured due to impurities. To prevent it, the substance is boiled with animal charcoal. Animal charcoal absorbs the coloured impurity. The pure colourless crystals are formed by cooling the filtrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">iii. Sublimation<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The process in which a solid, on heating directly changes into vapours without passing through liquid state is called sublimation. The hot vapours are then condensed to form the solid again. It is called sublimate. The process of sublimation is used to purify the solids. E.g. Naphthalene, NH<sub>4</sub>Cl, Iodine and benzoic acid etc. the solid substance is taken in a watch glass. A funnel is inverted on it. The solid is heated slowly over a sand bath. The funnel is cooled by wet cotton. The pure solid deposits on the inner sides of funnel and impurities are left behind in watch glass.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Limitation: Those substances can be sublimed which have high v.p than their m.p<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">iv. Solvent Extraction<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> We can separate a solute from a solution by shaking it with an immiscible solvent in which solute is more soluble. It is called solvent extraction. It is mainly used to separate organic compounds from water. It is done by an apparatus called.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i. <u>Separating Funnel:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> It is shown in figure. The example of solvent extraction is ether extraction. In this method an aqueous solution containing an organic compound is taken in separating funnel. The ether is also put into the funnel. It is stoppered, shaken well and allowed to stand. After sometime two layers are formed. The organic compound goes to ether layer and <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inorganic impurities remain in water layer. The ether layer is separated. It is evaporated on water bath to get organic compound. The repeated extraction using small portions of solvent (ether) are more efficient than a single extraction using large volume of solvent. The solvent extraction is an equilibrium process. So it is based upon <b>Distribution law</b> or <b>Partition law</b>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This law states that a solute distributes itself between two immiscible liquids in a constant ratio of concentration irrespective of its added amount. The ratio of concentration of a solute dissolved in two immiscible solvents is a constant. It is called distribution coefficient. It is given as<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:183.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="245" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323089"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> For example distribution of I<sub>2</sub> in water and Carbon tetrachloride. The I<sub>2</sub> is not very soluble in water but readily soluble in aqueous KI. In water I<sub>2</sub> is soluble in the form of tri Iodide ion (<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323090"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->). When ccl<sub>4</sub> is added to aqueous solution of <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323091"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->ions, then <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323092"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->equilibrium takes place.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -17.0pt; position: relative; top: 17.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:255pt;height:39.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="53" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="340" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323093"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> When two solvents are gently shaken, then their area of contact increases and transfer of I<sub>2</sub> molecules improves. Thus a good separation is achieved. The result is that brown colour of <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="16" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323094"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> in aqueous layer fades and purple colour of free I<sub>2</sub> in CCl<sub>4</sub> layer appears. When equilibrium is established, then rate at which iodine passes from CCl<sub>4</sub> to water equals the rate at which it passes from water to CCl<sub>4</sub> . The distribution coefficient is given as k = <u>[<i>I2(CCL4)]</i></u><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i> [I3(water)]</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i> </i></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">v. Chromatography</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The word chromatography is derived from Greek word “Khromatos” which means colour writing. A technique by which we can separate components of a mixture due to their different distribution between stationary and mobile phase is called chromatography. The phase over which mobile phase flows is called stationary phase. It may be a solid or liquid. The phase which flows over the stationary phase is called mobile phase. It may be a liquid or gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Principle:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The principle of chromatography depends upon two points.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Relative affinity (solubility) of components in two phases.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Distribution coefficient of components in two phases. The distribution coefficient K is given as <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="288" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
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</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A component with smaller value of K remains in stationary phase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A component with grater value of K remains in mobile phase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Types of Chromatography</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The chromatography has two types<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (i) Adsorption Chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (ii) Partition Chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i. <u>Adsorption Chromatography:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The Chromatography in which solid substance is used as stationary phase is called adsorption chromatography. e.g. Column Chromatography. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ii. <u>Partition Chromatography:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The Chromatography in which a liquid substance is used as stationary phase is called partition chromatography. e.g. paper chromatography. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paper Chromatography</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> It is a kind of partition chromatography. Here stationary phase is liquid (H<sub>2</sub>O) adsorbed on paper. The mobile phase is an organic liquid which passes over the paper. The solutes are distributed between two liquids. There are three kinds of paper chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ascending paper chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Descending paper chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Radial / Circular paper chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Here will explain only ascending type.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ascending Paper Chromatography</span></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The chromatography in which solvent front or mobile phase travels upwards by capillary action is called ascending paper chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Method:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> A solvent mixture is taken in a chromatographic tank. A 20 cm long strip of whatmann’s paper no.1 is taken and a pencil line is drawn on it at 2.5 cm from one end. A spot point of mixture solution is put on the line. Two other spots of pure components are also put on the line as standard. Now spots are dried and paper is suspended into the tank such that its lower end dips 5-6 mm into the solvent. The glass cover is put on the tank. The solvent passes the spots. The solutes begin to move upward according to their distribution coefficients. <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> When the solvent has covered <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:23.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="31" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323097"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->length of paper, then strip is removed, position of solvent is marked and paper is dried. The pattern on the is called chromatogram.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> If spots are coloured, then they can be easily identified. If spots are colourless, the chromatogram is developed by physical or chemical methods. The retardation factor (R<sub>f</sub>) of each component is calculated as <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:192pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="256" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323098"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Each component has its specific R<sub>f</sub> value. For example the shown chromatogram tells that mixture solution (A) has two components (B, C). Their R<sub>f</sub> values are given as<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -69.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rf(B)= x/y (x is distance covered by component B, Z is distance covered by component C and y is distance covered by solvent)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:59.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386323100"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> Rf(C)= z/y <b>Think! Why R<sub>f</sub> value can never be greater than 1</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Uses of Chromatography:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The chromatography is useful in separation of organic compounds.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is used for identification of compounds.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is useful in qualitative and quantitative analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is used in checking purity of a compound.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Important note:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A pure compound gives only one spot.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Think! Why Paper Chromatography is time consuming process?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-11112398754761786742011-12-24T23:50:00.000-08:002011-12-24T23:52:18.826-08:00Chapter 1st theory<div class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Chapter No. 1<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 22pt;">Basic Concepts<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Atom:</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The term atom is derived from the Greek word “atoms” meaning indivisible.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The smallest particle of an element which may or may not have independent existence is called an atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">For example ,the atoms of He,Ne and A r exist independently while the atoms of hydrogen ,nitrogen and oxygen do not have independent existence .An atom is composed of more than 100 subatomic particles such as electron, proton , neutron , hyperons , neutrino, antineutrino, etc .However ,electron ,proton and neutron are the fundamental particles of atoms. The atoms are the smallest particle of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Evidence of Atoms:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Atoms are extremely small. It is not possible actually to see them even with a powerful optical microscope However ,the direct evidence for their existence comes from an electron microscope. It uses beams of electrons instead of visible light. The wavelength of electron is much shorter than that of visible light. With optical microscopes, a clear and accurate image of an object that is smaller than the wavelength of visible light cannot be obtained. It can only measure the size of an object up to or above 500 nm. However, objects of the size of an atom be observed in an electron microscope. Like light, the characteristics of an electron beam change when it passes through or reflects off atoms in the thin layers of solids. The electron beam takes a picture of atoms layers which can be magnified about 15 millions of times. An electron microscope photograph of a piece of graphite is shown in the figure. The bright bands in the image are layers of carbon atoms.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(Picture)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: .75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Fig Electron microscope photograph of graphite<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">X-ray work has shown that the diameters of atoms are of the order 2x10<sup>-10 </sup>m which is0.2 nm. Masses of atoms range from 10<sup>-27 </sup>to 10<sup>-25</sup> kg. We can get an idea about the small size of an atom from the fact that a full stop may have two million atoms present in it. They are often expressed in atomic mass units (a.m.u).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">amu= 1.661x 10<sup>-24 </sup>g=1.661x10<sup>-27 </sup>kg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Molecule:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“The smallest particle of a pure substance which can exist independently is called a molecule.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A molecule may contain one or more atoms. The number of atoms present in a single molecule of an element is called <i>atomicity. </i>The molecules of elements can be monatomic, diatomic,Triatomic and polyatomic etc, if they contain one, two and three atoms respectively. A molecule of an element consists of one or more similar atoms . For example , He, Ar, O<sub>2</sub>,CL<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, P<sub>4</sub>, S<sub>8</sub>. A molecule of a compound consists of two or more different atoms. For example, HCI, H<sub>2</sub>S, CO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>,C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22 </sub>O<sub>11</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The sizes of molecules are bigger than atoms. Their sizes depend upon the number of atoms present in molecules and their shapes. A molecule having a very high molar mass is called a <i>macromolecule</i>. For example, hemoglobin is a macromolecule which is found in blood. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body. Each molecule of hemoglobin is made up of nearly 10,000 atoms. Hemoglobin molecule is 68,000 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ions:</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“The species which carry either positive or negative charge are called ions.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">An ion may be a charged atom, group of atoms or molecules. Ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons by neutral atoms or molecules. The number of protons in the nucleus never changes in the formation of ions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Examples:</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+ </sup>, NH <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="11" /></span>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, O<sup>2- </sup>, NO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="11" /></span>,CO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup>, N<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="11" /></span>,CO<sup>+</sup>,CH<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="11" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Cation</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“An ion that has a positive charge is </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 13pt;">c</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">alled a “Cation”.</span></i></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">They are formed when an atom of an element loses one or more electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A</span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="20" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> A<sup> + </sup>+ e<sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The charge on a cation may be +1, +2 or +3 . The charge present on an ion depends upon the number of electrons lost by an atom. Energy is always required to form positive ions. The Formation of the positive ion is an endothermic process. The most common positive ions are formed by the metal atoms. The positive ions having group atoms are less common.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Examples: Na<sup> + </sup>, K<sup> + </sup>,Ca<sup>2+,</sup> Mg <sup>2+ </sup>, A1<sup>3+ </sup>, Sn<sup> 4+ </sup>, NH <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="11" /></span>, H<sub>3 </sub>O <sup>+</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Anion</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“An ion that has a negative charge is called an anion.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">They are formed when a neutral atom of an element gains one or more electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">B+ e <sup>- </sup><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="20" /></span>B<sup> –</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Usually, energy is liberated when an electron is added to the isolated neutral atom. The formation of a uninegetive ion is an exothermic process. The most common negative ions are formed by the non-metal atoms.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Examples:</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> F<sup>- </sup>,CI <sup>- </sup>,Br <sup>- </sup>,I<sup> - </sup>, O <sup>2- </sup>,OH <sup>-</sup>, CO <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="11" /></span><sup>-,</sup>SO <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup>, <st1:place w:st="on">PO</st1:place><span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="11" /></span>,MnO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="11" /></span>, Cr<sub>2 </sub>O <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="11" /></span><sup>- </sup>, etc<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Molecular Ion:-</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“An ion which is formed when a molecule loses or gains an electron is called a molecular ion.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Positive molecular ions are formed by removing electrons from neutral molecules. Negative molecular ions are formed when extra electrons are attached to neutral molecules. Cationic molecular ions are more abundant than anionic ions. Molecular ions can be generated by passing a beam of high-energy electrons , alpha particles or X-rays through molecules in gaseous state. The break down of molecular ions obtained from the natural products can give important information about their structure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Examples:</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> N<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="11" /></span>, CO + , CH <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="11" /></span>, N<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="11" /></span>, etc<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Positive ions of molecules can be generated by bombarding the gas, or vapour of the substance with electrons. The molecular ions produced often break into fragments, giving several different kinds of positive ions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Thus the original molecule can give rise to a number of ions .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 306.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Relative Atomic mass:-</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“The mass of an atom of an element as compared to the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is called relative atomic mass.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">An atom is an extremely small particle . The mass of an individual atom is extremely small in quantity . It is not possible to weigh individual atoms or even small number of atoms directly . We do not have any balance to weigh such an extremely small mass. That is why for atoms, the unit of mass used is the atomic mass unit (amu) and not measurement I.e, grams , kilograms ,pounds and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Atomic Mass Unit (amu):</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“A mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth (<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="16" /></span>th)the mass of a carbon -12 atom is called atomic mass unit.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">For atoms , the atomic mass unit (amu) is used to express the relative atomic because its mass of 12 units has been determined very accurately by using mass spectrometer . The relative atomic mass of<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="13" /></span>C is 12,000 amu and relative atomic mass of <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="8" /></span>H is 1.0078 amu .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Remember that: 1amu=1.66x10 <sup>-24 </sup>g.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 599px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 29.65pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid navy 1.0pt; height: 29.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid navy .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 449.55pt;" valign="top" width="599"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 584px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Element<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Relative Atomic mass<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Element<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Relative Atomic mass<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1.0078 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">26.9815 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">14.0067 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">32.066 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">15.9994 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">C1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">35.453 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Na<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">22.9897 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">63.546 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mg<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">24.3050 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">U<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">238.0289 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 6.95pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Table: Relative atomic masses of some elements<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; tab-stops: 271.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; tab-stops: 271.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Isotopes {Greek Isotopes means </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">→</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> same place}</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different atomic mass are called isotopes.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 271.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei. They are different kind of atoms of the same element. Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties but slightly different physical properties; they have the same position in the periodic table because they have the same atomic number. For example, hydrogen has three isotopes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 271.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; tab-stops: 271.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="8" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">H, <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="11" /></span>Hand <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="9" /></span>H called proteome, deuterium and tritium. Carbon has three isotopes written as <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="13" /></span>C ,<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="13" /></span>C,<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="13" /></span>C and expressed as C-12, C-13 and C-14 . Chlorine has two , oxygen has three nickel has five , calcium has six ,palladium has six, cadmium has nine and tin has eleven isotopes .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; tab-stops: 271.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Relative Abundance of Isotopes:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The isotopes of the elements have their own natural abundance. The properties of a particular element mostly correspond to the most abundant isotopes of that element. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The relative abundance of the isotopes of elements can be determined by mass spectrometry .At present above 280 different isotopes of elements occur in nature. They include 40 radioactive isotopes. About 300 unstable radioactive isotopes have been produced artificially.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Table: Natural abundance of some common Isotopes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.55pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Element<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Isotopes<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Abundance(%)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.55pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hydrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">H, <sup>2</sup> H <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">99.985, 0.015<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.55pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Carbon <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">12</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">C, <sup>13</sup> C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">98.893, 1.107<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.55pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nitrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">14</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> N , <sup>15</sup> N<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">99.634, 0.366<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.55pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Oxygen <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">16</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> O , <sup>17 </sup>O ,<sup>18</sup> O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">99759. 0.037, 0.204<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.55pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sulphur</span></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">32</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> S , <sup>33</sup> S , <sup>34</sup> S, <sup>36</sup> S<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">95.0,0.76,4.22.0.014<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.55pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Chlorine<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">35</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> C1, <sup>37</sup> C1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">75.53, 24.47<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.55pt;" valign="top" width="159"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bromine<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">19</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Br , <sup>18</sup> Br<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 13.2pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 143.0pt;" valign="top" width="191"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">50.54,49.49<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Odd- Even Relationships:</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The elements with even atomic number usually have larger number of stable isotopes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The elements with odd atomic number almost never possess more than two stable isotopes. For example, the elements <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="13" /></span>F, <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="19" /></span>As,<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="19" /></span> I and <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="19" /></span>Au have only single isotopes. These elements are known as mono-isotopic elements.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The isotopes whose mass number is multiples of four are most abundant. For example, <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="13" /></span>O, <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="15" /></span>Mg,<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="15" /></span> Si,<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="15" /></span> Ca and <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="15" /></span>Fe. They form nearly 50% of the earth’s crust.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The isotopes with even mass number and even atomic number are more abundant and more stable. Out of 280 naturally occurring isotopes, 154 isotopes belong to this type.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">R</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">emember that</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: most of the elements with even atomic number have even mass number whereas most of the elements with odd atomic number have odd mass number.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Determination of relative atomic masses of isotopes by mass spectrometry:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Mass Spectrometer:</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“An instrument which is used to measure the relative atomic masses and relative abundances of different isotopes present in a sample of an elements is called a mass spectrometer.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> It measures the mass to charge ratio of atoms in the form of positive ions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Types of mass spectrometers<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Aston’s mass spectrograph<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The first mass spectrometer known as mass spectrograph was invented by Aston in 1919. It was designed to identify the isotopes of an element on the basis of their atomic masses. The mass spectrograph operates on the same principle as a mass spectrometer. The main difference is that a mass spectrograph uses a photographic plate to detect ions instead of an electrical device.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. <b>Dumpster’s mass Spectrometer</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">It was designed for the identification of elements which were available in solid state. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Mass spectrometry </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <i>“The use of mass spectrometer to identify different isotopes of an element by measuring their masses is called mass spectrometry.” <o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The method involves analysis of the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Principle of mass spectrometry</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> In this technique, a substance is first vaporized. It is then converted to gaseous positive ions with the help of high energy electrons. The gaseous positive ions are separately on the basis of their mass to charge (m/e) ratios. The results are recorded alacrity in the form of peaks. The relative heights of the peaks give the relative isotopes abundances.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <i><u>Working of mass spectrometer <o:p></o:p></u></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The solid substance under examination for the separation of isotopes is converted into vapors. Under a very low pressure 10<sup>-6 </sup>to 10<sup>-7 </sup>torr, these vapors are allowed to enter the ionization chamber .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> In ionization chamber, the vapors are bombarded with fast moving electrons from an electron gun .The atoms present in the form of vapours collide with electrons. The force of collision knocked out electrons from atoms. Usually, one electron is removed form an atom. The atoms turn into positive ions. These positive ions have different masses depending upon the nature of the isotopes present in them. The positive ion of each isotope has its own m/e value.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> When a potential difference (E) of 500-2000 volts is applied between perforated accelerating plates, then these positive ions are strongly attracted towards the negative plate. In this way the ions are accelerated.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> These ions are then allowed to pass through a strong magnetic field of strength (H), which will separate them on the basis of their <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="31" /></span>values. On entering the magnetic field the ions begin to move in a circular path. The path they take depends on the mass to charge <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060" width="31" /></span>ratios. The ions of definite <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061" width="31" /></span>value will move in the form of groups one after the other and fall on the on the electrometer. The electrometer is also called an ion collector. The electrometer develops the electric current. The mathematical relationships for <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062" width="31" /></span>is:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063" width="31" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064" width="12" /><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065" width="12" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image065.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066" width="45" /></span><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Where H is the strength of magnetic field, E is the strength of electrical field , r is the radius of circular path .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> If E is increased, by keeping H constant then radius will increase and positive ion of a particular <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="31" /></span>value will fall at a different palace as compared to the first place. This can also be done by changing the magnetic field, Each ion sets up a minute electrical current. The strength of the current thus measured gives the relative abundance of ions of ions of a definite <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="31" /></span>value.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Similarly the ions of other isotopes having different masses are made to fall on the collector and the current strength is measured. The current strength in each case gives the relative abundance of each of the isotopes. The same experiment is performed with C-12 isotopes and the current strength is compared. This comparison allows us to measure the exact mass number of the isotope. The following figure shows the separation of isotopes of Ne. Smaller the <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="31" /></span> value of an isotope, the smaller the radius of curvature produces b0 the magnetic field according to above equation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(Picture) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Fig: A simple Mass Spectrometer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> In modern Spectrometers, each ion hits a detector; the ionic current is amplified and is fed to the recorder. The recorder makes a graph showing the relative abundance of isotopes plotted against the mass number. A computer plotted graph for the isotopes of neon is shown in the following figure. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(picture)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Fig : (Computer plotted graph for the isotopes of neon)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The separation of isotopes can be done by methods based on their properties. Some important methods are: gaseous diffusion, thermal diffusion, distillation, ultracentrifuge, electromagnetic separation and laser separation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Fractional Atomic mass:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Atomic masses of elements are not exact numbers. Almost all elements have fractional values of atomic masses. This is because the atomic mass of an element is an average mass based on the number of isotopes of the element and their natural abundance. Natural abundances of atoms are given as atomic percentages. The mass contributed by each isotope is equal to fractional abundance multiplied by the isotopic mass. The average or fractional atomic mass for the element is obtained by taking the sum of the masses contributed by each isotope. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In general. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fractional atomic mass of an element =</span><sub><span style="font-size: 1pt; position: relative; top: 7pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="24" /></span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (fractional abundance)( Isotopic mass) .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">By the symbol sigma ,</span><sub><span style="font-size: 1pt;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 7pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="24" /></span></span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> means “take the sum of the quantities .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fractional abundance =Percent abundance x<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="29" /></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Or Percent abundance = Fractional abundance x 100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Example 1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> A sample of neon is found to consist of <span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="147" /></span>the percentage of 90.92%,0.26% and 8.82% respectively . Calculate the fractional atomic mass of neon.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The mass contribution for neon isotopes are:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Isotope Fractional abundance Isotopic mass Mass contribution<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">20</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ne 90.92x<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="29" /></span>=0.9092 20 0.9092x20=18.1840<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">21Ne <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image074.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="128" /></span> 21 0.0026x21=0.0546<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">22</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ne <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image076.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="127" /></span> 22 0.0882x22=1.9404 Average or fractional atomic mass of neon =20.179 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">=<u>20.18amu </u>: Answer</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> Hence the fractional atomic mass of neon is 20.18 amu. <u>Remember </u>that no individual neon atom in the ordinary isotopic mixture has mass of 20.18amu .However <i>Alternatively,</i> the problem may by solved by applying the formula: </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">Fractional atomic mass =<sub><span style="font-size: 1pt;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 7pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1077" width="24" /></span></span></sub> (fractional abundance)(isotopic mass)</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .5in;">=(fractional abundance of <sup>20</sup> Ne ) (isotopic mass of <sup>20</sup>Ne)+(fractional abundance of <sup>21</sup> Ne ) (isotopic mass of <sup>21</sup> Ne)+(fractional abundance of <sup>22</sup>Ne )(isotopic mass of <sup>22</sup>Ne).</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .5in;">=(0.9092)(20)+(0.0026)(21+(0.0882)(22)</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .5in;">=18.1840+0.0546+1.9404</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .5in;">=20.179</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .5in;">= <u>20.18 amu </u>Answer</div><div align="left" class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Analysis of a compound _Empirical and molecular Formulas <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">Both the empirical and molecular for a compound are determined from the percentage compositions of the compound and molecular mass of the compound obtained experimentally . <i>The percentage of an element in a compound is the number of grams of the element present in 100 grams of the compound.</i></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Percentage composition of a compound whose chemical formula is not known.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;">When a new compound is prepared all the elements present in the compound are first identified by qualitative analysis. After that, the mass of each element in a given mass of the compound is determined by quantitative analysis.<i> From this data, the percentage of each element in the compound is obtained by dividing the mass of the element present in the compound by the total mass ot the compound and when multiplying to 100</i>.</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">%of an element = <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1078" width="12" /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Once the percentage composition is determined experimentally the empirical formula can be calculated . The molecular mass of the compound is determined by experimental methods. From empirical formula and molecular mass , the molecular formula for the compound is determined.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Percentage Composition of a Compound whose chemical formula is known.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> The percentage composition of a compound can be determined theoretically,that is , without doing an experiment if we know the chemical formula of the compound .The relation which can be used for this purpose is:</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">%of an element = <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1079" width="12" /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">x100</span></b> <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1080" width="12" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Remember that the percentage composition of a pure compound does not change.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Example2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 8.657 g of a compound were decomposed into its elements and gave 5.217 g of carbon, 0.962 of hydrogen, 2.478 g of oxygen . Calculate the percentage composition of the compound under study.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Given: Mass of compound = 8.657 g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of carbon =5.217 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of hydrogen =0.962 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of oxygen =2.478 g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Formula used:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(i) <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1081" width="12" /></span>% of carbon=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=60.26% <b> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (ii) % of hydrogen=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=11.11% <b>Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 2.25in; text-indent: -2.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">%of oxygen =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">= 28.62% <b>Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -9.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hence in 100 grams of the compound ,there are 60.26 grams of carbon, 11.11 grams of hydrogen and 28.62 grams of oxygen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Empirical Formula<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <i>“ A chemical formula that gives the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each elements present in a compound is called an empirical formula .”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> For example, in an empirical formula of a compound , A<sub>x </sub>B<sub>y,</sub> there are x atoms of element A and y atoms of element B. The empirical formula can be determined from the percentage composition of the compound or from the experimentally determined mass relationships of elements that make up the compound.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Calculation of Empiriacal Formula<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Empirical formula of a compound can be calculated by using the following steps:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1. Find the percentage composition of the compound.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Find the number of gram-atoms of each element .For this purpose divide the percentage of each element by its atoms mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3. Find the atomic ratio of each element. To get this, divide the number of gram-atoms (Moles) of each element by the smallest number of gram-atoms (moles).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">4. Make the atomic ratio a simple whole number atomic ratio of not so multiply it with a suitable number.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">5. Write the empirical formula having various atoms present in the above ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Example3:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contains 40.92% carbon, 4.58% hydrogen and 54.5% oxygen by mass. What is the empirical formula of the ascorbic acid?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Calculation of empirical formula:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> On writing various steps in tabular from, we have<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Element<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.6pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">% age<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Atomic mass<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of gram-atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Atomic ratio<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.65pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Whole number ratio<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.6pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">40.92<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">12.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image079.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1082" width="85" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.65pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1x3=3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.6pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">4.58<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1.008<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1083" width="85" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.65pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1.33x3=4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.6pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">54.5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">16.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image083.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1084" width="77" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.65pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1x3=3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Empirical Formula = C<sup>3 </sup>H<sup>4 </sup>O<sup>3 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Empirical Formula From Combustion analysis<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The empirical formula of organic compounds which only contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen can be determined by combustion, the two products of combustion will be CO<sup>2 </sup>and H<sup>2</sup>O.These products of combustion are separately collected and their masses are determined.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Combustion Analysis <o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> A weighed sample of the organic compound is placed in the combustion tube fitted in a furnace. An excess of pure oxygen is supplied to burn the compound. The carbon in the compound is converted to CO<sup>2 </sup>and hydrogen to H<sup>2</sup>O vapors. These gases are passed through two pre-weighted absorbent tubes. One of the tubes contain Mf(CIO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>2 </sup>which absorbs water and the other contains 50% KOH which absorbs CO<sub>2</sub>. The increase in mass of potassium hydroxide tube gives the mass of CO<sub>2</sub>. From these masses of CO<sub>2</sub><sup> </sup>and H<sub>2</sub>O and the mass of the organic compound. the percentages of carbon and hydrogen in the compound can be calculated by using the following formulas:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">% of C=</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1085" width="12" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">%pf H=</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The percentage of oxygen is obtained by the method of difference<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">% of oxygen = 100-(%pf carbon +%of hydrogen)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(</span><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Picture)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Fig Combustion Analysis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Example 4:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> A sample of liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen was subjected to combustion analysis .0.5439 g of the compound gave 1.039g of H<sub>2</sub>O. Determine the empirical formula of the compound.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (i) Calculations of percentage composition:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of organic compound =0.5439 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of CO<sub>2 </sub> =1.039g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of H<sub>2</sub>O 0.6369g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">% of C=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1086" width="33" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1087" width="180" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">% of H = <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image089.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1088" width="53" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image091.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1089" width="199" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">% age of O= 100-(52.10+13.11)=34.79%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii) Calculation of empirical formula:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">On writing the various steps in a tabular form, we have,<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Element<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.45pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">%age<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic mass<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No of gram atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic ratio<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical formula<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.45pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">52.10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image093.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1090" width="87" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image095.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1091" width="60" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.45pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.008<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image097.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1092" width="92" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image099.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1093" width="64" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>6 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.45pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">34.79<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image101.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1094" width="87" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image103.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1095" width="57" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical Formula = C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>6 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular Formula<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>“A chemical formula of a substance that shows the actual number of atoms of different elements present in the molecule is called a molecular formula”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The molecular formula of a compound can only be determined if the empirical formula and the molecular mass of the compound are known.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2 </sub>(hydrogen peroxide) , C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>6 </sub>(benzene ) , C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>( glucose ).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The empirical formulas of hydrogen peroxide, benzene and glucose are HO, CH and CH<sub>2 </sub>O respectively. Some of the examples of the compounds having the same empirical and molecular formulas are: H<sub>2</sub>O, CO <sub>2 </sub>, NH<sub>3 </sub>, CH <sub>4 </sub>and C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22 </sub>O<sub>11</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The empirical formula and molecular formula for a covalent compound are related in this way:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular formula =n x (Empirical formula)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The value of ‘n’ must be a whole number. Actually the value of “n” is the ratio of molecular mass and empirical formula mass of a substance.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n = </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> When ‘n’ is unity, the empirical formula becomes the molecular formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Example 4:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The combustion analysis of an organic compound shows it to contain 65.44% carbon , 5.50% hydrogen and 29.06% oxygen . What is the empirical formula of the compound? If the molecular mass of this compound is 110.15 .Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (i) Calculation of empirical formula:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> On writing the various steps in a tabular form , we have ,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Element<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.45pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">%age<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic mass<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No of gram atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic ratio<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical formula<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.45pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">65.44<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image105.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1096" width="87" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image107.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1097" width="57" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.45pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.008<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image109.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1098" width="85" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1099" width="57" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>6 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.8pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.45pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">29.06<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.15pt;" valign="top" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image113.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1100" width="85" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1101" width="55" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.65pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in list 1.5in left 2.0in 180.4pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Calculation of molecular formula : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical formula mass = 36+3.024+16=55.04<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular mass=110.15<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> N=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1102" width="73" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular formula = n x (empirical formula)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 2 ( C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>6 </sub>O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 150%;">Concept of mole<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Gram atom (mole) <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> “The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called a gram atom.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> It is also known as a gram mole or a mole of element .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of gram atoms (moles) of am element = </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Example : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram atom of hydrogen (H) =1.008g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram atom of carbon (C) =12.000g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram atom of uranium (U) =238.0g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram atom magnesium (Mg) =24.000g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> It means that one gram atoms of different elements have different mass in them . It also shown that one gram atom of magnesium is twice as heavy as an atom of carbon<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Gram molecule (Gram mole or mole)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>“The molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is called a gram molecule.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No. of gram molecules (moles) of a molecular substance =</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram molecule of oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) = 32g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram molecule of hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) =2.016g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram molecule of water (H<sub>2</sub>O) =18.0g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram molecule of sulphuric acid (H<sub>2 </sub>SO <sub>4</sub>)=98.0g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram molecule of sucrose (C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22 </sub>O <sub>11</sub>) =342.0g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It means that one gram molecules of different molecular substances have different masses.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Gram-formula (gram – mole or mole)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> “The formula mass of an ionic compound expressed in grams is called a gram formula of the ionic compound” <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Since ionic compounds do not exist in molecular form , therefore , the sum of atomic masses individual ions gives the formula mass.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No .of gram –formula (moles ) of a substance =</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram-formula of Na C1 =58.5g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram-formula of KOH =56.0g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram-formula of Na<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3</sub> =106g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 gram-formula of Ag NO<sub>3</sub> =170g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gram-Ion (Mole)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>“ The atomic mass , molecular mass formula mass or ionic mass of the substance expressed in grams is called a mole.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of moles=</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples 6:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Calculate the gram atoms (moles)in <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) 0.1g of sodium =0.1g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (b) 0.1 kg of silicon<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) Given: Mass of sodium =0.1g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Atomic mass of sodium =23g mole <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No of gram atoms (moles ) of Na =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1103" width="12" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =4.3x10<sup>-1 </sup>mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (b) Given: Mass of silicon =0.1kg =0.1x1000=100 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Atomic mass of silicon =28.086 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No of gram atoms (moles)of silicon =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 3.56 mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Example 7:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Calculate the mass of 10<sup>-3 </sup>moles of Mg SO <sub>4</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Solutions:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Given: No of moles of MgSO<sub>4</sub> = 10<sup>-3 </sup>mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formula mass of MgSO<sub>4 </sub>=24+32+64=120g mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Formula Used:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of substance =No of moles of substance x Molar mass<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of Mg SO <sub>4 </sub> = 10-3 mol x 120 g mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> = 0.12g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Avogadro ,s Number (Avogadro Constant), N<sub>A</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>“The number of atoms, molecules and ions present in one gram – atom , one gram-molecule and one gram –ion respectively is called Avogadro ,s number .”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Avogadro, s number is 6.02x10<sup>23</sup>.It is a constant .One mole of any substance always contains 6.02x10 <sup>23</sup> Particles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 180.4pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 mole of hydrogen (H) =1.008g of H =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of H <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 mole of sodium(Na) =23g of Na =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of Na<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 mole of water (H<sub>2</sub>O) =18g of H<sub>2</sub>O =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1 mole of glucose (C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6</sub>)=180g of C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6</sub> = 6.02x1023molecules of C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 mole of SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1104" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup> = 96 of SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1105" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup> =6.02x1023 ions of SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1106" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 mole of NO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image121.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1107" width="11" /></span> =62g of NO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image121.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1108" width="11" /></span> =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>ions of NO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image121.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1109" width="11" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> One mole of different compounds has different masses but the same number of particles .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Important Relationships<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The following are some useful relationships between the amounts of substances mass and the number of particles present in them .<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No of atoms of an element =</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No of molecules of an compound =</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. No of ions in an ionic specie =</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Number of particles =Number of moles x Avogadro number<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span>. </b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mass of atoms =</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Mass of molecules =</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples 8:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> How many molecules of water are there in 10.0 g ice ? Also calculate the number of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen separately , the total number of atoms and the covalent bonds present in the sample.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(i) Calculation for the number of molecules of water <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of water (ice) = 10.0g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Molar mass of H<sub>2 </sub>O =2+16=18 g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> No of water molecules = ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of molecules of H<sub>2 </sub>O <b>=</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> </b>x N<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <sub> </sub>3.34x1023 molecules<sub> <o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Calculation for the number of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen and total number of atoms</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No of water molecules = 3.34x10<sup>23</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Now 1 Molecule of H<sub>2 </sub>O contains H atoms =2atom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.34x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of H<sub>2</sub>O contains H atoms =2x3.34x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of H<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =6.68x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of H<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Now, 1 Molecules of H<sub>2 </sub>O contains O atoms =1.atom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3.34x10<sup>23 </sup>Molecules of H<sub>2</sub>O contains O atoms =1x3.34x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =3.34x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Total number of atoms =6.68x 10<sup>23 </sup>+3.34x10<sup>23</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =(6.68+3.34) x10<sup>23</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 10.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii) Calculation for number of covalent bonds</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> I Molecule of H<sub>2</sub>O contains the number of covalent bonds =2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.34x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of H<sub>2</sub>O contains, the number of covalent bonds =2x3.34x10<sup>23</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =6.68x10<sup>23</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Examples 9:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 10.0grams of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4 </sub>have been dissolved in excess of water to dissociate it completely into ions. Calculate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of molecules in 10.0g of H<sub>3</sub> PO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of positive and negative ions in case of complete dissociation in water.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masses of individual ions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of positive and negative charges dispersed in the solution.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) Calculation for the number of molecules in<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1110" width="12" /></span> H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> =10g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Molar mass of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> = 3+31+64=98g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> No . of molecules of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">xN<sub>A</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =6.14x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Calculation for the number of positive and negative ions in H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4 </sub>:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 19pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1111" width="20" /></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">3H+ +<st1:place w:st="on">PO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1112" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Now,1 molecule of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> contains positive H<sup>+ </sup>ions =3 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.14x10<sup>23 </sup>molecule of contains negative <st1:place w:st="on">PO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1113" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup></st1:place><sup> </sup>ions =3x6.14x10<sup>22</sup>+ve H<sup>+ </sup>ions =1.842x10<sup>23</sup>+ve H<sup>+ </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Now, 1 molecule of H<sub>3 </sub>PO<sub>4 </sub>contains negative <st1:place w:st="on">PO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1114" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup></st1:place><sup> </sup> ions=1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">6.14x10<sup>23 </sup>molecule of contains negative <st1:place w:st="on">PO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1115" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup></st1:place><sup> </sup>ions =1x6.14x1022-ve <st1:place w:st="on">PO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1116" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup></st1:place><sup> </sup> ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =6.14x1022 –ve <st1:place w:st="on">PO</st1:place><span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1117" width="11" /></span><sup>- </sup> ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13pt;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Calculation for the masses of individual ions:</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No, of H<sup>+ </sup>ions =1.842x10<sup>23 </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ionic mass of H<sup>+ </sup>=1.0008 g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N<sub>A</sub> =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>ions mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of H+ ions =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.308 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">PO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1118" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup></span></st1:place><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ions =6.14x10<sup>22 </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ionic mass of </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">PO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1119" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup></span></st1:place><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ion =31+64=95g mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> N<sub>A</sub> =6.02x1023 ions mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of </span><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">PO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1120" width="11" /></span><sup>-</sup></span></st1:place><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Calculation for the number of positive and negative charges dispersed in the solution:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 molecule of</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> H<sub>3 </sub>PO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> gives positive charges in solution =3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">6.14x1022 molecule of</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> H<sub>3 </sub>PO<sub>4</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> gives positive charges in solution =3x6.14x10<sup>23</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =1.842x10 <sup>23 </sup>+ve charges<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Since the solution is always electrically neutral, therefore, number of positive and negative charges in solution is always equal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Thus in the solution:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No. of positive charges =No of negative charges <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hence, the number of negative charges in the solution = 1.842x1023<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Molar Volume<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <i>“The volume , 22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at STP is called molar volume”.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> With the help of this information, we can convert the mass of a gas at STP into its volume and vice versa, Hence.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 1. 1 mole of a gas at STP =22.414 dm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 2.6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of a gas at STP =22.414 dm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 3. 22.414 dm3 of a gas at STP =1 Mole<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It should be remember that 22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>of two gases has a different mass but the same number of molecules. The reason is that the masses and the sizes of the molecules do not affect the volumes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Example 10:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> A well known ideal gas is enclosed in a container having volume 500 cm<sup>3 </sup>at STP. Its mass comes out to be 0.72 g .What is the molar mass of this gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>(i) Calculation for the number of moles of an ideal gas at STP</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Volume of ideal gas at STP =500 cm3 =0.5dm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>of ideal gas at STP =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 0.5dm<sup>3 </sup>of ideal gas at STP =0.0223moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (ii) Calculation for the molar mass of the gas:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of gas =0.72g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Number of moles of gas =0.0223 moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of gas =?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of gas =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =32.28 g mol -1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Stoichiometry: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> “ The study of the quantities relationships between reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation is called Stoichiometry.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> It is based on the chemical equation and on the relationship between mass and moles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Stoichiometry Amount<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> “The amount of any reactant or product as given by the balanced chemical equation is called stoichiometric amount.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Assumptions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> All Stoichiometry calculations are based on the following three assumptions:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Reactants are completely converted into products.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No side reaction accurse.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">While doing Stoichiometry calculations, the law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions are obeyed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Types of Stoichiometric Relationships<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The various types is useful in determining an unknown mass of reactant or product from the given mass of one substance in a chemical reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Mass-mole relationship or mole-mass relationship<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Such relationship is useful in determining the number of moles of a reactant or product from the given mass of one substance and vice-versa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Number of moles=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mole-mass relation:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1121" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image126.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1122" width="61" /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Remember that m is mass and MM is molar mass <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3. Mass volume relationship<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Such relationship is useful in determining the volume of a gas from the given mass of another substance and vice-versa . This relationship allows us to calculate the volume of any number of moles of a gas at STP.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mole-volume relation:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Number of moles=<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Example 11:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Calculate the number of grams of K<sub>3 </sub>PO<sub>4 </sub>and water produced when 14g of KOH are reacted with excess of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>. Also, calculate the number of molecules of water produced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (i) Calculation for the number of grams of K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of KOH =14 g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Molar mass of KOH =39+16+1=56g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No . of moles KOH =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">0.25mol<o:p></o:p></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Equation: 2KOH<sub>(eq) </sub>+ H2SO4(aq)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>2moles <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 2KOH <sub>(aq)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq)</sub></span><sub> </sub><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1123" width="20" /></span> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq) </sub>+2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(1)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 2moles of KOH =1 mole of K<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 0.25 mole of KOH =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><sup> =</sup>0.125 moles of K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">Molar mass of K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> =78+32+64=174g Mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Produced =No of moles x molar mass <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Produced =0.125molx 174 g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Produced =21.75g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Calculation for the number of molecules of water:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">0.25mol<o:p></o:p></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Equation: 2KOH<sub>(eq) </sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>SO4(aq)</span> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1124" width="20" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4(aq) </sub>+2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(1)</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>2moles <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now , 2 moles of KOH =2moles of H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 0.25moles of HOH =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of H<sub>2</sub>O produced =0.25mol x 18g mol<sup>-1</sup>=4.5g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Number of molecules of H<sub>2</sub>O =No of moles x NA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.25mol x6.02x 10<sup>23 </sup>molecules mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =1.51x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Examples 12:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mg metal reacts with HCI to give hydrogen gas. What is the minimum volume of HCI solution (27%by weight ) required to produce 12.1 g of H<sub>2</sub>.The density of HCI solution if 1.14g cm-3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mg<sub>(s) </sub>+ 2HCI<sub>(aq)</sub></span><sub> </sub><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1125" width="20" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mg C1<sub>2(aq) </sub>+H<sub>2(g)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: Mass of H<sub>2</sub> =12.1g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of H<sub>2</sub> =2.016g mol<sub>-1</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No. of moles of H<sub>2 </sub> =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image129.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1126" width="123" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x 6moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mg<sub>(s) </sub>+ 2HCI<sub>(aq)</sub></span><sub> </sub><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1127" width="20" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mg C1<sub>2(aq) </sub>+H<sub>2(g)<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2moles</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 1 mole of H<sub>2</sub> =2 mole of HCI<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Moles of H2 =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =12moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of HCI =1+35.5=36.5g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of HCI = No. of moles x molar mass<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =12mol x 36.5g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=438 g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> %age of HCI solution =27<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">27 g of HCI are present in a mass of solution =100g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">438g of HCI are present in a mass of solution=<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image131.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1128" width="84" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =1622.2g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of HCI solution =1622.2g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Density of HCI solution =1.14g cm<sup> -3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Volume of HCI solution =<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image133.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1129" width="57" /></span>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =1423 cm<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 304.9pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 150%;">Limiting Reactant</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>“A reactant that controls the amount of the product formed in a chemical reaction is called a limiting reactant.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A limiting reactant gives the least number of moles of the product. Generally, in carrying out chemical reactions m one of the reactants is deliberately used in excess quantity . This quantity exceeds the amount theoretically required by the balanced chemical wquation.This is done to ensure that the other expensive eractant is completely used up in the reaction .Sometimes, this strategy is applied to increase the speedof reactions. In this way excess reactant is left behind at the end of reaction and the other reactant in completely consumed .<i>This reactant which is completely used up in the reaction is Known as the limiting reactant </i>.Once this reactant is used up , the reactant stops and no additional product is formed .Hence the limiting reactant controls the amount of the product formed in a chemical reaction .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 56.85pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 56.85pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 56.85pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Identification of Limiting Reactant<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> To identify a limiting reactant, the following three steps are performed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Convert the given amount of each reactant to moles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Calculate the number of moles of product that could be produced form each reactant by using a balanced chemical equation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Example 13:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> NH<sub>3 </sub>gas can by prepared by heating together two solids NH<sub>4</sub>C1 and C<sub>a </sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>. If a mixture containing 100g of each solid is heated then.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Calculate the number of grams of NH<sub>3 </sub>produced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Calculate the excess amount of reagent left unrelated. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2NH<sub>4</sub>C1<sub>(s) </sub>+ Ca(OH) <sub>2(s) </sub></span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1130" width="20" /></span><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CaC1<sub>2(s) </sub>+2NH<sub>3(s) </sub>+ 2H2O<sub>(1)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution: (a) Calculation for the number of grams of NH<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of NH<sub>4 </sub>C1 =100g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> =100g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Molar mass of NH<sub>4 </sub>C1 =14+4+35.5=53.5g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Molar mass of Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub> =40+34=74g mol<sup> -1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> No of moles of NH<sub>4 </sub>C1 =<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image135.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1131" width="252" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> No of moles of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> =<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image137.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1132" width="243" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.87 moles .35 moles<o:p></o:p></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2NH<sub>4</sub>C1<sub>(s) </sub>+ Ca(OH) <sub>2(s) </sub></span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1133" width="20" /></span><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CaC1<sub>2(s) </sub>+2NH<sub>3(s) </sub>+ 2H2O<sub>(1)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2moles</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <sup>1mole</sup> <sup>2moles</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Now, 2molesof NH<sub>4</sub>CI =2moles of NH<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.87 moles of NH<sub>4</sub>CI =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1134" width="12" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Also, 1 mole of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> =2moles of NH<sub>3 <o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.35 moles of Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><sub> </sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =2.70 moles of NH<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Since NH<sub>4</sub>C1 produces the least number of moles of NH<sub>3 </sub>, therefore, it is limitation reactant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> No of moles of NH<sub>3 </sub>produced =1.87moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Molar mass of NH<sub>3</sub> =14+3=17g mol<sub>-1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of NH<sub>3</sub>produced =No of moles NH<sub>3</sub>xmolar mass of NH<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =1.87mol x17g mol<sub>-1<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=31.79g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">(<b>b) Calculation for the excess amount of reagent left un reacted </b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The reactant, Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>is used in excess , its amount left un reacted can be calculation as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Now, 2moles of NH<sub>4</sub>C1 =1 mole of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1.87 moles of NH<sub>4</sub>C1 =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =0.935moles of Ca(OH)<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amount of excess Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>=Amount of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> taken-amount of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>reacted <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =1.35-0.935=0.415moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of uncreated Ca(OH)<sub>2 </sub>=No of moles x Formula mass<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =0.415 mol x74 g mol <sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=30.71g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> It means we should mix 100g of NH<sub>4</sub>C1with 69.29g of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>to get 1.87 moles of NH<sub>3..<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 15pt; line-height: 150%;">Yield<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>“The amount of the product formed in a chemical reaction is called the yield.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical Yield<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>“The amount of the product calculated from the balanced chemical equation is called the theoretical yield of the product .’’<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> It is the maximum amount of the product that can be produced by a given amount of a reactant according to balanced chemical equation . In most chemical reactions the amount of the product is less than the theoretical yield.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Actual yield</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>“The amount of the product actually abtained in a chemical reaction is called the actual yield of the product .”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The actual yield of the product is always less than the theoretical yield of the product.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Causes of less actual yield<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In most chemical reactions, the actual yield is always less than the theoretical yield of the product due to the following reasons:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A practically inexperienced worker cannot get the expected yield because of many short comings.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Product may be lost during the processes like filtration, separation by distillation , separation by a separating funnel , washing ,drying and crystallization if not properly carried out.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Side reaction may occur which reduce the amount of the product.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The reaction may not go to completion.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">There may have been impurities in one or more of the reactants.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Percentage yield of product<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A chemist is usually interested in the efficiency of a reaction. The efficiency of a reaction is expressed by comparing the actual and theoretical yields in the form of the percentage yield.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> %age yield of product= </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Example 14:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> When lime stone,CaCO<sub>3 </sub>is roasted , quicklime, CaO is produced according to the following equation. The actual yield of CaO is 2.5kg, when 4.5gk of lime stone in roasted .What is the percentage yield of this reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CaCO<sub>3(s)</sub> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1135" width="20" /></span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CaC<sub>(s) </sub>+CO<sub>2(g</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution: Actual yield of CaO =2.5kg =2500g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of lime stone CaCO<sub>3</sub> =4.5kg =4500g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Molar mass of CaCO<sub>3 </sub>=40+12+48=100g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Molar mass of CaO = 40+16=56g mol <sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">45000g<o:p></o:p></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> CaCO<sub>3(s)</sub> </span><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1136" width="20" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">CaO<sub>(s) </sub>+CO<sub>2(s)<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>100g 56g<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now , 100g of CaCO<sub>3 </sub> =56g of CaO<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 4500g of CaCO<sub>3 </sub> =<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image140.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1137" width="221" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =2520g pf CaO<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Theoretical yield of CaO =2520<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> %yield = <span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image142.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1138" width="152" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image144.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1139" width="72" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> =99.21%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">EXERCISE<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Q1. Select the most suitable answer from the given ones in each question.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The mass of one mole of electrons is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Properties which depend upon mass<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Arrangement of electrons in orbital<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemical properties<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l21 level2 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The extent to which they may be affected in electromagnetic field<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii) which of the following statements is not true?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">isotopes with even atomic masses are comparatively abundant<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">isotopes with odd atomic masses and even atomic number are comparatively abundant<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">atomic masses are average masses of isotopes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional to their relative abundance<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii) Many elements have fractional atomic masses, this is because <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The mass of the atom is itself fractional<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic masses are average masses of isobars<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional to their relative abundance<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(iv) The mass of one mole of electrons is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a 008mg(b) 0.55mg (c) 0.184mg (d) 1.673mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(v) 27g of Al will react completely with how much mass of O<sub>2 </sub>to produce A<sub>1</sub>2O<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) 8 g go oxygen (b) 16g of oxygen <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c) 32g of oxygen (d) 24g of oxygen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (vi) The number of moles of CO2 which contain 8.0 g of oxygen .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) 0.25 (b) 0.50 (c) 1.0 (d) 1.50<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (vii) The largest number of molecules are present in<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) 3.6g of H<sub>2 </sub>O (b) 4.8g of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5 </sub>OH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (c) 2.8 g of CO (d) 5.4g of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(viii) One mole of SO<sub>2 </sub>contains<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of oxygen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18.1x10<sup>23 </sup>Molecules of SO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.02x1023 atoms of sulphur <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4 gram atoms of SO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ix)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The volume occupied by 1.4 g of N<sub>2</sub>at STP is <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a) 2.24 dm<sup>3 </sup><sub> </sub>(b) 22.4dm<sup>3</sup><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c) 1.12 dm<sup>3</sup> (d) 112 cm<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (x) A limiting reactant is the one which <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) is taken in lesser quantity in grams as compared to other reactants <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (b) is taken in lesser quantity in volume as compared to the other<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> reactants<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> © give the maximum amount of the product which is required <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">give the minimum amount of the product under consideration<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans: (i)a (ii)d (iii)d (iv)b (v)d (vi)a (vii)a (viii)c (ix)c (x)d<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Q2: Fill in the blanks :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The unit of relative atomic mass is-----------<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The exact masses of isotopes can be determined by ------------spectrograph. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The phenomenon of isotopes was first discovered by --------------<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical formula can be determined by combustion analysis for those compound which have-----------and -----------in them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A limiting reagent is that which controls the quantities of -------------<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I mole of glucose has-----------atoms of carbon ---------------of oxygen and ----------of hydrogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(vii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4g of CH<sub>4 </sub>at Oo C and I am pressure has ---------molecules of CH<sub>4 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(viii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stoichiometry calculations can by performed only when -------------law is obeyed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans: (i) amu (ii) mass (iii) Soddy (iv) carbon, hydrogen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (v) Products (vi) 6x6.02x1023,6x6.02x1023,12x6.02x1023<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (vii) 1.505x10<sup>23</sup> (viii) conservation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Q3: Indicate true or false as the case my be:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neon has three isotopes and the fourth one with atomic mass 20.18 amu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical formula gives the information about he total number of atoms present in the molecule<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">During combustion analysis Mg(CIO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>is employed to absorb water vapors.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Molecular formula is the integral multiple of empirical formula and the integral multiple can never be unity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The number of atoms in 1.79 g of gold and 0.023g of sodium are equal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The number of electrons in the molecules of CO an dN<sub>2 </sub>are 14 each, so 1 mg go each gas will have same number of electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(vii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Avogadro’s hypothesis is applicable to all types of gases, i.e., ideal and non-ideal .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(viii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Actual yield of a chemical reaction may by greater than the theoretical yield.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (i) False (ii) False (iii) True (iv) false <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (v) False (vi) true (vii) False (viii) False <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Q4: What are ions? Under What condition are they produced ? can you explain the places of negative charge in <st1:place w:st="on">PO</st1:place><span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image146.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1140" width="15" /></span>, MnO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1141" width="11" /></span>and Cr<sub>2 </sub>O<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image149.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1142" width="15" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: In<b> <st1:place w:st="on">PO</st1:place><span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image146.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1143" width="15" /></span>, MnO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1144" width="11" /></span>and Cr<sub>2 </sub>O<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image149.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1145" width="15" /></span></b> the negative charge resides on singly covalent bonded oxygen because it contains seven electrons three electron pairs and one electron from covalent bond in its cuter most shell.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Picture)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Q4:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) What are isotopes? How do you deduce the fractional atomic masses of <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Elements form the relative isotopes abundance? Give two examples in support of your answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b) How does a mass spectrograph show the relative aboundace of isotopes of an element?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">© What is the justification of two strong peaks in the mass spectrum for bromine; while for iodine only one peak at 127 amu , is indicated?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Ans </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The two strong peak in the mass spectrum for bromine represent two different isotopes of bromine having nearly equal natural abundances. Only one peak at 127 amu in the mass spectrum for iodine indicates that it has only one isotope of atomic mass 127 amu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Remember that </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">the peak heights are proportional to the natural abundances of the isotopes in the given sample , the larger the height of the peak, the greater is the natural abundance of the isotopes in the sample.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Q5:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Silver has atomic number 47 and has 16 known isotopes but two occur naturally I,e, Ag _____107 . and Ag _____109 . Given the following mass spectrometric data, calculated the average atomic mass of silver, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> Isotopes mass (amu) percentage abundance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1146" width="12" /></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">107</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ag 106.90509 51.84<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 139.5pt center 213.1pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 109</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ag 108.90476 48.16<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The mass contribution for silver are:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isotopes </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Fractional abundance isotopic mass mass contribution<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">107</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ag <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image151.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1147" width="103" /></span> 107 0.5184x107=55.4688<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">109Ag <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image153.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1148" width="103" /></span> 107 0.4816x109=52.4944<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Fractional atomic mass of silver =107.9632<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hence the fractional atomic mass of silver is =<u>107.9632 Ans<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Q6: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Boron with atomic number 5 has two naturally occurring isotopes. Calculate the percentage abundance of <sup>10</sup>B and <sup>11</sup>B from the following information.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Average atomic mass of boron =10.81 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Isotopic mass of <sup>10</sup>B =10.0129 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Isotopic mass of <sup>11</sup>B =11.0093<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Let, the fractional abundance of <sup>10</sup>B =x<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The fractional abundance of <sup>11</sup>B =1-x<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Remember that </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">the sum of the fractional abundances of isotopes must be equal to one, now, The equation to determine the atomic mass of element is <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; position: relative; top: 7pt;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image155.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1149" width="31" /></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(fractional abundance ) (isotopic mass ) (fractional abundance of <sup>10</sup>B)(isotopic mass of <sup>10</sup>B )+(fractional abundance of <sup>11</sup>B) (isotopic mass of <sup>11</sup>B)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =Average atomic mass of Boron<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (x)(10.0129)+(1-x)(11.0093) =10.81<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 10.0129x+11.00093x =10.81<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 10.0129x-11.00093x =10.81-11.0093<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> -0.9964x =-0.1993<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> x =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image157.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1150" width="115" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Fractional abundance of <sup>10</sup>B =0.2000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Fractional abundance of <sup>11</sup>B =(1-0.2000)=0.8000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">By percentage the fractional abundance of isotope is <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> %of <sup>10</sup>B =0.2000x100 =<b>20% Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> % of <sup>11</sup>B =0.8000x100 =<b>80%Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Q7: Define the following terms and give three examples of each.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (i) Gram atom (ii) Gram molecular mass (iii) Gram molecular mass (iv) Gram ion (v) molar volume (vi) Avogadro’s number (vii) Stoichiometry (viii) Percentage yield<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Q8: Justify the following statements:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) 23 g of sodium and 238g of uranium have equal number of atoms in the (b) Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c) 180g of glucose and 342 g of sucrose have the same number of molecules but different number of atoms present in them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(d) 4.9g of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>when completely ionized in water , have equal number of positive and negative charges but the number of positively charged ions are twice the number of negatively charged ions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(e) One mg of K<sub>2 </sub>C<sub>r </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>has thrice the number of ions than the number of formula units when ionized in water.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -33.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(f) Two grams of H<sub>2 </sub>, 16 g of ch4 and 44g of CO<sub>2 </sub>occupy separately the volumes of 22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>, although the sizes and masses of molecules of three gases are very different from each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) 23g of Na =1 mole of Na =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of Na<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 238g of U =1 mole of U =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of U.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Since equal number of gram atoms(moles) of different elements contain equal number of atoms. Hence , 1 mole (23g ) of sodium and 1 mole (238)g of uranium contain equal number of atoms , i , e ,6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b) Since the atomic mass of Mg (24) is twice the atomic mass of carbon (12) therefore, Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon. Or<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mass of 1 atom of Mg= </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mass of 1 atom of C =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Since the mass of one atom of Mg is twice the mass of one atom of C , therefore, Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c) 180 g of glucose = 1 mole of glucose =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of glucose 342 g og sucrose=1mole of sucrose =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of sucrose<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Since one mole of different compounds has the same number of molecules.</span><span style="font-size: 6pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Therefore 1 mole (180g) of glucose and I mole (342g) of sucrose contain the same number (6.02x10<sup>23</sup>)of molecules. Because one molecule of glucose , C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>contains 45 atoms whereas one molecules of glucose, C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22 </sub>O<sub>11 </sub>contains 24 atoms. Therefore , 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of glucose contain different atoms as compound to6.02x10<sub>23 </sub>molecules of sucrose. Hence , 180 g of glucose and 342g og sucrose have the same number of molecules but different number of atoms present in them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (d) H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1151" width="12" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 8pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image159.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1152" width="41" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1153" width="12" /></span>2H<sup>+ </sup>+ SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image161.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1154" width="16" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> When one molecules of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>completely ionizes in water it produces two H<sup>+ </sup>ion and one SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image161.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1155" width="16" /></span>ion ,.Hydrogen ion carries a unit positive charge whereas SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image161.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1156" width="16" /></span>ion carries a double negative charge. To keep the neutrality , the number of hydrogen are twice than the number of soleplate ions. Similarly the ions produced by complete ionization of 4.8g of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>in water will have equal number of positive and negative but the number of positively charged ions are twice the number of negatively charged ions. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (e) H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1157" width="12" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 8pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image159.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1158" width="41" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1159" width="12" /></span>2H<sup>+ </sup>+ SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image161.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1160" width="16" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> K<sub>2 </sub>C<sub>r </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>when ionizes in water produces two k<sup>+ </sup>ions one C O<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image161.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1161" width="16" /></span> ion. Thus each formula unit of K<sub>2 </sub>C<sub>r </sub>O<sub>4</sub>produces three ions in solution .Hence one mg of K<sub>2 </sub>C<sub>r </sub>O<sub>4</sub> has thrice the number of ion than the number of formula units ionized in water.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(f) 2g of H<sub>2 </sub>=1 mole of H<sub>2 </sub>=6.02x10<sub>23 </sub>molecules of H<sub>2 </sub>at STP =22.414dm<sup>3 </sup>16g of CH<sub>4 </sub>=1mole of CH<sub>4 </sub>=6.02x10<sub>23 </sub>molecules of CH<sub>4 </sub>at STP =22.414dm<sup>3 </sup>144 g of CO<sub>2 </sub>=1mole of CO<sub>2 </sub>=6.02x10<sub>23 </sub>molecules of CO<sub>2 </sub>at STP =22.144dm<sup>3 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Although H<sub>2 </sub>, CH<sub>4 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>have different masses but they have the same number of moles and molecules . Hence the same mumber of moles or the same number of molecules of different gases occupy the same volume at STP . Hence 2 g of H<sub>2 </sub>,16g of CH<sub>4 </sub>and 44 g of CO<sub>2 </sub>occupy the same volume 22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>at STP. The masses and the sizes of the molecules do not affect the volumes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Q10: Calculate each of the following quantities <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mass in grams of 2.74 moles of KMnO<sub>4 </sub>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Moles of O atoms in 9.0g of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of O atoms in 10.037g of Cu SO<sub>4 </sub>.5H<sub>2 </sub>O.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mass in kilograms of 2.6x 10<sup>20 </sup>molecules of SO<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Moles of C1 atoms in 0.822g C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>C1<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(f)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mass in grams of 5.136 moles of silver carbonate .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(g)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mass in grams of 2.78x10<sup>21 </sup>molecules of CrO<sub>2 </sub>C1<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(h)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of moles and formula units in 100g of KC1O<sub>3 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of K<sup>+ </sup>ions C1O</span><span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image121.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1162" width="11" /></span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ions, C1 atoms, and O atoms in (h)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) No of moles of KMnO<sub>4 </sub> =2.74moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> formula mass of KMnO<sub>4 </sub>=39+55+64=158g<sub> </sub>mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of KMnO<sub>4 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Formula used: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Mass of KMnO<sub>4 = </sub>no of mole of KMnO<sub>4 </sub>x formula mass of KMnO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=2.74 mol x 158 g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b><u>=432.92g Answer<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (b) Mass of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>=9g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formula mass of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>=24+28+96=148g mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> No of moles of O atoms =?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Formula used:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> No of mole of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub> =<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">Now, I mole of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> contains =6moles of O atoms</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">0..06 moles of </span><span style="font-size: 6pt;">Mg (NO3)2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">contains =6x0.6<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.36 moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Alternatively ,</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 148g of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub></span> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">contains =6moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">g of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>contains =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image164.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1163" width="183" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.36 mole Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (c) Mass of CuSO<sup>4</sup>. 5H<sub>2</sub>O=10.037g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"> Formula mass of </span>CuSO<sup>4</sup>. 5H<sub>2</sub>O=63.54+32+64+90</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">=249.546g mol <sup>-1</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of moles of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">CuSO<sup>4</sup>. 5H<sub>2</sub>O =?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of moles of CuSO<sup>4</sup>. 5H<sub>2</sub>O =<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image166.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1164" width="135" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;">Now, 1 mole of CuSO<sub>4 </sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O contains 9moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> 0.04 mole of CuSO<sub>4 </sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O contains=9x0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =0.36 moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;">Now, I mole of O atoms contains =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> 0.36 mole of O atoms contains =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>x0.36 oxygen atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =2.17x10<sup>23 </sup>oxygen atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =2.17x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;">(d) No of molecules of SO<sub>2 </sub>. =2.6x10<sup>20 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> Molecular mass of SO<sub>2 </sub>. =32+32=64 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;">Now, Avogadro’s number , N<sub>A </sub> =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of SO<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> Mass of SO<sub>2 </sub>molecules =<img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image168.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1165" width="291" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1166" width="12" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-family: Times, serif; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =27.64x10-3 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =27.64x10<sup>-6 </sup>kg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=2.764x10<sup>-3 </sup>kg Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(e) Mass of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 = 0.822g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molecular mass of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 =24+4+71=99 g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 1 mole of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 contains =2moles of C1 atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 8.3x10-3mole of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 contains =2x8.3x10<sup>-3 </sup>mole of atom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =16.6x10<sup>-3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.0166mole of C1 atom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=0.017 mole Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(f) No of mole of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3</sub> =5.136moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Formula mass of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3 </sub>=215.736+12+48=275.736 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3</sub>=No of moles of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3</sub>xformula mass of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =5.136molx275.736 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =416.18g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=1416.2 g Answer <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(g) Molecular mass of CrO<sub>2</sub>C1<sub>2</sub> =52+32+71=155g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N<sub>A </sub>=6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molecules of CrO<sub>2</sub>C1<sub>2=</sub></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=2.78x10<sup>21 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Now, mass of CrO<sub>2</sub>C1<sub>2</sub> =<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =71.578x10<sup>-2 </sup>g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.71578<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=0.716 g Answer <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(h) Mass of KCIO<sub>3</sub> =100g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Formula mass of KCIO<sub>3</sub> =39x35.5+48=122g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of KCIO<sub>3 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of KCIO<sub>3 </sub> =</span> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image171.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1167" width="164" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">=<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image173.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1168" width="89" /></span>=0.816mole Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of formula units No of moles x Avogadro,s No<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.816mole x 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(i) No of K<sup>+ </sup>ions <b>=4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of CIO </span><span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1169" width="11" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ions <b>=4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>Answer <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of CIO ions <b>=4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of O atoms = 4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>x3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =14.73x10<sup>23 </sup><b>=1.473x10<sup>24 </sup>Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Q 11 Aspartame</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> he artificial sweetener, has a molecular formula of C<sub>14 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (a) What is the mass of one mole of aspartame?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (b) How many moles are present in 52g of aspartame?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (c) What is the mass in grams of 10.122 moles of aspartame?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (d) How many hydrogen atoms are present in 2.34g of aspartame?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(a) Molecular mass of aspartame =168+18+28+80=295g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of 1 mole of aspartame <b>=294g mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(b) Mass of aspartame =52g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molecular mass of aspartame =294g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of aspartame =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image176.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1170" width="108" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> = </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.1768 mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=0.177 mol Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(c) No moles of aspartame = 10.122 moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molecular mass of aspartame =294g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of aspartame =No of moles x Molar mass <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =10.122mol x 294g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <b>=2975.87 g Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(d) Mass of aspartame =243g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of aspartame =294g mol <sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of molecules of aspartame=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of molecules of aspartame=</span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image178.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1171" width="69" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">xN<sub>A</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> =<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =4.98x10<sup>21 </sup>molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now,1 molecule of aspartame contains=18 H atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 4.98x 1022 molecules =18x4.98x10<sup>21 </sup>H atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =89.64x10<sup>21</sup>H atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=8.964x1022 H atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Q 12: A </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">sample of 0.600 mole of a metal M reacts completely with excess of fluorine to from 46.8g MF<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (a) How many moles of F are present in the sample of MF<sub>2 </sub>that forms.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (b) which elements is represented by the symbol M ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (a) Formula of compound =MF<sub>2</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of M =0.6 mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of MF<sub>2</sub> =46.8g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> The molar of M:F in the compounds;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image180.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1172" width="149" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image182.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1173" width="143" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of F =0.6x2<b>=1.2mol Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of F =No of moles of Fx At . mass of F<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =1.2x19=22.8g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of compound =46.8g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of metal, M =46.8-22.8<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =24<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> At mass of M =</span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image184.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1174" width="123" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =</span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image186.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1175" width="59" /></span> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">(b) The atomic mass of the elements, M =40</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The metal is calcium, Ca Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Q 12 : In each pair , choose the larger of the indicated quantity ,or state if the samples are equal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(a) Individual particles: 0.4 mole of oxygen molecules or0.4mole of oxygen atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(b) Mass: 0.4 mole of ozone molecules or0.4mole of oxygen atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(c) Mass: 0.6 mole of C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>4 </sub>or 0.6mole of 1<sup>2<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(d) Individual particles: 4.0g N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>or 3.3g SO<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(e) Total ions: 2.3 moles of NaC1O<sub>3 </sub>or 2.0mole of MgC1<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(f) Molecules: 11.0g of H<sub>2</sub>Oor 11.0g H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(g) Na<sup>+ </sup>ion: 0.500 moles of NaBr or 0.0145kg NaC1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(h) Mass: 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of <sup>235</sup>U or 6.02x1023 atoms of <sup>238</sup>U<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Ans:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (a) Number of molecules =moles x N<sub>A</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">Number of O<sub>2 </sub>molecules =0.4x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>=2.408x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of O atoms=0.4x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=2.108x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> There are equal number of individual particles in 0.4 mole of oxygen molecules and 0.4 mole of oxygen atom. In general, equal number of moles of different substances contains equal number of particles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Both are equal Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(b) Mass of substance = moles x molar mass <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of oxygen atoms =0.4x16=64g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of ozone, O<sub>3 </sub>molecules =0.4x48=19.2g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 0.4 moles of ozone molecules have larger mass than 0.4mole of oxygen atoms.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ozone Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(c) Mass of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub> =0.6x28=1.68g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of 1<sub>2 </sub> =0.6x127=254g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 0.6mole of 12 have larger mass than 0.6 mole of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1<sub>2 </sub>Answers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(d) No of molecules =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">No of molecules in N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image188.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1176" width="23" /></span>x6.02x10<sup>23</sup> =2.62 x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">No of molecules in SO<sub>2 </sub>=x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup> =3.1x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.3g of SO<sub>2 </sub>have larger number of individual particles than 4.0 g of N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">SO<sub>2 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(e) No of formula units =Moles x N<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of formula units of NaC1O<sup>3 </sup> =2.3x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=1.38x10<sup>24 </sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of ions in 1 formula units of NaC1O<sup>3</sup>=2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Total no of ions in MgC1<sub>2 </sub> =2x1.38x10<sup>23</sup>=2.76x10<sup>24 </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of formula units of MgC1<sub>2</sub> =2.0x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>x3=3.6x10<sup>24 ions</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No .of ions in one formula unit of MgC1<sub>2</sub> =3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Total no of ions in MgC1<sub>2</sub> =1.20x10<sup>24 </sup>x3=3.6x10<sup>24 </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 2.0moles of MgC1<sub>2</sub> contain lager number of total ions than 2.3 moles of NaC1o<sup>3-<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">MgC1<sub> </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(f) No of molecules =</span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image190.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1177" width="97" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of molecules in H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2</sub> =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image192.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1178" width="33" /></span>x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=3.68x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of molecules in H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2 =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image194.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1179" width="33" /></span></sub>x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=1.95x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 11.0g of H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2</sub>contains larger number of molecules than 11.0g of H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2</sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(g) No of formula units =moles xN<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of formula units NaBr =0.5x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=3.01x10<sup>23 </sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> One formula units o NaBr contain Na<sup>+ </sup>ions =1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 3.01 x10<sup>23 </sup>formula unit of NaBr contains Na <sup>+</sup>ions =3.01x10<sup>23 </sup>Na<sup>+ </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of formula units of NaC1 =</span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image196.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1180" width="35" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>=1.49x10<sup>23</sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> One formula unit of NaC1 contains Na<sup>+ </sup>ions =1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 1.49x10<sup>23 </sup>formula units of NaC1 contains =1.49x10<sup>23 </sup>Na<sup>+ </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 0.500 moles of NaBr contains lager number of Na<sup>+ </sup>ions than 0.0145kg ofNaC1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">NaBr Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(h) Mass of atoms of an element =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of <sup>235</sup>Uatoms =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>=235g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of <sup>238</sup>U atoms =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=238g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">238</span></sup></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">U Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Q 13:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (a) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the four important fertilizer i.e.,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (i)NH<sub>3</sub> (ii)NH<sub>2</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>(Urea) (iii)(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (iv)NH<sub>4 </sub>NO<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (b) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in each of the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (i) NH<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (ii) (NH<sub>4)</sub>) PO<sub>4 </sub>(iii) (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4 </sub>PO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (a) Mol-mass of NH<sub>3</sub> =14+4=17g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of N =14g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> % of N =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=82.35% Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (b) Mol-mass of NH<sub>2 </sub>CONH<sub>2</sub> =28+4+12+16=60g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of N =28g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=46.35% Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (c) Mol-mass of (NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =28+8+32+64=132g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of N =28g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> % of N =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=21.21% Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (d) Mol-mass of <sub> </sub>(NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>=28+4+48=80g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of N =28g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =35% Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>(I)</b> Mol-mass of (NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>=14+6+31+64=115g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of N =14g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of P =31g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">x100=<b>12.17% Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> %of P =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>=26.96% Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>(II)</b> Mol-mass of ((NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>=28+9+31+64=132g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of N =28g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of P =<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> %of N = <b>=21.21% Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">%of P =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=23.48% Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(III)</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mol-mass of (NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>=42+12+31+64=149g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of N =42g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of P =31g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> %of P =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Q 14: Glucose C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>is the most important nutrient in the cell for generating chemical potential energy. Calculate the mass% of each element in glucose and determine the number of C,H and O atoms in 10.5g go the sample.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mol-mass of glucose C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6</sub> =72+12+96=180g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of C =72<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of H =12<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of O =96<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> % of C =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=40% Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> % of H =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=6.66% Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> % of O =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=53.33% Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>=10.5g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mol-mass of C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>=180g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mol-mass of <sub> </sub>=180g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of moles of C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>=<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1181" width="12" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of molecules of glucose =No of moles x N<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=0.058 molx 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=0.35x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =3.5x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 1 molecule of glucose contains =6C-atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.4x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules of glucose contains =6x3.5x10<sup>22 </sup>C-atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=21x10<sup>22 </sup>=2.1x10<sup>23 </sup>C atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 1 molecules of glucose contains =12H-atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.5x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules glucose contains =12x3.5x10<sup>22<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">=4.2x10<sup>23 </sup>H- atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 1 molecule of glucose contains =6 O –atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.5 x 10<sup>22 </sup>molecules of glucose contains =6x3.5x10<sup>22<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=2.1x10<sup>23 </sup>O-atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Q 16:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Ethylene glycol is used as automobile antifreeze .It has 38.7% carbon, 9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. Its molar mass is 62.1 grams mol<sup>-1 </sup>.Determine its molecular formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> % of C=38.37 g % of H =9.7g % of O=51.6g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">At. Mass of C=12g mol<sup>-1 </sup>At. Mass of H=1.008g mol<sup>-1 </sup>At. Mass of O =16g mol<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of C =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of H =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of O =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Atomic ratio is obtained by dividing the moles with 3.23, which is the smallest ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">C :H :O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><sup> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image198.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1182" width="161" /></span> <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 :3 :1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Empirical formula =CH<sup>3 </sup>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Empirical formula mass =31<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> n= </span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image200.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1183" width="57" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> Molecular formula =2x CH<sub>3 </sub>O</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <b>=C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>6 </sub>O<sub>2 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Q 16: </span></b>Serotonin (Molecular mass= 176g mol<sup>-1 </sup>) is a compound that conducts nerve impulses in brain and muscles. It contains 68.2 % C, 6.86% H, and 9.08% O. What is its molecular formula?</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">Solution: </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> No of moles of C =</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> No of moles of H =</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> No of moles of N =</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> No of moles of O =</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">C : H : N : O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Atomic ratio <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image202.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1184" width="341" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">10 : 12 : 2 : 1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Empirical formula =C<sub>10 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>N<sub>2 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Empirical formula mass =120+12+28+16=176g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Molecular mass =176g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">n= </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Q17:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> An unknown metal M reacts with S to from a compound with a formula M<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>.If 3.12 g of M reacts with exactly 2.88 g of sulphur ,what are the names of metal M and the compound M<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Formula of compound = M<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of M =3.12g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of S =2.88g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Atomic mass of S =32g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The molar ratio of M: S in the compound is :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image204.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1185" width="149" /></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image206.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1186" width="149" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of moles of M =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image208.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1187" width="53" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.06 mole<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, No of moles of M =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image210.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1188" width="99" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> At. Mass M =</span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image184.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1189" width="123" /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">The mass of M used in the formation of M<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>is 3.12g. The product M<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>therefore also contains 3.12g of M, because mass is conserved . The amount of M before and after reaction must be the same. Since we know both the number of moles of M and the mass of M , we can cal calculate the atomic mass of M as follows:</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> At. Mass of M = </div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> =52</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> Atomic number, Z =52</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><b>Q19: </b>The octane present in gasoline burns according to the following equation.</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"> 2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1190" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">How many moles of O<sub>2 </sub>are needed to react fully with 4 moles of actane?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">How many moles of CO<sub>2 </sub>can be produced from one mole of actane?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">How many moles of water are produced by the combustion of 6 moles of octane?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If this reaction is to be used to synthesize 8 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub>how many grams of oxygen are needed? How many grams of octane will be used? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sub>4 moles<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1191" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(a) <sup>2 moles 25 moles<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 2 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub> =25 moles of O2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 4 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =50moles of O<sub>2 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(b) <sub>1 moles<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1192" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>2 moles <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Now, 2 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=16 moles of CO<sub>2 <o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 mole of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>=8 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(c) <sub>6 moles<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1193" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>2 moles <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Now, 2 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=18 moles of H2 O(i)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 6 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =54 moles of H<sub>2 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(c) <sub>6 moles<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1194" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>2 moles 1800moles<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 16 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub> =25 moles of O<sub>2 </sub><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 8 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =12.5 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mol-mass of O<sub>2</sub> =32g mol<sub>-1 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =12.5 molx 32g mol<sub>-1 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =400g of O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 16moles of CO<sub>2 </sub> =2moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">8 moles of CO<sub>2</sub> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =1 mole of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mol-mass of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=96+18=114g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=No of moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18</sub>xMol.mass ofC<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=1 molx 114 g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b>114g Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Q19:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Calculate the number of grams of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3 </sub>which can be prepared by the reaction of 20 g of A1 and 30 g of sulphur. How much the non-limiting reaction is in excess ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 13pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of A1 =20g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of A1 =27g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of A1 =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of S = 30g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of S =32g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No of moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sub>0.74 mole</sub> <sub>0.94 mole</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 2A1 + 3S <b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1195" width="20" /></span> </b>A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2 mole</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>3 mole</sup> <sup>1 mole</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 2 moles of A1 =1 mole of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 0.74 moles of A1 =<sub> </sub></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.37 mole of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 3 moles of S =1 moles of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">0.94 moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.313 mole of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Since S give the least number of moles of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub> therefore, it is the limiting reactant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3 </sub>=0.313 mole<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3 </sub>=150g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub>=No of moles of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub>xMolar mass of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.313molx 150 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =46.95 g of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub> Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The non-limiting reactant is A1 which is in excess. Now mass of A1 required reacting completely with 0.94 moles of S can be calculated as:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sub>0.94 mole</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 2A1 + 3S <b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1196" width="20" /></span> </b>A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2 mole</span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>3 mole</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now , 3 moles of S =2 moles of A1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 0.94 moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of A1 =No of moles of A1 x molar mass of A1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =0.63x 27<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =17g of A1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of A1available =20g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of A1 which reacts completely =17g with available S<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Excess of A1 =20-17=3g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Q20: A mixture of two liquids, hydrazine N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>and N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>are used as a fuel in rockets. They produce N<sub>2 </sub>and water vapors. How many grams of N<sub>2 </sub>gas will be formed by reacting 100g of N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>and 200g g of N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>+ N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub><b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1197" width="20" /></span></b> 3N<sub>2 </sub>+4 H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of2N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> =100g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>=200g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of 2N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>=28+4=32g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>=28+64=92g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> No of moles of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.125moles 2.174 moles</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>+ N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub><b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1198" width="20" /></span></b> 3N<sub>2 </sub>+4 H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2 moles 1mole 3moles<o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now , 2moles of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>=3moles of N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3.125moles of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =4.69 mole of N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now , 1 mole of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>=3moles of N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 2.174 moles of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =6.52 mole of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Since N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>gives the least number of moles of N<sub>2</sub>, hence it is the limiting reactant. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Amount of N<sub>2 </sub>produced =4.69 moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Molar mass of N<sup>2 </sup>=28g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mass of N<sub>2 </sub> =4.69g molx 28g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =131032 g Answer <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Q21: Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material . It is produced by allowing sand (SiO<sub>2 </sub>)to react with carbon at high temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">SiO<sub>2 </sub> + 3C <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1199" width="20" /></span>SiC + 2CO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> When 100kg sand isn reacted with excess of carbon, 51.4 kg of Sic is produced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of SiO2 =100 kg=100000g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Mass of SiC produced =5.14 kg =51400g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sub>100000g<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> SiO<sub>2 </sub> + 3C <b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1200" width="20" /></span></b>SiC + 2CO<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <sup>60g</sup> <sup>40g</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Now, 60g of SiO<sub>2</sub> =40g of SiC<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 100000g of SiO<sub>2</sub> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =66666.67 g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Actual yield of Sic =51400 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Theoretical yield of SiC =66666.67g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> % yield =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> =77.1%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Q22: (a) What is Stoichiometry? Give its assumptions? Mention two important law , which help to perform the Stoichiometry calculations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> What is a limiting reactant? How does it control the quantity of the product formed? Explain with three examples<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Q 23: (a) Define yield. How do we calculate the percentage yield of a chemical reaction?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (b) What are the factors which are mostly responsible for the low yield of the products in chemical reactions. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Q24: Explain the following with reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(j)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during Stoichiometric calculations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Many chemical reactions taking place in our surrounding involves the limit reactants.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">No individual neon atom in the sample of the element has a mass of 20.18amu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">One mole of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>should completely react with two moles of NaOH. How does Avogadro, s number help to explain it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">One mole H<sub>2 </sub>O has two moles of bonds , three moles of atoms , ten moles of electrons and twenty eight moles of the total fundamental particles present in it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">N2 and CO have the same number of electrons, protons and neutrons.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ans. (i) According to law of conservation of mass, the amount of each element is conserved in a chemical reaction. Chemical equations are written and balanced on the basis of law of conversation of mass. Stoichiometry calculations are related with the amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. Hence, law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during stoichiometric calculations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In our surrounding many chemical reactions are taking place which involve oxygen. In these reactions oxygen in always in excess quantity while other reactant are in lesser amount. Thus other reactants act as limiting reactants. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Since the overall atomic mass of neon in the average of the determined atomic masses of individual isotopes present in the sample of isotopic mixture .Hence, no individual neon atom in the sample has a mass of 20.18amu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> +2NaOH <b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1201" width="20" /></span> </b>Na<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> + 2H<sub>2 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1 mole 2moles<o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2 moles of H<sup>+ </sup>ions 2 moles of OH ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>H<sup>+ </sup>ions 2x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>OH ions<sup> <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Once mole of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>consists of 2 moles of H<sup>+ </sup>ions that contains twice the Avogadro’s number of H<sup>+ </sup>ions. For complete neutralization it needs 2 moles of one mole of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>should completely react with two moles of N<sub>A </sub>OH.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Since one molecule of H<sub>2 </sub>O has two covalent bonds between H and O atoms. Three atoms, ten electrons and twenty eight total fundamental particles present in it. Hence, one mole of H<sub>2 </sub>O has two moles of bond, three moles of atoms, ten moles of electrons and twenty eight moles of total fundamental particle present in it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In N<sub>2 </sub>there are 2 N atoms which contain 14 electrons (2x7),14 protons (2x7) and 14 neutrons (2x7) . In CO, there are one carbon and one oxygen atoms. It contains 14 electrons (6carbon e +8 oxygen e), 14 protons (6 C proton +8 O proton ) and 14 neutrons (6 neutrons +8 O neutrons).Hence , N<sub>2 </sub>and CO have the same number of electrons, protons and neutrons. Remember that electrons, protons and neutrons of atoms remain conserved during the formation of molecules in a chemical reaction. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-8066066302656837922011-12-24T11:49:00.000-08:002011-12-24T23:47:37.183-08:00Chapter 11th<b><span style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 11</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">REACTION KINETICS</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">MCQS</span></b></span><br />
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<div class="W">Q.1 In zero order reaction, the rate is independent of</div><div class="I"> (a) temperature of reaction</div><div class="I"> (b) concentration of reactants</div><div class="I"> (c) concentration of products</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.2 If the rate equation of a reaction 2A + B <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Product, Rate = k [A]<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> [B] and A is present in large excess then order of reaction is:</div><div class="I"> (a) 1 (b) 2</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 3 (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.3 The rate of reaction </div><div class="I"> (a) increases as the reaction proceeds</div><div class="I"> (b) decreases as the reaction proceeds</div><div class="I"> (c) remains the same as the reaction proceeds</div><div class="I"> (d) may decrease or increase as the reaction proceeds</div><div class="W">Q.4 With increases of 10 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C temperature the rate of reaction doubles. This increase in the rate of reaction is due to</div><div class="I"> (a) decrease in activation energy of reaction</div><div class="I"> (b) decrease in the number of collisions b/w reactants molecules</div><div class="I"> (c) increase in activation energy of reactants</div><div class="I"> (d) increase in number of effective collisions</div><div class="W">Q.5 The unit of the rate constant is the same as that of the rate of reaction in</div><div class="I"> (a) first order reaction (b) second order reaction</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) zero order reaction (d) third order reaction</div><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <br />
<div class="W">Q.6 The unit of reaction is</div><div class="I"> (a) mole/dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3 </span></span> (b) mole/pound</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) mole/dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> sec (d) mole/cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.7 In the rate equation, when the conc. of reactants is unity then rate is equal to</div><div class="I"> (a) specific rate constant (b) average rate constant</div><div class="I"> (c) instantaneous rate constant</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.8 The rate of reaction between two specific time intervals is called</div><div class="I"> (a) instantaneous rate (b) average rate</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) specific rate (d) ordinary rate</div><div class="W">Q.9 Instantaneous rate of a chemical reaction is</div><div class="I"> (a) rate of reaction in the beginning</div><div class="I"> (b) rate of reaction at the end</div><div class="I"> (c) rate of reaction at a given instant</div><div class="I"> (d) rate of reaction b/w two specific time intervals</div><div class="W">Q.10 At the beginning the decrease in the conc. of reactants is</div><div class="I"> (a) slow (b) moderate</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) rapid (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.11 The sum of exponents of the conc. terms in the rate equation is called</div><div class="I"> (a) rate of reaction (b) order of reaction</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) specific rate constant (d) average rate</div><div class="W">Q.12 The average rate and instantaneous rate of a reaction are equal</div><div class="I"> (a) at the start (b) at the end</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) in the middle</div><div class="I"> (d) when two rate have time interval equal to zero</div><div class="W">Q.13 The equation 2N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> has order</div><div class="I"> (a) first order (b) second order</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) negative order (d) fractional order</div><div class="W">Q.14 The hydrolysis of tertiary butyl has order</div><div class="I"> (a) first order (b) pseudo first order</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) fractional order (d) zero order</div><div class="W">Q.15 Photochemical reactions usually have order</div><div class="I"> (a) one (b) zero</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) two (d) three</div><div class="W">Q.16 The experimental relationship between a reaction rate and the concentration of reactants is called</div><div class="I"> (a) order of reaction (b) specific rate</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) law of mass action (d) rate law</div><div class="W">Q.17 When the rate of reaction is entirely independent of the conc. of reactants molecule then order of reaction is</div><div class="I"> (a) zero (b) first</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) second (d) third</div><div class="W">Q.18 Half life of <sub> </sub>U is</div><div class="I"> (a) 7.1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8</span></span> years (b) 6.1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8</span></span> years</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 8.1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">7</span></span> years (d) 7.1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">10</span></span> years</div><div class="W">Q.19 Half life period for decomposition of N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5</span></span> at 45 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C is</div><div class="I"> (a) 24 minutes (b) 34 minutes</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 44 minutes (d) 54 minutes</div><div class="W">Q.20 The decomposition of ozone has order </div><div class="I"> (a) first (b) negative</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) second (d) pseudo first order</div><div class="W">Q.21 The equation CHCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> + Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> CCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> + HCl has order</div><div class="I"> (a) first (b) negative</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) fractional (d) second</div><div class="W">Q.22 When a reaction occurs in many steps then the slowest step is the</div><div class="I"> (a) main step</div><div class="I"> (b) enthalpy determining step</div><div class="I"> (c) mechanism determining step</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) rate determining step</div><div class="W">Q.23 Spectrometry applied for rate determination when</div><div class="I"> (a) reactants or product absorb U.V., I.R. light</div><div class="I"> (b) reaction involve ion</div><div class="I"> (c) reaction involve change in volume</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.24 Electrical conductivity method is applied for rate determination when</div><div class="I"> (a) reactants and products involve absorption of U.V. or I.R. radiation</div><div class="I"> (b) reaction involving ions</div><div class="I"> (c) reaction which involve change in refractive indices</div><div class="I"> (d) reactions which involve small volume change</div><div class="W">Q.25 Dilatometric method is used for rate determination when</div><div class="I"> (a) reactions involving ions</div><div class="I"> (b) reactions involving change of optical activity</div><div class="I"> (c) reaction involving small volume change</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.26 Refractrometric method is used when</div><div class="I"> (a) reactions involving absorption of I.R. or U.V.</div><div class="I"> (b) reactions involving change of refractive index</div><div class="I"> (c) reactions involving ions</div><div class="I"> (d) change of optical activity</div><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <br />
<div class="W">Q.27 Optical rotation method is used when</div><div class="I"> (a) reaction involve ions</div><div class="I"> (b) change of refractive indices</div><div class="I"> (c) reactions involving change of optical activity</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.28 The substance which retard the rate of chemical reaction</div><div class="I"> (a) catalyst (b) inhibitor</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) auto catalyst (d) enzyme</div><div class="W">Q.29 The enzyme used in the hydrolysis of urea is</div><div class="I"> (a) urease (b) amylase</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) oxidase (d) reductase</div><div class="W">Q.30 In the hydrolysis of CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>COO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5</span></span> the acid produce act as</div><div class="I"> (a) inhibitor (b) catalyst</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) auto catalyst (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.31 The order of reaction can be determined by</div><div class="I"> (a) graphical method (b) method of hit and trial</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) differential method (d) all of above</div><div class="W">Q.32 The factors which affect rate of reaction</div><div class="I"> (a) nature of reactants (b) surface area</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) light (d) all of above</div><div class="W">Q.33 When temp of reacting gases is raised to 10 K, the reaction rate becomes</div><div class="I"> (a) remain same (b) double</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) triple (d) increase four times</div><div class="W">Q.34 Arrhenius equation describe the effect of</div><div class="I"> (a) temp on rate of reaction</div><div class="I"> (b) volume on rate of reaction</div><div class="I"> (c) pressure on rate of reaction</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) all the above</div><div class="W">Q.35 A substance which alters the rate of reaction</div><div class="I"> (a) inhibitor (b) catalyst</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) promoter (d) auto catalyst</div><div class="W">Q.36 Homogeneous catalysis when</div><div class="I"> (a) reactants and catalyst have same phase</div><div class="I"> (b) products and catalyst have same phase</div><div class="I"> (c) reactant and products have same phase</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.37 The heterogenous catalysis</div><div class="I"> (a) reactants and products have different phases</div><div class="I"> (b) reactants and catalyst have different phases</div><div class="I"> (c) products and catalyst have different phases</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) all the above</div><div class="W"><br />
</div><div class="W">Q.38 Tetra ethyl lead when added to petrol, acts as</div><div class="I"> (a) negative catalyst (b) auto catalyst</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) promoter (d) catalyst</div><div class="W">Q.39 Concentrated sugar solution undergoes hydrolysis by an enzyme</div><div class="I"> (a) invertase (b) urease</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) zymase (d) glucase</div><div class="W">Q.40 Glucose is converted into ethanol by an enzyme</div><div class="I"> (a) urease (b) invertase</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) zymase (d) glucose</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b style="color: blue; font-size: x-large; text-indent: 0in;"> </b><b style="color: blue; font-size: x-large; text-indent: 0in;">ANSWERS</b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">1<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">2<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">8<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">9<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">11<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">12<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">13<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">14<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">15<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">16<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">17<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">18<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">19<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">20<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">21<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">22<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">23<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">24<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">25<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">26<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">27<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">28<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">29<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">30<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">31<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">32<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">33<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">34<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">35<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">36<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">37<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">38<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">39<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">40<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.7pt;" valign="top" width="65"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
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</span></b></div><div align="center"><b style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">SHORT QUESTION WITH ANSWERS</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Q.1</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">What is meant by chemical kinetics?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> It is that branch of chemistry which helps to study the followings.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;">(i) Rates of chemical reactions.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;">(ii) Study the mechanism of reactions.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.2 Differentiate between instantaneous rate of reaction and average rate of reaction.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> The rate of a chemical reaction at a specific time or at any moment is called as instantaneous rate of a reaction. It is very fast at the start and very slow at the end.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.3 Rate of a chemical reaction is an ever changing parameter under the given conditions. Comment.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> According to law of mass action, the rate of chemical reaction is directly product of active masses of reactants. When the reaction progress, the reaction is very fast at the beginning slow, somewhere in the middle and very slow at the end. The reason is that rate depends upon concentration as conc. decreases every moment, rate decreases every moment.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.4 A student started to work on 200 gms of a compound A whose half life 10 hours. How much of the compound will be left after 50 hours.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> 10 hours 10 hours 10 hours</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> 200 gm <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 100 gm <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 50 gm <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> 10 hours 10 hours</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> 6.25 gm <span style="font-family: Symbol;">¬</span> 12.5 gm <span style="font-family: Symbol;">¬</span> 25 gm</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.5 What is meant by rate law?</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> The rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of concentrations of reactants each raised to some power.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> Consider the following reaction</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> aA + bB <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> cC + dD</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> Rate of reaction <span style="font-family: Symbol;">µ</span> [A]<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">a</span></span> [B]<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">b</span></span> </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> This equation is called rate law.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;">Q.6 What is meant by specific rate constant, or rate constant?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> The rate constant of a reaction is the rate when the concentration of reactant are unity.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> For the reaction</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> A + B <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> C + D</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> Rate of reaction = K [A] [B]</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> This equation is called rate law where K is called specific rate constant.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> When [A] [B] = 1 then</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> Rate of reaction = K</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;">Q.7 What is meant by order of reaction?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> The order of reaction is the sum of exponents of the concentration terms in the rate equation. OR</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1pt; text-align: justify;"> Number of reacting substances whose concentration changes during the chemical reaction.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;">Q.8 Explain zero order reaction? </div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;"> That chemical reaction whose rate is independent of concentration of reactant e.g. all photochemical reaction are zero order e.g.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> chlorophyll</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> 6CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> + 6H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">12</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span> + 6CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;"> light</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;">Q.9 What are pseudo order reaction?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;"> When one of reactant is taken in large excess its concentration is consider as constant and the order becomes pseudo.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> | |</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>– C–Br + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> – C–OH + HBr</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> | Excess |</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Rate = K [(CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> CBr]</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> The conc. of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O is taken as constant.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.10 What is half life period?</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Half life period of a reaction is the time required to convert 50% of reactants into products e.g. half life of decomposition of N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5</span></span> at 45<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C is 24 minutes. For first order reaction, half life period is independent of the initial concentration of reactants.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.11 The radioactive decay is always first order reaction.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> The radioactive decay of a substance is directly proportions to the number of nuclei in the sample. Its half life period is independent of its initial conc. of reactant.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> [t<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1/2</span></span>] <span style="font-family: Symbol;">µ</span> </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> [t<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1/2</span></span>] <span style="font-family: Symbol;">µ</span> For first order n = 1</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.12 What is meant by rate determining step?</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> If a reaction occurs in several steps, one of the steps is the slowest. The rate of this step determines the overall rate of reaction. This slowest step is called as rate determining step. The number of molecules taking part in the rate determining step appears in the rate equation of the reaction e.g.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2(g)</span></span> + CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">(g)</span></span> + CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2(g)</span></span> </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> The rate equation of the reaction is found to be </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Rate = K [NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>]<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> This equation shows that rate of reaction is independent of conc. of CO. In other words the equation tells us that reaction involve more than one step.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.13 Describe electrical conductivity method for determination of rate of reaction.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> The rate of a reaction involving ions can be studied by electrical conductivity method the conductivity of such a solution depends upon the rate of change of conc. of the reacting ions or the ions formed during reaction.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.14 Explain briefly spectrometry for the rate determination.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> This method is applicable if a reactant or a product absorbs ultraviolet, visible or infrared radiations. The rate of reaction can be measured by measuring the amount of radiations absorbed.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.15 What is difference between dilatometric and refractrometric method?</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Dilatometric method is useful for those reactions, which involve small volume changes in solutions. The volume change is directly proportional to the extent of reaction, where refractrometric method id applicable to reactions in solutions where there are changes in refractive indices of the substances taking part in the chemical reaction.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.16 Describe briefly optical rotation method.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> In this method, the angle through which plane polarised light is rotated by the reacting mixture is measured by a polarimeter. The extent of rotation determines the concentration of optically active substance. If any of the species in the reaction mixture is optically active, then this method can be followed to find out the rate reaction.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.17 Describe Half–life method for finding the order of reaction?</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Order of reaction can be determined if half–life and initial concentration is inversely proportional to the initial concentration of reactants raised to the power one less than the order of reaction.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Therefore (t<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1/2</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">n</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">µ</span> </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Let us perform a reaction twice by taking two different initial concentrations a<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1</span></span> and a<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and their half–life periods are found to be t<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1</span></span> and t<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> respectively</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> (t<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">1</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">n</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">µ</span> and t<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">µ</span> </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> = Dividing the two relations.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Taking log on both sides:</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> log = (n – 1) log </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> Rearranging n = 1 + </div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Q.18 Describe how surface area effect rate of reaction?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> The increased surface area of reaction increases the possibilities of atoms and molecules of reactants to come in contact with each other and rate increase e.g. Al foil reacts with NaOH moderately when warmed but powered Al reacts rapidly with cold NaOH and H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> is evolved.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Q.19 Differentiate between positive and negative catalyst.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> The substance which increase the rate of reaction is called positive catalyst</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> Pt</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> e.g. 2H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> without pt reaction is very slow when the rate of reaction is retarded by adding a substance, ten it is said to be a negative catalyst e.g. tetra ethyl lead is added to petrol, because it saves the petrol from pre–ignition.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;">Q.20 Differentiate between auto catalysis and promoter.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 2pt; text-align: justify;"> In some reactions, a product formed act as catalyst and this phenomenon is called auto catalysis. e.g., In the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate, acetic acid acts as catalyst for further reaction.</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>COOC<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5</span></span> + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>COOH + C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5</span></span>OH</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> where as promoters are those substances which increases the activity of a catalyst. It is therefore called as catalyst of catalyst. e.g. Hydrogenation of vegetable oils is accelerated by Nickle. The activity of Nickle can be increased by using copper and tellurium.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Q.21 Differentiate between homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> That process, in which catalysts and reactants have same phase is called as homogeneous catalysis e.g.,</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">(g)</span></span> </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> 2SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2(g)</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2(g)</span></span> 2SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3(g)</span></span> </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> but if the catalyst and reactants have different phases it is called as heterogeneous catalysis</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Pt</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> 4NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3(g)</span></span> + 5O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> 4NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">(g)</span></span> + 6H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Q.22 Can a catalyst can change the equilibrium constant?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;"> A catalyst cannot affect the equilibrium constant of a reaction but it helps the equilibrium to establish earlier. The rates of forward and backward steps are increased equally.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Q.23 What is meant by enzyme catalysis?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Those reactions in which enzymes are used as catalyst are called as enzyme catalysis e.g.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;"><br />
</span></div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> O</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> || Urease</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>– C–NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> + CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> (Urea)</div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Urea undergoes hydrolysis into NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> and CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> in the presence of enzyme urease.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.24 What is poisoning of catalyst?</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> Catalytic poisoning happens due to presence of trace amount of substances, which renders them in–effective, such substances are called poisons. The poisoning of a catalyst may be temporary or permanent. In permanent poisoning, the poison reacts chemically with the catalyst. e.g., the manufacturing of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> in the contact process needs pt as catalyst. The traces of arsenic present as impurities in the reacting gases make platinum ineffective.</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Q.25 What is effect of temperature on catalyst?</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. </div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">Some catalysts are physically changed by a change in temp and hence their power will be decreased e.g. colloidal catalysts like pt may be coagulated with rise in temp.</span> </div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">TEXT BOOK EXERCISE</span></b></div><div class="Q" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="E" style="text-align: justify;"> <b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Q1. Multiple choice questions</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>In a zero order reaction, the rate is independent of </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Temperature of reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Concentration of reactants.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Concentration of products</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>None of these</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>If the rate equation of a reaction 2A + B product is , rate =k[A]<sup>2</sup>[B]. and A is present in large excess, then order of reaction is</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">(a) 1 (b) 2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">(c) 3 (d) none of these</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(iii) The rate of reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Increases as the reaction proceeds.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Decreases as the reaction proceeds.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span> Remains the same as the reaction proceeds.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>May decrease or increase as the reaction proceeds.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) With increase of 10<sup>o</sup>C temperature, the rate of reaction doubles. This increase in rate of reaction is due to:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Decrease in activation energy of reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Decrease in the number of collisions between reactant molecules.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Increase in activation energy of reactants.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Increase in number of effective collisions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(v) The unit of the rate constant is the same as that of the rate of reaction in </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">(a) First order reaction </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">(b) Second order reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">(c) Zero order reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">(d) Third order reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans. (i) b (ii) a (iii) b (iv) d (v) c <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The rate of an endothermic reaction_______wiht the increase in temperature.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>All radioactive disintegration nuclear is of ________order.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>For a fast reaction the rate constant is relatively _______and half-life is ________.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The second order reaction becomes ________if one of the reactants is in large excess.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Arrhenius equation can be used to find out_________of a reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>An<sub>. </sub>(i) increases (ii) first (iii) large : small<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> (iv) First order (v) energy of activation<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q3. Indicate TRUE or FALSE as the case may be.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The half-life order reaction increases with temperature.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The reactions having zero activation energies are instantaneous.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>A catalyst makes a reaction more exothermic.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>There is difference between rate law and the law of mass action.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The order of reaction is strictly determined by the Stoichiometry of the balanced equation.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans. (i) False (ii) True (iii) False (iv) True <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b>(v) False<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q4. </b>What is chemical kinetics? How do you compare chemical kinetics with chemical equilibrium and thermodynamics?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. Chemical thermodynamics can be used:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>To predict whether or not a reaction will proceed to the right, as written.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>To predict the extent to which a reaction will proceed before reaching a condition of equilibrium.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>To enable the amount of energy theoretically required by or released during reactions to be calculated,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Thermodynamics cab tells us where the position of equilibrium lies between the reactants and the products. It enables us to calculate the equilibrium constants. It has the following limitations.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) It can only predict the us where possibility of a reaction but not its success. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) It cannot tell us about the rate at which a reaction will occur. It is because time is not a thermodynamic variable.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) It provides no information about the mechanism of the reaction. This is because the change in any state function is path independent.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Chemical kinetics</b> can be used:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>To determinc the rate of reaction, that is the rate at which products are formed or the rate at which reactions are used up in the reaction. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>To understand the factors that affects the rate of a reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>To find the mechanism of a reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Example:</b> When gaseous H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> are mixed, thermodynamics tell us that H<sub>2</sub>O should be formed, since H<sub>2</sub>O is more energetically stable than H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub>. It is a well known fact that at room temperature, a mixture of H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> will not produce H<sub>2</sub>O. However, if the mixture is sparked, water is produced with explosive violence, thereby proving the prediction of thermodynamics. However, it does not give any indication of how fast the reaction will proceed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q5.</b> The fast of a chemical reaction with respect to products is written with positive sing, but with respect to reactants is written with a negative sing. Explain it with reference to the following hypothetical reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> aA + bB<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="41" /></span> cC + dD</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> The concentration of reactants decrease with time whereas the concentration of products increases with time.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> The rate of disappearance of reactant is always negative. A negative sign in the rate expression indicates that the concentration of the reactant decreases with time.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> For the general reaction:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> aA + bB<span style="position: relative; top: 8pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="41" /></span> cC + dD</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> The rate of reaction is given by</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Rate =- <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="15" /></span>. <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="36" /></span>= -<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="16" /></span>.<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="36" /></span>= +<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="15" /></span>.<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="36" /></span>= +<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="16" /></span>.<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="37" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Remember that </b>in order to have a unique value of the reaction rate (independent of the concentration term chosen), it is necessary to divide each concentration change by its coefficient in the balanced equation for the reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q6.</b> What are instantaneous and average rates? Is it true that the instantaneous rate of a reaction at the beginning of the reaction is greater than average rate and becomes far less than the average rate near the completion of reaction?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q7. Differentiate between<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Rate and rate constant of a reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans. <o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 480px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Rate of reaction<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Rate constant of reaction<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><i>1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>“The change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time is called the rate of reaction.”<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The reaction takes place in one phase.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>The mechanism involves the formation of an intermediate substance.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1. <i> “The proportionality constant in rate law equation which relates concentration to the rate of reaction is called rate constant of reaction.”<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. It is independent of the concentration of the reactant.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. Its units depend upon the order of reaction and differs according to order of reaction.</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal">(ii) Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyses</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans.<o:p></o:p></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Homogeneous catalyses<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Heterogeneous catalysis<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1. “The process in which the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase is called homogeneous catalysis.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. The reaction takes place in one phase. The catalyst is uniformly distributed and is itself in the same phase.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. The mechanism involves the formation of an intermediate substance.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1. “The process in which the catalyst and the reaction are in different phases is called heterogeneous catalysis.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. The reaction takes place at a phase boundary. The gaseous molecules react at the surface of the solid catalyst.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. The mechanism involves adsorption. Molecules are bound to ‘active sites’ on a solid surface. </div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal">(iii) Fast step and the rate determining step</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans.<o:p></o:p></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Fast step<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Rate determining step<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>1. “A relatively rapid step of the reaction mechanism is called fast step.”<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. The overall rate of reaction is independent if this step.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. The number of molecules of each reactant taking part in this step does not appear in the rate equation. </div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1. <i>“The slowest step of the reaction mechanism is called rate determining step.”</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. The rate of this step determines the overall rate of reaction. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. The number of molecules of each reactant taking part in this step appears in the rate equation.</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Remember that except the slow step, all other steps of the reaction mechanism are normally faster steps. The terms slow and fast are relative. They don not necessarily imply that the reaction itself is slow or fast.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(iv) Enthalpy change of reaction and energy of activation of reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans.<o:p></o:p></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Enthalpy change of reaction<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Energy of activation of reaction<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>1. “The heat change when the reaction is carried out at constant pressure is called enthalpy change of reaction.”<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. It is the amount of heat evolved or consumed in the course of reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. It is given the symbol, <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="15" /></span>H</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i>1. “ The minimum amount of energy , in addition to the average kinetic energy. </i>Which the reactant molecules must have for effective collisions is called activation energy of reaction.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. It is the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. It is given the symbol, E<sub>a</sub></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q8.</b> Justify the following statements </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(i) Rate of chemical reaction is an ever changing parameter under the given conditions.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> The rate of chemical reaction change with time. It has a maximum value at the beginning of the reaction, then gradually decreases and finally becomes zero when the reactants are totally converted into products.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(ii) The reaction rate decreases every moment but rate constant ‘k’ of the reaction is constant quantity, under the given conditions.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> The rate of chemical reaction is not uniform. It depends upon the molar concentrations of reactants. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to concentrations of reactants. Since the concentration of reactants decreases every moment, so the rate of reaction, then gradually decreases with time. It has a maximum value at the start of the reaction, then gradually decreases and finally becomes zero. The constant, ‘k’ of the reaction is independent of concentration. So, it remains constant under the given conditions. However, it changes with temperature.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(iii) 50% of a hypothetical first order reaction completes in one hour. The remaining 50% needs more than one hour to complete.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Calculation of k:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> For a first order reaction </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> T<sub>1/2 </sub>=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="43" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> 1 hour =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="43" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> k=0693 hours<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Calculation of time for remaining 50%</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Completion of reaction:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> For first order reaction rate equation:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> K=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="43" /></span> log<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="35" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> t=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="43" /></span> log<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="35" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Where [A]<sub>o</sub> is initial concentration and [A] is concentration at any time t.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> [A]= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="51" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> t =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="105" /><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="35" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> t =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="123" /></span>=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="124" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> t =5.6457 hours</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Hence remaining 50% needs more than one hour to complete.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) <i>The radioactive decay is always a first order reaction.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Since the half-life of a first order reaction in constant and is independent of initial concentration of the reaction, so the radio-active decay is always a first order reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(v) <i>The unit of rate constant of a second order reaction is dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1 </sup>, but the unit of rate of reaction is mol dm<sup>-3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> For second order reaction: A+B<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="41" /></span> Products</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Rate =k[A]<sup>2</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Units of rate are: mol dm<sup>-3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Units of concentration of A: mol dm<sup>-3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Therefore, mol dm<sup>-3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>=k(mol dm<sup>-3</sup>)<sup>2</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> mol dm<sup>-3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>=(mol<sup>2</sup> dm<sup>-6</sup>)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> k=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="83" /></span>=mol<sup>-1</sup>dm<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> So, the units of rate constant of 2<sup>nd</sup> order reaction are: dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(vi) <i>The sum of the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation is not necessarily important to give the order of a reaction.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> The order of a chemical reaction is the sum of the exponents of the concentration terms in the rate equation. It cannot be written by merely looking at the balanced chemical equation. Usually, the powers of concentration terms in the rate equation are different from coefficients of reactants in the balanced equation. The order of a reaction can be determined only by experiment. For example, for N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, the rate is proportional to [N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>] and its power is one although the coefficient of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>in the balanced equation is two.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="41" /></span></sub>4NO<sub>2</sub>+O<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Rate = k [N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> A reactant whose concentration does not affect the reaction rate is not included in the rate equation. The total number of molecules or atoms taking part in a reaction can never be zero or in fraction while the order of reaction can be zero or in fraction. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(vii) The order of a reaction is obtained from the rate expression of a reaction and the rate expression is obtained from the experiment.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> The rate expression can be only being determined experimentally. It expresses actual dependence of the rate on the concentrations of the reactants. A reactant whose concentration does not affect the reaction rate is not included in the rate equation. The order of reaction is the number of reacting molecules whose concentrations alter as a result of a chemical reaction. Hence the order of a reaction is obtained from the rate equation and the rate expression is obtained from the experiment.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q9.</b> Explain that half-life method for measurement of the order of a reaction can help us to measure the order of even those reactions which have a fractional order.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q10.</b> A cure is obtained when a graph is plotted between time on x-axis and concentration on y-axis. The measurement of the slopes of various points give us the instantaneous rates of reaction. Explain with suitable examples.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q11.</b> The rate determining step of a reaction is found out from the mechanism of that reaction. Explain it with few examples.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q12.</b> Discuss the factors which influence the rates of chemical reactions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q13.</b> Explain the following facts about the reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> 2NO<sub>(g)</sub> + 2H<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="41" /></span>2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g) </sub>+N<sub>2(g)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>The changing concentrations of reactants change the rates of this reaction.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>Individual orders with respect to NO and H<sub>2</sub> can be measured.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>The overall order can be evaluated by keeping the concentration of one of the substances constant.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q14.</b> The collision frequency and the orientation of molecules are necessary conditions for determining the proper rate of reaction. Justify the statement.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q15.</b> How does Arrhenius equation help us to calculate the energy of activation of a reaction? </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q16.</b> Define the following terms and give examples.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>Homogeneous catalysis <o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>Heterogeneous catalysis<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>Activation of a catalyst<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>Auto-catalysis<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>Catalytic poisoning <o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>Enzyme catalysis.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q17.</b> Briefly describe the following with examples:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>Change of physical state of a catalyst at the end of reaction.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. </b> There may be change in physical state such as the particle size or change in the colour of the catalyst at the end of reaction. For example, granular MnO<sub>2</sub> used as a catalyst in the thermal decomposition of KC1O<sub>3</sub> is left as fine powder at the end of reaction. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>A very small amount of a catalyst may prove sufficient to carry out a reaction.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Since a catalyst is not used up in the reaction, a very small amount of catalyst is required. It can catalyses the reaction over and over again. Sometimes a trace of a metal catalyst is required to affect very large amount of reactants. For example, 1 mg of fine platinum powder can convert 2.5 dm<sup>3</sup> of H<sub>2</sub> and 1.25 dm<sup>3</sup> of O<sub>2</sub> to water. Dry HC1 and NH<sub>3</sub> combine in the presence of trace of moisture to give dense white fume of NH<sub>4</sub>C1.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><i>(iii) A finely divided catalyst may prove more effective.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> A catalyst is more effective when it is present in a finely divided form than it is used in bulk. With the increase of fine subdivision, the free surface area is increased. As a result, the active sites on the surface are increased. Consequently, the activity of the catalyst is also enhanced. For example, a lump of platinum will have much less catalytic activity than colloidal platinum. Finely divided nickel is a better catalyst than lumps of solid nickel.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <i>(iv) Equilibrium constant of a reversible reaction is not changed in the presence of a catalyst.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> A catalyst for the forward reaction is also a catalyst for the reverse reaction. A catalyst speeds up the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally. So the equilibrium constant (k=<span style="position: relative; top: 15pt;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="23" /></span>) for the reaction remains the same. A catalyst helps the equilibrium to e established earlier. For example, the reaction of N<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> to from NH<sub>3</sub> is very slow. In the presence of the catalyst, the equilibrium </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> N<sub>2(g)</sub> + 3H<sub>2(g) <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="12" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 8pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="41" /></span></sub>2NH<sub>2(g)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Is reached much sooner but the percentage yield remains uncharged. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>A catalyst is specific in its action.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> A catalyst cans catalyst only a specific reaction. When a particular catalyst works for one reaction it may not necessarily work for any other reaction. It may increase the rate of one reaction but not increase the rate of another reaction. For example, MnO<sub>2</sub> can catalyse the decomposition of KC1O<sub>3</sub> but not that of NH<sub>3</sub>. The decomposition of NH<sub>3</sub> is catalysed by a hot tungsten wire.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> 2KC1O<sub>3(g) <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image050.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="71" /></span></sub>2KC1<sub>(s)</sub> +<sub> </sub>3O<sub>2(g)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> 2NH<sub>3(g) <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image052.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="53" /></span> </sub>N<sub>2(g)</sub> + 3H<sub>2(g)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b>Remember that </b>transition metals catalyse reaction of different types.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> For example, the decomposition of aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) is catalysed by MnO<sub>2</sub> or colloidal platinum.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> 2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2(<i>l</i>) <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image050.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="71" /></span></sub>2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l)</i> </sub>+ O<sub>2(g)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q18.</b> What are enzymes? Give examples in which they act as catalyst. Mention the characteristics of enzyme catalysis.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q19.</b> In the reaction of NO and H<sub>2</sub>, it was observed that equimolecular mixture of gases at <st1:metricconverter productid="340.5 mm" w:st="on">340.5 mm</st1:metricconverter> pressure was half changed in 102 seconds. In another experiment with an initial pressure of <st1:metricconverter productid="288 mm" w:st="on">288 mm</st1:metricconverter> of Hg, the reaction was half completed in 140 seconds. Calculate the order of reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Initial pressure of reactants = Initial concentrations of reactants.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Given: a<sub>1</sub>=340.5 mm : t<sub>1</sub>=102 seconds</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> A<sub>2</sub>=288 mm : t<sub>2</sub>=140 seconds</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Order of reaction, n=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Formula used:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> n =1 +<span style="position: relative; top: 30pt;"><img height="88" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image054.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="57" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> n =1 +<span style="position: relative; top: 27pt;"><img height="80" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image056.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="77" /></span>=1 + 1.89=2.89</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> n =3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Hence the reaction of third order.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q20.</b> A study of chemical kinetiecs of a reaction </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> A + B <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="41" /></span>products</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Gave the following data at 25<sup>o</sup>C. Calculate the rate law</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> </div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 113.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Exp. [A] [B] Rate<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.75in;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal">1 1.00 0.15 4.2 x 10<sup>-6</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal">2 2.00 0.15 8.4 x 10 <sup>-6</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal">3 1.00 0.2 5.6 x 10<sup>-6</sup></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Solution: </b> Examination of the data shows that when the concentration of B is kept constant 0.15. The concentration of A is doubled form 1.00 to 2.00; the rate doubles from 4.2 x 10<sup>-6 </sup>tp 8.4 x 10<sup>-6</sup>. Mathematically, the rate of reaction with respect to A is directly proportional to the first power of the concentration of A. this is, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Rate<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060" width="21" /></span> [A]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Examination of the experiment 1 and 3 shows that when the concentration of A is kept constant 1.00, the concentration of B is increased from 0.15 to 0.2, the rate of the reaction with respect to B is also increased form 4.1 x10<sup>-6 </sup>to 5.6 x10<sup>-6</sup>. Mathematically, the rate of reaction with respect to B is directly proportional to the first power of the concentration of B. that is,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Rate<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061" width="21" /></span> [B]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Since the rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of concentration of the reactants, so,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Rate<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062" width="21" /></span> [A][B]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Rate=k[A][B]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> This equation is known as the rate law for the reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Q21. Some reaction taking places around room temperature have activation energies around 50kJ mo<sup>l-1</sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <i>(i) What is the value of the factor </i><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063" width="24" /></span><i>at 25<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Ans. E<sub>a</sub>=50kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> =50000 Jmol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> R=8.3143 J K<sup>-1</sup> mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> At 25<sup>o</sup>C, the factor <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064" width="24" /></span>=<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065" width="68" /></span>=<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image065.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066" width="39" /></span>=1.72 x10<sup>-9</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <i>(ii) Calculate this factor at35<sup>o</sup>C, and 45<sup>o</sup>C note the increase in this factor for every 10<sup>o</sup>C rise in temperature.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Ans. At 25<sup>o</sup>C, the factor <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="24" /></span>=<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="68" /></span>=<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="43" /></span>=3.314 x10<sup>-9</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> At 25<sup>o</sup>C, the factor <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="24" /></span>=<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="68" /></span>=<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="36" /></span>=6.12 x 10<sup>-9</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><i>(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></i><i>prove that for every 10<sup>o</sup>Crise in temperature, the factor doubles and so rate constant also doubles.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ans. At 25<sup>o</sup>C, the factor <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="24" /></span>=1.72 x 10<sup>-9</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> At 35oC, the factor<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="24" /></span>=3.314 x 10<sup>-9</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> At 45<sup>o</sup>C, the factor<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="24" /></span>=6.12 x 10<sup>-9<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Since for every 10<sup>o</sup>C rise in temperature, the factor becomes doubles and so rate constant also doubles. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Q22. H<sub>2</sub> and 1<sub>2</sub> react to produce HI. Following data for rate constant at various temperatures (K) have been collected.</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 77.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 279.0pt;" valign="top" width="372"><div class="MsoNormal">Temperature(K) Rate constant( cm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>)(K)</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 279.0pt;" valign="top" width="372"><div class="MsoNormal"> 500 6.814 x 10<sup>-4</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"> 550 2.64 x 10<sup>-2 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"> 600 0.56 x 10<sup>o</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"> 650 7.31 x 10<sup>o</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"> 700 66.67 x 10<sup>o</sup></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Pot a graph between <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="17" /></span>on x-axis and log k on the y-axis.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Measure the slope of this straight line and calculate the energy for actives this reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans. 8326.32: 160.6 Jmol<sup>-1</sup>.<o:p></o:p></b></div></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-38289632842772784022011-12-24T11:39:00.000-08:002011-12-24T11:39:02.552-08:00Chapter 10th<b><span style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 10</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> </span></b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>ELECTROCHEMISTRY</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span>MCQS</b></span><br />
<br />
<b>Q.1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Electrolysis is the process in which a chemical reaction takes place at the expense of</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>chemical energy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrical energy</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>heat energy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Standard hydrogen electrode has an arbitrarily fixed potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.00 volt<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.00 volt</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.10 volt<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The oxidation number of chromium in K2Cr2O7 is</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>12</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In the reaction<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 Fe + Cl2 ( 2FeCl3 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe is reduced<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe is oxidized</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cl2 is oxidized<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When fused PbBr2 is electrolyzed</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>bromine appears at cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>lead is deposited at the cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>lead appears at the anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these happens</b><br />
<b>Q.6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When aqueous solution of NaCl is electrolysed</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cl2 is evolved at the cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2 is evolved at cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Na is deposited at the cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Na appears at the anode</b><br />
<b>Q.7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>During electrolysis of KNO3, H2 is evolved at</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>both (a) and (b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>During electrolysis of CuSO4 (aq) using Cu electrodes Cu is deposited at</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>both (a) and (b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.9<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>During electrolysis of fused NaCl, which of the following reaction occurs at anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cl– ions oxidized<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cl– ions reduced</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Na+ ions oxidized<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Na+ ions reduced</b><br />
<b>Q.10<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An electrochemical cell is based upon</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>acid–base reaction<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>redox reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>nuclear reaction<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of the above</b><br />
<b>Q.11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which one of the following will be good conductor of electricity</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>pure distilled water<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>molten NaCl</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>dilute solution of glucose</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>chloroform</b><br />
<b>Q.12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which one of the following represents the same net reaction as the electrolysis of aqueous H2SO4 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis of water</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis of molten NaCl</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis of aqueous HCl</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis of aqueous NaCl</b><br />
<b>Q.13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In a galvanic cell, the reaction occurs</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2H2O ( O2 (g) + 4H+ + 4e– <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It occurs at the </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode and anode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of the above</b><br />
<b>Q.14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which statement below is not true for the reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe3+ + e– ( Fe2+ </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe3+ is reduced</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>oxidation state of Fe has changed</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe3+ can act as an oxidizing agent</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>both Fe2+ and Fe3+ are called anions</b><br />
<b>Q.15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>During a redox reaction, an oxidizing agent </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>gains electrons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>is oxidized</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>loses electrons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>is hydrolysed</b><br />
<b>Q.16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In a salt bridge KCl is used because</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>it is an electrolyte</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K+ and Cl– transfer easily</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>agar–agar forms a good jelly with it</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>KCl is also present in the calomel electrode</b><br />
<b>Q.17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A oxidizing agent is a substance which brings about</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electron donation<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>oxidation</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>reduction<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>hydrolysis</b><br />
<b>Q.18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In the electrolysis the process of oxidation occurs at</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>both cathode and anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>in electrolytic solution</b><br />
<b>Q.19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In an oxidation process the oxidation number of the element</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>increases<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>decreases</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>does not change<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)</b><br />
<b>Q.20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In the reduction process the oxidation number of the element</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>increases<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>decreases</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>does not change<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)</b><br />
<b>Q.21<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of oxygen in OF2 is </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>– 1</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>– 2</b><br />
<b>Q.22<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The e.m.f. of Zn – Cu cell is</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.10 v<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.5 v</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2.0 v<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2.5 v</b><br />
<b>Q.23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The standard reduction potential of a standard hydrogen electrode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.0 v<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.1 v</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1.5 v<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2.0 v</b><br />
<b>Q.24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The oxidation number of Mn is K2 MnO4 is </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 4</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 7</b><br />
<b>Q.25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which of the following is the definition of oxidation</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>gain of electrons<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>loss of electrons</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>addition of H2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>removal of O2</b><br />
<b>Q.26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>During electrolysis of H2SO4 (aq) O2 is evolved at </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>both a and b<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The e.m.f. produced by a voltage cell is</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrode potential<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>reduction potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cell potential<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>oxidation potential</b><br />
<b>Q.28<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which of the following is not a redox reaction </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>CaCO3 ( CaO + CO2 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu + 4HNO3 ( Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2H2 + O2 ( 2H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO2 + 4HCl ( MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O</b><br />
<b>Q.29<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which element acts as a reducing agent in the reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn + H2SO4 ( ZnSO4 + H2 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>S<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>O</b><br />
<b>Q.30<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which element acts as a oxidizing agent in the reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO2 + 4HCl ( MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mn<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cl</b><br />
<b>Q.31<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When the current is passed through an electrolytic solution, which of the following process will occur</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anions move towards anode and cations move towards cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cations and anions both move towards anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cations and anions both move towards anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>no movement of the ions occur</b><br />
<b>Q.32<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Electric current passes through both molten and solution form of NaCl because of</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ionic bonding<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Na+ and Cl– ions</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ions of water<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>hydration of ions</b><br />
<b>Q.33<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A cell which produces electric current by redox reaction is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>standard cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>voltaic cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>reversible cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>concentration cell</b><br />
<b>Q.34<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which of the following conduct electricity due to the migration of electrons only</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>copper metal<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>NaCl molten</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>NaCl<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>NaCl solution</b><br />
<b>Q.35<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of sulphur in S2O eq \a\co1(2–,3 ) is</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>– 2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 4</b><br />
<b>Q.36<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Substances through which electric current can pass are called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>insulators<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>conductors</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode</b><br />
<b>Q.37<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Substances through which electric current cannot pass are called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>insulators<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>conductors</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode</b><br />
<b>Q.38<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metallic conduction is due to the</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>movement of electrons</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>movement of ions</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>both (a) and (b)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.39<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metallic conductors conduct electricity</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>with chemical change</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>without any chemical change</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>both (a) and (b)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.40<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The flow of electrons is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolyte<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electric current</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode</b><br />
<b>Q.41<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A substance which in molten state or in solution form allows electric current to pass through it is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolyte<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>insulator</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>conduction<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.42<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The process in which electric current is used to carry out a non–spontaneous redox reaction is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolyte<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>metallic conductor<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrodes</b><br />
<b>Q.43<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In electrochemical cells, the electrode at which the reduction occurs is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolyte<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis</b><br />
<b>Q.44<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The process of producing a chemical change in an electrolytic cell is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolyte <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrodes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>conductor</b><br />
<b>Q.45<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The process in which ionic compound when fused or dissolved in water split up into charged particles is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>hydration</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ionization<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>conduction</b><br />
<b>Q.46<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An apparatus in which chemical energy in converted to electrical energy is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolytic cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>galvanic cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>fuel cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>down cell</b><br />
<b>Q.47<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The metallic conductors in contact with the solution are called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>insulator<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrodes</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolyte<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>down cell</b><br />
<b>Q.48<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The reaction in a galvanic cell is</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>spontaneous<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>non–spontaneous</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>acid–base<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.49<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Caustic soda is obtained by electrolysis of conc. aqueous solution of NaCl in a cell called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Daniell’s cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nelson’s cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Down’s cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Voltaic cell</b><br />
<b>Q.50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sodium metal is obtained by the electrolysis of fused NaCl in a cell is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Nelson’s cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Down’s cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Daniell cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Voltaic cell</b><br />
<b>Q.51<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The e.m.f. of Daniell cell can be increased by</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>increasing the area of electrode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>increasing the concentration of oxidising ion in the solution</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>increasing the concentration of reducing ion in the solution</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>adding the dil H2SO4 </b><br />
<b>Q.52<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metal and their ionic salts both conduct electricity. Which of the following statement is not correct both</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>are good conductors normally</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>are ionic in nature</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>decompose on passing current</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>are normally solid</b><br />
<b>Q.53<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The branch of chemistry which deals with the relationships between electricity and chemical reaction is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>chemical kinetics<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrochemistry</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>stiochiometry<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>thermochemistry</b><br />
<b>Q.54<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A system containing of electrodes that dips into an electrolyte in which a chemical reaction either uses or generates an electric current is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>voltaic cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrochemical cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>voltaic or galvanic cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>fuel cell</b><br />
<b>Q.55<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A cell in which spontaneous redox reaction generates an electric current is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolytic cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrochemical cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>voltaic orgalvanic cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>biological cell</b><br />
<b>Q.56<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A cell in which an electric current drives a non–spontaneous reaction is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolytic cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>voltaic cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>biological cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrochemical cell</b><br />
<b>Q.57<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A process for converting one metal with a thin layer of another metal is called</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolysis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electroplating</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrode potential<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>standard electrode</b><br />
<b>Q.58<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In an electrical connection between cathode and anode of a voltaic cell, electrons flow from the</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode to the cathode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode to the anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>both (a) and (b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.59<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Greater the value of standard reduction potential of a species indicates</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>greater its tendency to accepted electrons</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>lesser tendency to accept electrons</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>greater tendency to lose electrons</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.60<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In lead accumulator the electrolyte H2SO4 solution is</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>30 %<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>60% H2SO4 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>80%<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>90%</b><br />
<b>Q.61<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In alkaline battery, the electrolyte contains</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>KOH</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>NaCl<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>NaNO3 </b><br />
<b>Q.62<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alkali metals have</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>lower value of reduction potential than coinage metals</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>higher value of reduction potential than coinage metals</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>equal values of reduction potential to coinage metals</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Q.63<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Strong reducing agents have</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>greater positive value of standard reduction potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>greater negative value of standard reduction potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>lesser positive value of standard reduction potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.64<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Strong oxidizing agents have</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>greater positive value of standard reduction potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>lesser positive value of standard reduction potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>greater negative value of standard reduction potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.65<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The electrode with more negative value of reduction potential acts as</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cathode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.66<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metals which are above SHE in electrochemical series</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>can liberate H2 from acid</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cannot liberate H2 from acid</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>cannot always liberate H2 from acid</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.67<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Corrosion reactions are</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>spontaneous redox reactions</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>non–spontaneous redox reactions</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>spontaneous acid–base reactions</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>none of these</b><br />
<b>Q.68<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Voltaic cell can be changed into</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrochemical cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrolytic cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>reversible cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>primary cell</b><br />
<b>Q.69<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Strongest oxidizing agent in the electrochemical series is</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Li<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>F</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I2</b><br />
<b>Q.70<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Strongest reducing agent in the electrochemical series is</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Li<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>F</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I2 </b><br />
<b>Q.71<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fuel cells are the means by which chemical energy may be converted into</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>heat energy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrical energy</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>mechanical energy<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>sound energy</b><br />
<b> </b><br />
<b> </b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> <b>ANSWERS</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Questions</span> 1 2 3 4 5 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> b a c b b <span style="color: blue;">Questions</span> 6 7 8 9 10 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> b b b a b <span style="color: blue;">Questions </span>11 12 13 14 15 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> b a b d a <span style="color: blue;"> Question</span>s 16 17 18 19 20 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> b c a a b <span style="color: blue;">Questions</span> 21 22 23 24 25 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> c a a c b <span style="color: blue;">Questions</span> 26 27 28 29 30 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> b c a a a <span style="color: blue;">Questions</span> 31 32 33 34 35 <span style="color: blue;">Answer</span>s a b b a c <span style="color: blue;">Questions </span>36 37 38 39 40 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> b a a b b <span style="color: blue;">Questions</span> 41 42 43 44 45 </b><span style="color: blue;">Answers </span><b>a b b b c <span style="color: blue;">Questions</span> 46 47 48 49 50 <span style="color: blue;">Answers </span>b b a b b <span style="color: blue;">Questions</span> 51 52 53 54 55 <span style="color: blue;"> Answers</span> c b b b c <span style="color: blue;">Questions </span>56 57 58 59 60 <span style="color: blue;">Answers </span>a b a a a <span style="color: blue;">Questions </span>61 62 63 64 65 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> b a b a b <span style="color: blue;">Questions </span>66 67 68 69 70 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span> a a c b a <span style="color: blue;"> Questions</span> 71 <span style="color: blue;">Answers</span><span style="color: cyan;"> </span>b<span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b> <span style="font-size: large;">SHORT QUESTION WITH ANSWERS </span></b></span><br />
<b>Q.1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Differentiate electrolytic and voltaic cell.</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An electrochemical cell in which electric current is used to drive a non–spontaneous redox reaction is called electrolytic cell. e.g. electrolysis of molten NaCl. </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>An electrochemical cell in which electricity is produced as a result of spontaneous redox reaction is called Galvanic or voltaic cell e.g. Zn – Cu cell.</b><br />
<b>Q.2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Differentiate b/w ionization and electrolysis.</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Ionization Electrolysis 1. The process of splitting up of an ionic compound into charged particles when fused or dissolved in water is called ionization. 1. The process of decomposing a substance usually in solution or in molten state is called electrolysis. 2. In this process, there is no need of electrodes. 2. In this process, electrodes are required. 3. There is no need of electricity for ionization. 3. There is a need of electricity for electrolysis. 4. During ionization ions are produced. 4. In electrolysis, ions are oxidized or reduced to neutral atoms or molecules. Q.3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What are conductors? Define electronic conductors and electrolytic conductors.</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Conductor:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The substance through which electricity can pass is called conductor. There are two types of conductors.</b><br />
<b>Electronic Conductor:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The conductors in which electricity is passed due to the movement of free electrons e.g. metals.</b><br />
<b>Electrolytic Conductors:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The conductors in which electricity is passed, due to movement of ions to their respective electrodes.</b><br />
<b>Q.4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Differentiate b/w oxidation and reduction.</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation:</b><br />
<b>(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Addition of oxygen</b><br />
<b>(ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Removal of electrons or</b><br />
<b>(iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Removal of hydrogen is called as oxidation.</b><br />
<b>Reduction:</b><br />
<b>(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Addition of hydrogen</b><br />
<b>(ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Addition of electrons or</b><br />
<b>(iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Removal of oxygen is called as reduction.</b><br />
<b>Q.5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Define oxidation number. Write down the rules for assigning oxidation number.</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation Number:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The apparent charge present on an atom in a molecule or ionic compound is called oxidation number.</b><br />
<b>Rules:</b><br />
<b>(1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation state of all elements in free state is zero e.g.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>O eq \a\co1(0,2) , N eq \a\co1(0,2) , F eq \a\co1(0,2) , Cl eq \a\co1(0,2) etc.</b><br />
<b>(2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of hydrogen is + 1 except in case of metal hydride where its is – 1 H+1Cl and NaH–1.</b><br />
<b>(3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of oxygen is – 2 except in case of per oxides and super oxide. Where it is – 1 and – eq \f(1,2) respectively.</b><br />
<b>(4)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In binary compounds of halogens, the charge of halogen is </b><br />
<b>– 1 e.g. NaCl–1.</b><br />
<b>(5)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of IA group elements in combined form is + 1, Group II is + 2 and group III is + 3.</b><br />
<b>(6)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The sum of oxidation state of all elements in neutral compounds is zero e.g. K+1M+7nO eq \a\co1(–2(4),4 ) .</b><br />
<b>(7)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The sum of oxidation states of ion is equal to charge present on it P+5O eq \a\co1(–3,4 ) eq \x( P = + 5 ) </b><br />
<b>Q.6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K2Cr2O7 + HCl ( KCl + CrCl3 + Cl2 + H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Calculate the oxidation number of each element in above equation?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K eq \a\co1(+1(2),2 ) Cr eq \a\co1(+6(2),2 ) O eq \a\co1(–2(7),7 ) + H+1Cl–1 ( </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K+1Cl–1 + Cr+3 Cl eq \a\co1(–1(3),3 ) + Cl eq \a\co1(0,2) + H eq \a\co1(+1(2),2 ) O</b><br />
<b>Q.7<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Calculate oxidation number of Cr in the following compounds.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(i) CrCl3 (ii) Cr2(SO4)3 (iii) K2CrO4 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(iv) K2Cr2O7 (v) CrO3 (vi) Cr2O3 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(vii) Cr2O eq \a\co1(2–,7 ) </b><br />
<b>Ans.</b><br />
<b>(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>CrCl3 ( x + (–1) 3 = 0 x = 0 + 3</b><br />
<b>(ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2(SO4)3 ( 2x + 6 (3) + (–2) 4 (3) = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>= 2x + 18 – 24 = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x – 6 = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x = 6 eq \x( x = 3 ) </b><br />
<b>(iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K2CrO4 ( + 1 (2) + x + – 2 (4) = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>= 2 + x – 8 = 0 eq \x( x = + 6 ) </b><br />
<b>(iv)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K2Cr2O7 ( + 1 (2) + 2x + – 2 (7) = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 2 + 2x – 14 = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x – 12 = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x = 12</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> eq \x( x = + 6 ) </b><br />
<b>(v)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>CrO3 ( x + (–2) 3 = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> eq \x( x = + 6 ) </b><br />
<b>(vi)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2O3 ( 2x + (–2) 3 = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x – 6 = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x = + 6</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> eq \x(x = + 3 ) </b><br />
<b>(vii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2O eq \a\co1(–2,7 ) ( 2x + (–2) 7 = – 2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x – 14 = – 2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x = + 12</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> eq \x( x = + 6 ) </b><br />
<b>Q.8<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In a Galvanic cell chemical energy is converted to electrical energy. How?</b><br />
<b>Ans.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In galvanic cell chemical energy changes to electrical energy because in this cell redox reaction takes place spontaneously. As a result of which electrons are transferred from anode to cathode. These electron flow is called current or electrical energy.</b><br />
<b>Q.9<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn acts as anode when connected to Cu but as cathode when connected to Al?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn acts as anode when connected to Cu because reduction potential of Cu is greater than Zn. So Zn will be oxidised and acts as anode Cu acts as cathode. But in case of Al connected to Zn. Zinc acts strong oxidising agent (with greater reduction potential) than Al so Al will act as anode and Zn acts as cathode.</b><br />
<b>Q.10<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Explain through equations how lead battery is discharged.</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In this process, the anode and cathode of an external source are joined to the anode and cathode of the cell respectively. Then the redox cathode of the cell respectively. Then the redox reactions at respective electrodes are reversed. Hence cell begins to recharge reaction at cathode:</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pb eq \a\co1(+2 ,(aq)) + Ze– ( Pb eq \a\co1(0 ,(s)) (Reduction)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>PbSO4(s)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>SO eq \a\co1(2–,4 ) (aq) </b><br />
<b>Reaction at Anode:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2H2O</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pb+2(aq) ( PbO2 + OH+ + 2e– </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>PbSO4(s)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>SO eq \a\co1(2– ,4(aq)) </b><br />
<b>Overall Reaction:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) ( Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+ + 2SO eq \a\co1(2– ,4(aq)) </b><br />
<b>Q.11<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is density of acid used in lead accumulator and voltage of cell?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When lead accumulator is in use it acid conc. falls and density decrease to 1.15 g/cm3. Its e.m.f. also decreases. After recharging conc. of acid is increased to make up its density to 1.25 gcm–3 and voltage becomes 2 volts.</b><br />
<b>Q.12<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What are advantages of Alkaline battery?</b><br />
<b>Ans.</b><br />
<b>(1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It can be used over a wider range of temp due to more stability of electrolysis.</b><br />
<b>(2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It requires very little electrolyte so it is very compact.</b><br />
<b>(3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It maintains a constant voltage for a longer period of time and therefore lasts longer.</b><br />
<b>Q.13<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What are silver oxide batteries?</b><br />
<b>Ans.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>These are tiny and expensive batteries, which are commonly used in electronic watches, auto exposure camera and calculators. These are small button shape cells. In these types of batteries silver oxide (Ag2O) mixed with NaOH or KOH acts as cathode and zinc functions as anode.</b><br />
<b>Q.14<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Discuss reactions taking place in the Ni–Cd cell.</b><br />
<b>Ans.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is strong cell. The anode is made up of cadmium at which oxidation reaction takes place while cathode consists of NiO2. In this cell, an alkaline electrolyte is used.</b><br />
<b>Reactions:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>At anode:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cd(s) + 2OH eq \a\co1(– ,(aq)) ( Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e– </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>NiO2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2e– ( Ni(OH)2(s) + 20H– </b><br />
<b>Overall Reactions:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cd(s) + NiO2(s) + 2H2O ( Cd(OH)2(s) + Ni(OH)2(s) </b><br />
<b>Q.15<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How fuel is converted into electrical energy in fuel cells?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A type of cell, which is similar to galvanic cell in which, fuel used may be gaseous or liquid substance e.g. hydrogen, hydrazine, methanol, ammonia etc. and oxidants are generally oxygen or air. Fuel and oxidant are supplied to respective electrodes, which are porous and activated with catalyst.</b><br />
<b>Reactions:</b><br />
<b>At anode:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2(g) + 2OH eq \a\co1(– ,(aq)) ( 2H2O(l) + 2e– (oxidation)</b><br />
<b>At cathode:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– ( 4OH eq \a\co1(– ,(aq)) (Reduction)</b><br />
<b>Overall reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2(g) + O2(g) ( 2H2O(l) </b><br />
<b>Q.16<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is importance of fuel cells?</b><br />
<b>Ans.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The fuel cells are of great importance and used in space vehicles. In these cells, electrodes are made up of porous compressed carbon, which is impregnated with platinum. Which acts as catalyst. This fuel cell works at high temp in order to evaporate water, which is formed in it. After condensation, this water can be used for drinking water for astronauts.</b><br />
<b>Q.17<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How prediction about feasibility of chemical reaction is made by electrochemical series?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For a particular reaction, it is easy to predict whether it will take place or not. This is done by using electrochemical series e.g. Cu+2 can oxidise zinc metal but Zn+2 cannot oxidise Cu metal because Cu is below Zn in the electrochemical series. i.e.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu eq \a\co1(+2 ,(aq)) + Zn(s) ( Cu(s) + Zn eq \a\co1(2+,(aq)) . E eq \a\co1(0 ,cell) = 1.10 v</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu(s) + Zn+2 ( Cu+2 + Zn(s) E eq \a\co1(0 ,cell) = – 1 . 1</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This is not feasible.</b><br />
<b>Q.18<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How e.m.f. of galvanic cell is calculated with the help of electrochemical series?</b><br />
<b>Ans.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The standard electrode potential values can be used to determine e.m.f. of a given galvanic cell i.e. e.m.f. of Daniel cell is calculated as</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn(s) | Zn eq \a\co1(+2,(aq)) ||<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu eq \a\co1(2+,(aq)) | Cu(s) </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Anode)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cathode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Oxidation half cell)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reduction half cell)</b><br />
<b>Reactions:</b><br />
<b>At anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn ( Zn2+ + 2e– E0 = + 0.76 v</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+2e– </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu+2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>( Cu(s) E0 = + 0.34 v</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>E eq \a\co1(0 ,cell) <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>E eq \a\co1(0 ,Anode) + E eq \a\co1(0 ,Cathode) </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0.76 + 0.34 = 1.10 v</b><br />
<b>Q.19<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What are relative reactivity of metals? Explain by electrochemical series?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reactivity of a metal depends upon its ability to lose electrons to change into M+ cation. It is clear from electrochemical series that smaller the value of standard reduction potential, greater its tendency to lose electrons. Alkali metals (Li, NaK) having lower value of reduction potentials are highly reactive then coinage metals </b><br />
<b>(Cu, Ag, Au).</b><br />
<b>Q.20<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How it is possible to select a element as anode or cathode?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The electrode, which has lower value of reduction potential acts as anode and that which has higher value of reduction potential acts as cathode E0 eq \b( \f(Cu+2,Cu) ) = 0.34 has a lower value of reduction potential than eq \f(E\a\co1(0 ,Ag+),Ag) = 0.80 v anode and Ag as cathode.</b><br />
<b> Q.21<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How we can predict whether it takes place or not?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>With the help of electrochemical series, it can be determined whether a reaction will occur spontaneously or not. Consider the following reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pb+2 + 2Ag0 ( 2Ag+ + Pb0 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The reaction will occur only if E eq \a\co1(0 ,Cell) is positive</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>E eq \a\co1(0 ,Cell) = E eq \a\co1(0 ,Anode) + E eq \a\co1(0 ,Cathode) </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>E eq \a\co1(0 ,Cell) = E eq \a\co1(0 ,2Ag/Ag+) + E eq \a\co1(0 ,Pb2+/Pb) </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>E eq \a\co1(0 ,Cell) <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>– 0.80 + (– 0.13)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>– 0.93</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>E eq \a\co1(0 ,Cell) is negative so reaction will not take place spontaneously.</b><br />
<b>Q.22<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>How can a non–metal displace another non–metal?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A non–metal of higher standard reduction potential can displace other non–metal of lower standard reduction potential</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cl2 + MgBr2 ( MgCl2 + Br2 </b><br />
<b>or<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cl2(g) + 2Br eq \a\co1(– ,(aq)) ( 2Cl eq \a\co1(– ,(aq)) + Br2(g) </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In above reaction E eq \a\co1(0 ,Cl2/2Cl–) = + 1.36 v</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>is greater than E eq \a\co1(0 ,Br2/2Br–) = + 1.06 v.</b><br />
<b>Q.23<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Standard hydrogen electrode is used to determine the electrode potential of other electrodes. It is used as reference electrode and its value is taken as 0.0 v.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>SHE consist of platinum foil, coated with finally divided black platinum and suspended in 1 M HCl solution. Pure H2 gas at one atm pressure is bubbled into 1M HCl solution. The value of this half cell will be zero either it is oxidised or reduced</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2H+ + 2e– ( H2 0.00 V (Reduction)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2 ( 2H+ + 2e– 0.00 V (Oxidation)</b><br />
<b>Q.24<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is difference b/w cell and battery?</b><br />
<b>Ans.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The arrangement in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy or chemical energy is converted to electrical energy is called cell.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The combination of two or more cells is called battery.</b><br />
<b>Q.25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Outline the important applications of electrolysis?</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>(1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Electroplating</b><br />
<b>(2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Electro–refining</b><br />
<b>(3)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Electro–manufacturing</b><br />
<b>(4)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Electrotyping</b><br />
<b>Q.26<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is salt bridge? Also give its function?</b><br />
<b>Ans:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is U-shaped glass tube having saturated solution of strong electrolyte like KCl. The glass tube is filled with jelly type material</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It has two major functions:</b><br />
<b>It connects the two solutions in two half cells</b><br />
<b>It maintains the electrical neutrality by the diffusion of ions through it. </b><br />
<b>Q.27<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is the difference between primary and secondary cell?</b><br />
<b>Ans:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The cell which is not rechargeable called primary cell e.g Dry cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The cell which is rechargeable called secondary cell. e.g lead accumulator</b><br />
<b>Q.28<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is electrochemical series?</b><br />
<b>Ans:</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A list of elements in which they are arranged in the order of their standard electrode potential on hydrogen scale is called electrochemical series.</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> TEXT BOOK EXERCISE</span></b><br />
<b></b><br />
<b>Q1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Multiple choice questions.</b><br />
<b>(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The cathode reaction in the electrolysis of dill. H2SO4 with Pt electrode is </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reduction <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Both oxidation and reduction </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d) <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Neither oxidation nor reduction </b><br />
<b>(ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which of the following statement is correct about galvanic cell?</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Anode is negatively charged</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reduction occurs at anode</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cathode is positively charged</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reduction occurs at cathode</b><br />
<b>(iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Stronger the oxidizing agent, greater is the </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation potential </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reduction potential </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Redox potential </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>EMF of cell</b><br />
<b>(iv)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>If the slat bridge is not used between two half cells, then the voltage</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Decrease rapidly<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Decrease slowly </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Does not change<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Drops to zero</b><br />
<b>(v)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>If a strip of Cu metal is placed in a solution of FeSO4.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu will be precipitated out</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe is precipitated out </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu and Fe both dissolve </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>No reaction takes place</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>a<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>d<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>b<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>iv)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>d<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>v)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>d</b><br />
<b>Q2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fill in the blanks with suitable words.</b><br />
<b>(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The oxidation number of O atom is _____in OF2 and is _____in H2O2.</b><br />
<b> (ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Conductivity of metallic conductors is due to the flow of _____while that of electrolytes is due to flow of ______.</b><br />
<b>(iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reaction taking place at the ______is termed as oxidation, and at the _____ is called reduction.</b><br />
<b>(iv)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>_____is setup when a metal is dipped in its own ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>(v)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu metal _____the Cu-cathode when electrolysis is performed for CuSO4 solution with Cu-cathodes.</b><br />
<b>(vi)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The reduction potential of Zn is _____volts and its oxidation potential is ______volts.</b><br />
<b>(vii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In a fuel cell ______react together in the presence of ______.</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+2, -1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>electrons. Ions</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>anode, cathode<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>iv)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Equilibrium </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>v)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>deposits on <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>vi)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>-0.76, +0.76</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>vii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2 and O2, Pt catalyst</b><br />
<b>Q3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Indicate TURE or FALSE as the case may be.</b><br />
<b>(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In electrolytic conduction electrons flow through the electrolyte.</b><br />
<b>(ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In the process of electrolysis, the electrons in the external circuit flow from cathode to anode.</b><br />
<b>(iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sugar is a non-electrolyte in solid form and when dissolved in water will allow the passage of an electric current.</b><br />
<b>(iv)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A metal will only allow the passage of an electric current when it is in cold state.</b><br />
<b>(v)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The electrolyte products of aqueous copper (II) chloride solution are copper and chlorine.</b><br />
<b>(vi)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zinc can displace iron form its solution.</b><br />
<b>(vii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>SHE cats as cathode when connected with Cu electrode.</b><br />
<b>(viii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A voltaic cell produces electrical energy at the expense of chemical energy.</b><br />
<b>(ix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lead storage battery is not reversible cell.</b><br />
<b>(x)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr changes its oxidation number when K2 Cr2 O7 is reacted with HCI.</b><br />
<b>Ans.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>False<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>False<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>False<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>iv)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>False</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>v)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>True <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>vi)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>True<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>vii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>False<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>viii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>True</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>ix)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>False<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>True</b><br />
<b>Q4.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Describe the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, and a concentrated solution of sodium chloride.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.2.4</b><br />
<b>Q5.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is the difference between single electrode potential and standard electrode potential? How can it be measured? Give its importance.</b><br />
<b>Q6.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Outline the important applications of electrolysis. Also write the electrochemical reactions involved therein. Discuss the electrolysis of Cu SO4 using Cu electrode and AgNO3 solutions using Ag electrode. </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.2.2</b><br />
<b>Q7.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Describe the construction and working of standard hydrogen electrode.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.3.1</b><br />
<b>Q8.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Is the reaction Fe3+ + Ag EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe2+ + Ag+ spontaneous? If not, write spontaneous reaction involving these species.</b><br />
<b>Solution </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe3+ + Ago EMBED Equation.DSMT4 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe2+ + Ag+ </b><br />
<b> In this reaction, Fe is reduced while Ag is oxidized. Therefore, Fe+3 will act as cathode while Ago as anode.</b><br />
<b>Thus, emf of the cell will be </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eocell =Eoox + Eored</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eocell = - 0.7994 + (- 0.44)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Eocell = - 0.7994 - 0.44</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eocell = - 1.2394</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Since emf of cell is negative, therefore, the cell-reaction is non-spontaneous. </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>But if the electrodes are reversed, the cell-reaction becomes spontaneous i.e.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe3+ + Ago EMBED Equation.DSMT4 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe3+ + Ago</b><br />
<b>Q9.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Explain the difference between </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(a)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ionization and electrolysis</b><br />
<b>IONIZATION ELECTROLYSIS 1 The process in which ionic compounds when fused or dissolved in water split up into charged particles called ions. 1 The process in which electricity is used to carry out a non-spontaneous reaction is called electrolysis. 2 Electrodes are not needed 2 Electrodes are required 3 Electricity is not needed 3 Electricity is required 4 Since there are no electrodes, therefore, ions do not move towards electrodes 4 Ions moves towards their respective electrodes 5 After ionization, ions are not discharged 5 Ions are discharged at electrodes to give neutral products. <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Electrolytic and Voltaic cell</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.2.2 and 10.2.5</b><br />
<b>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Conduction through metals and molten electrolytes </b><br />
<b>CONDUCTION</b><br />
<b>THROUGH METALS CONDUCTION THROUGH</b><br />
<b>MOLTEN ELECTROLYTE 1 Electrical conduction takes place due to free electrons. 1 Electrical conduction takes place due to ions 2 There in no need to convert metal into molten state. 2 Electrolyte must be converted into molten state for electrical conduction 3 In this case, conductance decreases with increase in temperature. 3 In this case, conductance increase with increase in temperature. 4 No chemical reaction occurs during conduction. 4 Chemical reaction occurs take place during conduction. 5 Chemical composition of metal is not changed during conduction and no new substance are produced. 5 Since chemical reactions occur, therefore new substances are produced. 6 Example:</b><br />
<b>All metals are conductions. e.g. Fe, Pb etc. 6 Example:</b><br />
<b>Molten salt e.g. NaCI(l) or their aqueous solutions, acids, bases etc. </b><br />
<b>Q10.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Describe a galvanic cell explaining the function of electrodes and salt bridge. </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.2.5</b><br />
<b>Q11.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Write comprehensive notes on </b><br />
<b>Spontaneity of oxidation-reduction reactions.</b><br />
<b>See Section 10.4.1</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Electrolytic conduction </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Alkaline, silver oxide and Nickle-Cadmium batteries, fuel cells.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.5</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lead accumulator, its desirable and undesirable features.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.5.1</b><br />
<b>Q12.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Will the reaction be spontaneous for the following set of half reactions? What will be the value of Ecell?</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr3+(aq) + 3e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr(s)</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Standard reduction potential for reaction </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(i) <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>= - 0.7 and for the reaction (ii) = + 1.28 V.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In reaction (i) Cr is reduced from +3 to +2.</b><br />
<b>In reaction (ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Mn is also reduction reactions; hence these reactions are not possible in these forms.</b><br />
<b>However, if reaction (i) is reversed so that Cr is oxidized then the reaction becomes spontaneous and its emf can be calculated as</b><br />
<b>(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr(s) EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+(aq) + 3e- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eoox = + 0.74V</b><br />
<b>(ii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) Eo(aq) =+1.28 V</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>emf of the cell is given by </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eocell =Eooxl + Eored</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eocel = +0.74 + 1.28</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eocell =2.02 V</b><br />
<b>Q13.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Explain the following with reasons</b><br />
<b>A porous plate or a salt bridge is not required in lead storage cell.</b><br />
<b>A salt bridge has two main functions</b><br />
<b>It joins solution of two half cells and thus complete the circuit.</b><br />
<b>It maintains electrical neutrality of the two half cells as ions can pass through it.</b><br />
<b>In lead storage battery, both cathode and anode are dipped in the same solution. Therefore, excess positive or negative ions are not produced in the solution. Hence, there is no need of salt bridge.</b><br />
<b>The standard oxidation potential of Zn is 0.76 V and its reduction potential is – 0.76 V.</b><br />
<b>According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore, if standard oxidation potential of Zn is 0.76 V, then its potential for reverse process, i.e. standard reduction potential will also be same but with positive sign. Thus </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Zn2+ + 2e- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eoox<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=0.76 V </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn2+ + 2e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Zn<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Eoox<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>=0.76 V </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(C)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Na and K can displace hydrogen from acids but Pt, Pd and Cu cannot.</b><br />
<b>Greater the value of reduction potential, Lesser is the ability to loose electron to from positive ion, Hence weaker is its tendency to displace H2-.</b><br />
<b>Metals like Pt, Pb, and Cu have high positive value of reduction potential. Thus these do not liberate H2.</b><br />
<b>Metals like Na and K have negative values of reduction potential. Thus, these can liberate H2.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2Na +2HCI EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2NaCI + H2 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2K +2HCI EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2KCI + H2</b><br />
<b>The equilibrium is set up between metal atoms of electrode and ions of metal in a cell.</b><br />
<b>When a metal electrode is dipped into the solution of its own ion. there may be two tendencies </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metal atom from electrode leaves the electron on metal an goes into solution. this is oxidation process</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>M EMBED Equation.DSMT4 M+ + e-</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metal ions in solution may take up electrons form the metal electrode and deposit as atom on electrode. This is reduction process.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>M+ e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 M+ </b><br />
<b>At last, a dynamic equilibrium is established due to same rate of two processes. Thus no further potential difference is developed.</b><br />
<b>(e)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>A salt bridge maintains the electrical neutrality in the cell. </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Two half cells are electrically connected by a salt bridge.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Consider a Zn-Cu cell</b><br />
<b>During reactions of this cell, Zn half cell continuously loose electrons. </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Thus, in this positive charge is increasing.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Zn2+ + 2e-</b><br />
<b>While, Cu half cell continuously receive electrons, thus it goes on collecting negative charge.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu2+ + 2e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu</b><br />
<b>Collection of positive charge in Zn electrode half cell and collection of negative charge in Cu half cell would stop the reaction.</b><br />
<b>Salt bridge prevents the net accumulation of charges in either beaker. Thus form negative Cu half cell, negative ions diffuse through the salt bridge into the positive Zn half cell. In this way, salt bridge maintains the two solution, electrically neutral.</b><br />
<b>(f)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>lead accumulator is a chargeable battery.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.5.1</b><br />
<b>(g)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Impure Cu can be purified by electrolytic process.</b><br />
<b>Impure Cu can be made pure in an electrolytic cell. Thick sheets of impure copper are made anode, while, thin sheets of pure copper are made cathode in the cell. These sheets are placed in an electrolytic solution of CuSO4.</b><br />
<b>When current is passed through the cell, Cu from anode is oxidized to Cu2+ ions, which go into the solution. from the solution, Cu2+ ions are reduced to metallic Cu and deposits as pure Cu on cathode. In this way, impure sheets of Cu (anode) become this, while pure sheets of pure Cu (cathode) become thick.</b><br />
<b>The reactions in the cell are </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>At Anode (oxidation)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu2+ + 2e-</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>At Cathode (reduction)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu2+ + 2e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu</b><br />
<b>Thus, there is no net reaction in the cell. However, the net result is the purification of Cu.</b><br />
<b>(h)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>S.H.E. acts as anode when connected with the Cu electrode but as cathode with Zn electrode.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>See Section 10.3.2</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>NUMERICAL PROBLEMS (Exercise)</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Q14.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(c)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Calculate the oxidation number of Chromium in the following.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>CrCl3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K2CrO4</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cl=-1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of K = + 1</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr=x<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr= - 2 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr=x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>can be calculated as <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus </b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For CrCl3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For K2CrO4</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x + 3( - 1) =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2(+1) + x +4(-2)=0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> x – 3 =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x – 6 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>or x =+3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> =+6</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>K2Cr2O7 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>CrO3</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of K=+1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O= -2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O= -2 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr=x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr=x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>For K2Cr2O7 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For CrO3</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2(+1)+2x + 7(-2) =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x +3(-2)= 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x – 12 =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x – 6 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x=+12/2 =+6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x =+6</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Cr2O3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2O72-</b><br />
<b>Oxidation number of O =-2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O =-2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr = x<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr = x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus </b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For Or2O3 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For Cr2O72-</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x+3(-2)=0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x +7(-2) = -2 </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x – 6 = 0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x – 14= - 2 +14</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x= +6/2 =+3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or x = + 12/2 =+6</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2(SO4)3</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of S = +16</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O = -2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr = x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus </b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For Cr2(SO4)3</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x +3[(+6)+4(-2)]=0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2x – 6 =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or x=6/2 =+3</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>(d)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Calculate the oxidation numbers of the elements underlined in the following compounds</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Na3 PO4 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Na2CO3</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Na = +1</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O = -2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Na = +1 Thus </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of P = x<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of C = x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus </b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For Na3 PO4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For Na2CO3</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3(+1) + x + 4(-2) =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2(+1) + x + 3 (-2) = 0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x – 5 =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x – 4 =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x = +5<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x =+4</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2(SO4)3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ca(ClO3)2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Cr = +3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Ca = + </b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O = - 2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O = - 2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of S = x<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of S = x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For Cr2(SO4)3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For Ca(ClO3)2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2(+3) +3 [ (x)+4(-2)] =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(+2) +2 [ (x)+3(-2)] =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3x – 18 =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 + 2x -12 =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x = 18/3 = +6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x=10/2 = +5</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K2 MnO4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HNO3</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of K = +1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of H = +1</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O = -2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O = -2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of Mn = x<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of N = x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For K2 MnO4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For HNO3</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2(+1) + x + 3(-2) = 0 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(+1) + x +3(-2) =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x – 6 =0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x – 5 =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x = +6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x = +15</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HPOs</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of H = +1</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of O = -2</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Oxidation number of P = x</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thus </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>For HPOs</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(+1) + x + 3(-2) =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x - 5 =0</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Or <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>x = +5</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Try Yourself </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H 2O2 , Ca(OCl)2 , NalO2 , Zn(OH)2 , H3PO4, </b><br />
<b>Q15.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Balance the following equations by oxidation number method. </b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HNO3 + Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NO + l2 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo a change in oxidation number and write their oxidation numbers over the symbols.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+1+5 2(-2) +1 -1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 _-2 o</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HNO3 + Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NO + l2 + H2O</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Determine the no. of electrons gained and lost and equate them. </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> gain of 3e- x 1 =3 e- (reduction )</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +5 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> -1 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 o</b><br />
<b>HNO3 + Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NO + l2 + H2O</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> lose of l e- x 3 = 3 e- (oxidation)</b><br />
<b>Balance loss and gain of electrons by multiplying Hl by 3.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>HNO3 + 3Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NO + l2 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2HNO3 + 6Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2NO + 3l2 + 4H2O</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Br2 + NaOH EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NaBrO3 + NaBr + H2O</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements which undergo a change in oxidation number and write their oxidation number over the symbols.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>o<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+1 -2 + 1 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+1 +5 3(-2) +1 -1 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Br2 + NaOH EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NaBrO3 + NaBr + H2O</b><br />
<b>Since Br2 is involved both in oxidation and reduction, therefore, we shall write the Br=twice. Then determine the no. of electrons gained and lost and equate them.</b><br />
<b> gain of 2(l) e- x 5 = 10e- (reduction )</b><br />
<b> o <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +1 +5 3(-2) +1 -1 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> Br2 + Br2 + NaOH EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NaBrO3 + NaBr + H2O</b><br />
<b> loss of 2(5) e- x 1 = 10 e- (reduction) </b><br />
<b>Balance loss and gain of electrons by multiplying Br2 by 5, in which oxidation occurs.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5Br2 + Br2 + NaOH EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NaBrO3 + NaBr +H2O</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>5Br2 + Br2 +12 NaOH EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2NaBrO3 + 10NaBr + 6H2O</b><br />
<b>Or<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6Br2 +12 NaOH EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2NaBrO3 + 10NaBr + 6H2O</b><br />
<b>Or<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3Br2 +6 NaOH EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NaBrO3 + 5NaBr + 3H2O</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Zn + HNO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Zn(NO3) + NO +H2O</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo a change in oxidation number and write their oxidation number over the symbols.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 0 +1+5 3(-2) +2+5 +2 -2</b><br />
<b>Zn + HNO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Zn(NO3) + NO +H2O</b><br />
<b>In this eq. N is reduced from +5 in HNO3 to +2 in NO. But it’s oxidation state is not change in Cu(NO3)2. therefore, write HNO3 twice and determine the number of electrons gained and lost and equate them.</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> gain of 3 e- x 2 = 6 e- (reduction )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> 0 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+5 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 +5 +2 -2</b><br />
<b>HNO3 +Zn + HNO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Zn(NO3) + NO +H2O</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>loss of 2 e- x 3 = 6 e- (oxidation )</b><br />
<b>Use the multiplier obtained above to balance loss and gain of electrons. Thus Cu is multiplied by 3 and HNO3 by 2.</b><br />
<b>HNO3 +3Zn + 2HNO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Zn (NO3) + NO +H2O</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6HNO3 +3Zn + 2HNO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3Zn(NO3) + 2NO +4H2O</b><br />
<b>Or</b><br />
<b> 3Zn + 8HNO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3Zn(NO3) + 2NO +4H2O</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+4 2(-2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ -1 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 2(-1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0</b><br />
<b>MnO2 HCI EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>Identify eq. Cl is reduced from – 1 in HCl to 0 in Cl2. But its oxidation state is not changed in MnCl2. therefore, write HCl twice and determine the no. of electrons gained and lost and equate them.</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> gain of 2 e- x 1 = 2 e- (reduction )<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+4 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> -1 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 2(-1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>0</b><br />
<b>HCI+MnO2 HCI EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>loss of 1 e- x 2 = 2 e- (oxidation )</b><br />
<b>Use the multiplier obtained above to balance loss and gain of electrons.</b><br />
<b>HCI+MnO2 2HCI EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2HCI+MnO2 2HCI EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>Or </b><br />
<b>MnO2 + 4HCI EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b>FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe(SO4) + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo a change in oxidation number and write their oxidation numbers over the symbols.</b><br />
<b>+2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +3</b><br />
<b>FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe(SO4) + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Determine the no of electrons gained and lost and equate them.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>gain of 2(3) e- x 1 = 6 e- (reduction ) <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> +2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+6<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +3<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +3</b><br />
<b>FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe(SO4) + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O</b><br />
<b>loss of 1(2) e- x 3 = 6 e- (oxidation ) </b><br />
<b>Use the multiplier obtained above to balance loss and gain of electrons</b><br />
<b>6FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3Fe (SO4) + Cr2 (SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b>6FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3Fe(SO4) + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cu + H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo a change in oxidation number and write their oxidation number over the symbols.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +6 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+4 2((-2)</b><br />
<b>Cu + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O</b><br />
<b>In this equation S is reduced from +6 in H2SO4 to +4 in SO2. But it’s oxidation state is not changed in CuSO4. Therefore, write H2SO4 twice and determine the no. of electrons gained and lost equate them.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>gain of 2 e- x 1 = 2 e- (reduction )</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 0<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +6 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+4 </b><br />
<b>H2SO4+ Cu + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>loss of 2 e- x 1 = 2 e- (oxidation )</b><br />
<b>Use the multiplier obtained above to balance loss and gain of electrons.</b><br />
<b>H2SO4+ Cu + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b>H2SO4+ Cu + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O</b><br />
<b> Or</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Cu + 2H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b>H2SO4+ Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 SO4 + l2 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo a change in oxidation number and wirte their oxidation number over the symbols.</b><br />
<b>+6 +1 -1 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+4 2(-2) 0</b><br />
<b>H2SO4+ Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 SO4 + l2 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Determine the no. of electrons gained and lost and equate them.</b><br />
<b> gain of 2 e- x 1 = 2 e- (reduction )</b><br />
<b> H2SO4+ Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 SO4 + l2 + H2O</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>loss of 2 e- x 1 = 2 e- (oxidation )</b><br />
<b>Use the multiplier obtained above to balance loss and gain of electrons</b><br />
<b>H2SO4+ 2Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 SO4 + l2 + H2O</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H2SO4+ 2Hl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 SO4 + l2 + 2H2O</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo a change in oxidation number and write their oxidation number over the symbols.</b><br />
<b> +1 -1 +4 2(-2)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 0</b><br />
<b>NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>Determine the number of electrons gained and lost and equate them.</b><br />
<b>gain of 2 e- x 1 = 2 e- (reduction )</b><br />
<b> -1 +4 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 0</b><br />
<b>NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>loss of 2 e- x 1 = 2 e- (oxidation ) </b><br />
<b>Use the multiplier obtained above to balance loss and gain of electrons</b><br />
<b>2NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b>2NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>K2Cr2O7 + HCl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 KCl + CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo a change in oxidation number and write their oxidation number over the symbols.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +6 - 1 +3 0</b><br />
<b>K2Cr2O7 + HCl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 KCl + CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b>In this eq. Cl is oxidation from -1 in HCl to 0 in Cl2. But it’s oxidation state is not change in KCl / or CrCl3. therefore, write HCl twice and determine the no. of electrons gained and lost and equate them.</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> gain of 2(3) =6 e- x 1 = 3 e- (reduction )</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> +6 - 1 +3 0</b><br />
<b> HCl+ K2Cr2O7 + HCl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 KCl + CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b> loss of 1 e- x 6 = 6 e- (oxidation )</b><br />
<b>Use the multiplier obtained above to balance loss and gain of electrons</b><br />
<b>HCl+ K2Cr2O7 + 6HCl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 KCl + CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Balance the rest of equation by inspection method.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>8HCl+ K2Cr2O7 + 6HCl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2KCl +2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 3Cl2</b><br />
<b>Or </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 3Cl2</b><br />
<b>Q16.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(b)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Balance the following equation by ion-election method</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Sn2+ + Fe3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Sn4+ + Fe2+ </b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reaction.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Fe3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe2+</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sn2+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Sn4+ </b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction</b><br />
<b>Fe3+ +le- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe2+<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction) ______(1)</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sn2+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Sn4+ + 2e-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction) ______(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq. (1) by 2, and then add them.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2Fe3+ +2e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Fe2+</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sn2+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Sn4+ + 2e-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> Sn2+ +2Fe3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Sn4+ +2Fe2+ </b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM</b><br />
<b>H+ + Cl- + Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3++ Cl2</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b> Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b> 2Cl- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+ + 7H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>2Cl- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl2</b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14H+ + Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3+ + 7H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>2Cl- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl2</b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction.</b><br />
<b>14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3+ + 7H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>_________(1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>2Cl- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl2 +2e- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>_________(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq.(2) by 3. And then add the two half reactions.</b><br />
<b>14H+ + Cr2O72- + 6e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3+ + 7H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>6Cl- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3Cl2 + 6e-</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b> Cr2O72- +14H+ + 6e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3+ +NO2+ 7H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b>Cu + NO3-1 + H+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu+2 + NO2+ + H2O</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b>NO3-1 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NO2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Cu<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu2+<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b>NO3-1 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NO2 +H2O</b><br />
<b>Cu<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu2+</b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b>2H+ + NO3-1 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NO2 </b><br />
<b>Cu<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu2+</b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction </b><br />
<b>4H+ + NO3-1 + le- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 NO2 +H2O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>__________(1)</b><br />
<b>Cu<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu2+ + 2e- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>__________(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq. (1) by 2. And then add the two half reactions.</b><br />
<b>4H+ + 2NO3-1 + 2e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2NO2 +2H2O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Cu<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu2+ + 2e- </b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>2NO3-1 +4H+ + Cu EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cu2+ + 2NO2 +2H2O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b>Cr2O72- + H3AsO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3 + H3AsO4</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3+ <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> H3AsO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 H3AsO4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction )</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b>Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3 + 7H3O</b><br />
<b>H2O + H3AsO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 H3AsO4</b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b> 14H+ +6e-+ Cr2O72- + EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3 + 7H3O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(1)</b><br />
<b>H2O +3 H3AsO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3 H3AsO3 + 2e- + 2H+<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate th total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq. (2) by 3. And then add the two half reactions.</b><br />
<b>14H+ +6e-+ Cr2O72- + EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3 + 7H3O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3H2O +3 H3AsO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3 H3AsO3 + 6e- + H+</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b> Cr2O72- +8H+ + 3H3AsO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3 + 3H3AsO4 + 4H2O</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b> MnO4-+ Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Mn2+ + CO2</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions. </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Mn2+ <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2CO2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Mn2+ + 4H2O</b><br />
<b> Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2CO2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 8H+ +MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Mn2+ + 4H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2CO2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Write down th number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction</b><br />
<b>5e-+ 8H+ +MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Mn2+ + 4H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>__________(1)</b><br />
<b>Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2CO2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+2e-1<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>__________(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate th total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq. (2) by 5 and eq. (1) by 2. And then add the two half reactions.</b><br />
<b>10e-+ 16H+ +2MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>5Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 10CO2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+10e-1</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>5C2O42-+ 16H+ +2MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe2+ + C2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+ + Fe3+</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reactions into oxidation and reduction half reactions. </b><br />
<b> C2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+ <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Fe2+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe3+<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b>C2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3+ + 7H2O.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 14H++ C2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3+ + 7H2O.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe2+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe3+</b><br />
<b>Write down th number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14H+ +6e-+ Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3 + 7H3O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(1)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Fe2+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Fe3+ + le-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq. (2) by 6. And then add the two half reactions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14H+ +6e-+ Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3 + 7H3O </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6Fe2+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 6Fe3+ + 6e-</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b> Cr2O72- +14H+ +6e- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 6Fe2++ 2Cr3 + 7H3O </b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>lO3- + AsO33- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 l- + AsO43-</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b>lO3- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 l- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b>AsO33- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 AsO43-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b>lO3- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 l- + 3H2O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>H2O+ AsO33- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 AsO43-</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6H+ + lO3- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 l- + 3H2O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>H2O+ AsO33- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 AsO43- + 2H+</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 6e- + 6H+ + lO3- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 l- + 3H2O <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>___________(1)</b><br />
<b>H2O+ AsO33- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 AsO43- + 2H+ + 2e -<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>___________(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq. (2) by 3. And then add the two half reactions.</b><br />
<b>6e- + 6H+ + lO3- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 l- + 3H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3H2O+ 3AsO33- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3AsO43- + 6H+ + 6e -</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>lO3- + 3AsO33 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3AsO43- +l- </b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr3+ + BiO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr2O72- + Bi3+</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> BiO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Bi3+ <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr2O72- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction) </b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>BiO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Bi3+ + 3H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> 7H2O + Cr3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr2O72- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6H+ + BiO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Bi3+ + 3H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7H2O + Cr3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr2O72- + 14H+<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction</b><br />
<b>2e- + 6H+ + BiO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Bi3+ + 3H2O ________(1)</b><br />
<b>7H2O + 2Cr3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr2O72- + 14H+<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> __ _______(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq.(1) by 3. And then add the tow half reactions.</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6e- + 8H+ + 3BiO3 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3Bi3+ + 9H2O</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>7H2O + 2Cr3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr2O72- + 14H+</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3BiO3 + 2Cr3+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3Bi3+ + Cr2O72- + 2H2O </b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCl- + S2O32- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl- + S4O62-</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCl- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b> S2O32- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 S4O62-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCl- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl- + H2O</b><br />
<b>2 S2O32- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 S4O62-</b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>OCl- + 2H+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl- + H2O</b><br />
<b>2 S2O32- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 S4O62-</b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2e- + OCl- + 2H+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl- + H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(1) </b><br />
<b> 2 S2O32- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 S4O62-+ 2e-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(2)</b><br />
<b>Add the two half reactions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2e- + OCl- + 2H+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cl- + H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 S2O32- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 S4O62-+ 2e-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2 S2O32- + OCl- + 2H+ EMBED Equation.DSMT4 S4O62-+ CO2</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO4- + C2O42 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 + CO2</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>C2O42 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CO2<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Add two OH- ions for one each oxygen atom on appropriate side.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 + 4 OH-</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>C2O42 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CO2</b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H2O ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2H2O + MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 + 4 OH-</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>C2O42 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CO2</b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electron gained and lost in each half reaction </b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3e-+ 2H2O + MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 + 4 OH- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(1)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>C2O42 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CO2 + 2e-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq. (1) by 2 and eq. (2) by 3. And then add the two half reactions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>6e-+ 4H2O + 2MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2MnO2 + 8OH-</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3C2O42 EMBED Equation.DSMT4 6CO2 + 6e-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b>3C2O42-+2MnO4- + 4H2O EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2MnO2 + 8OH-</b><br />
<b><br />
</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>MnO4- + CN- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 + CNO-</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b>MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>CN- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CNO-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen and oxygen by adding H2O and OH- ions.</b><br />
<b>2H2O +MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 +4 OH-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>_________(1)</b><br />
<b>CN- +2 OH- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CNO- + H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>_________(2)</b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3e-+ 2H2O + MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 MnO2 + 4OH-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>__________(1)</b><br />
<b>CN- +2OH- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 CNO- + H2O +2e- _________ __(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq.(1) by 3. And then add the tow half reactions.</b><br />
<b>6e-+ 4H2O + 2MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2MnO2 + 8OH-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>___________(1)</b><br />
<b>3CN- + 6OH- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3CNO- + 3H2O +6e- _________ __(2)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> 3CN- + H2O +2MnO4- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2MnO2+ 6OH-+3CNO-</b><br />
<b>PROBLEM<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Acidic Media)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H3AsOs + Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+ + H3AsO4</b><br />
<b>Identify the elements, which undergo oxidation and reduction and split up the reaction into oxidation and reduction half reactions.</b><br />
<b> Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+ <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(reduction half reaction)</b><br />
<b> <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H3AsOs EMBED Equation.DSMT4 H3AsO4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(oxidation half reaction)</b><br />
<b>Balance oxygen by adding H2O.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+ +7 H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H3AsOs + H2O EMBED Equation.DSMT4 H3AsO4</b><br />
<b>Balance hydrogen by adding H+ ions.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14H+ +Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+ +7 H2O</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H3AsOs + H2O EMBED Equation.DSMT4 H3AsO4 + 2H+</b><br />
<b>Write down the number of electrons gained and lost in each half reaction.</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>14H+ + 6e- +Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 Cr3+ +7 H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>_______(1)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>H3AsOs + H2O EMBED Equation.DSMT4 H3AsO4 + 2H+<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>+ 2e-<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>_______(2)</b><br />
<b>Equate the total number of electrons gained and lost by multiplying eq.(1) by 3. And then add the tow half reactions.</b><br />
<b>14H+ +6e- +Cr2O72- EMBED Equation.DSMT4 2Cr3+ +7 H2O<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(1)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>3H3AsOs + 3H2O EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3H3AsO4 + 6H+ + 6e- <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>________(2)</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
<b> Cr2O72- +8H+ + 3H3AsOs EMBED Equation.DSMT4 3H3As</b><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;"><br />
</div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-40244531260624080732011-12-24T11:24:00.000-08:002011-12-24T11:24:34.050-08:00Chapter 9th<b><span style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 9</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: 24pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">SOLUTIONS</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: 24pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span>MCQs</b></span><br />
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<div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.1 Which of the following solutions has the highest boiling point?</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 5.85% solution of NaCl</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) 18.0% solution of glucose</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 6.0% solution of urea</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) all have same boiling point</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.2 Two solutions of NaCl and KCl are prepared separately by dissolving same amount of the solute in water. Which of the following statements is true for these solutions</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) KCl solution will have higher boiling point than NaCl solution</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) both the solutions have same boiling point</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) KCl and NaCl solutions possess same vapour pressure</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.3 Molarity of pure water is</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 1 (b) 18</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 55.5 (d) 6</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.4 18 gm glucose is dissolved in 90 gm of water. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,5) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> (b) 5.1</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,5) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> (d) 6</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.5 The molar boiling point constant is the ratio of the elevation in boiling point to</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) molarity (b) molality</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) mole fraction of solvent (d) less than that of water</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.6 An aqueous solution of methanol in water has vapour pressure</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) equal to that of water (b) equation to that of methanol</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) more than that of water (d) less than that of water</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.7 An ozeotropic mixture of two liquids boils at a lower temperature than either of them when</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) it is saturated</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) it shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) it shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) it is metastable</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.8 In azeotropic mixture showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law, the volume of mixture is</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) slightly more than the total volume of components</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) slightly less than the total volume of the component</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) equal to the total volume of the components</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.9 A solution of glucose is 10%. The volume in which 1 gm mole of it is dissolved will be</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 1 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (b) 1.8 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 200 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span>(d) 900 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.10 Colligative properties are the properties of</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) dilute solutions which behave as nearly ideal solutions</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) concentrated solutions which behave as nearly non–ideal solutions</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) both (i) and (ii) (d) neither (i) nor (ii)</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.11 The freezing mixture used in ice cream machine consists of ice and</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) NaCl (b) CaCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) KNO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) both a & c</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.12 1 kg of sea water contains 4.96 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span> gm of dissolved oxygen. The concentration of oxygen in sea water in ppm is</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 4.96 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–2 </span></span> (b) 0.496</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 4.96 (d) 49.6</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.13 A solution of sucrose is 34.2%. The volume of solution containing one mole of solute</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 500 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (b) 1000 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 342 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) 3420 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.14 Salt of a weak acid with strong base when dissolved in water gives</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) acidic solution (b) basic solution</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) neutral solution (d) none</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.15 Mole fraction of 10% urea is</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 0.042 (b) 0.023</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 0.032 (d) 0.072</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.16 Which of the following mixtures of liquids show negative deviation</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) ethyl alcohol ether (b) HCl and water</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) phenol – water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) chlorobenzene – bromobenzene</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.17 The term cryoscopy is used</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) depression of freezing point</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) elevation in boiling point</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) lowering of vapour pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) osmotic pressure</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.18 The term ebullioscopy is used</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) depression of freezing point</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) elevation in boiling point</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) lower of vapour pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.19 Azeotropic mixture</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) obey Henry’s law</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) obey Raoult’s law</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) do not obey Raoult’s law</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) obey <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Dalton</st1:place></st1:city>’s law</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.20 Hydrolysis of potassium acetate produce </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) acidic solution (b) neutral solution</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) basic solution (d) none of these</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.21 Which one of the following salts will not hydrolyse</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) NaCl (b) AlCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COONa</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.22 The sum of mole fractions (X) of components of a solution is equal to</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 100 (b) 200</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) one (d) zero</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.23 Which pair of mixture is called idea solution</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) nicotine–water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) chlorobenzene & bromobenzene</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) water–ether</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) water–alcohol</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.24 The vapour pressure of aqueous solution of sugar solution is</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) equal to vapour pressure of water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) more than vapour pressure of pure water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) less than vapour pressure of pure water</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.25 When NaCl is dissolved in water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) melting point decrease</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) boiling point decrease</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) both melting and boiling point decrease</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.26 The solution which distils without change in composition is called</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) unsaturated solution (b) saturated solution</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) zeotropic mixture (d) azeotropic mixture</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.27 Solubility curve of Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> 10 . H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O shows</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) constant increase of solubility</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) constant decrease of solubility</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) discontinuous solubility with temp</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.28 Use of glycol as antifreeze in the automobile is an important application of</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) colligative property</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) Roault’s law</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) fractional crystallization</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) hydrolysis</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.29 Use of NaCl in ice cream making is an important application of</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) constitutive property</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) additive property</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) colligative property</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) Roault’s law</div><div class="W">Q.30 Which one of the following solutions will have higher vapour pressure than that of water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) aqueous solution of CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>OH</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) aqueous solution of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) aqueous solution of sugar</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) aqueous solution of urea</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.31 Ethylene glycol is mixed with water as anti freeze in radiator because</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) it has low vapour pressure</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) it raises the boiling point of water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) it lowers the freezing point of water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) it changes osmotic pressure</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (e) it has all characters</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.32 Which one of following is not soluble in alcohol</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) KCl (b) urea</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) acetone (d) ether</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.33 Mixture of alcohol and water can be separated by</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) solvent extraction (b) crystallization</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) filtration (d) fractional distillation</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.34 Which one of following is not a conjugate solution</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) ether + water (b) phenol + water</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) nicotine + water (d) ethanol + water</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.35 Which one of the following has discontinuous solubility curve</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) NaCl (b) KCl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) NaNO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) CaCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> . 6H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.36 Which one of following has continuous solubility curve</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) NaCl (b) NaNO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> . 10H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O (d) both a and b</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.37 Solubility of following decrease with increase in temp</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) Ce<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>(SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (b) CaCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> . 6H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Pb(NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>Cr<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">7</span></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.38 According to Roault’s law</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) relative lowering of V.P. is equal to mole fraction of solute</div><div class="I"> (b) the lowering of V.P. is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solute</div><div class="I"> (c) V.P. of a solvent above a solution is equal to product of V.P. of pure solvent and mole fraction of solvent in solution</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) all the above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.39 The solution of KCl</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) acidic (b) basic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) neutral (d) none of above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.40 Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> solution is</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) acidic (b) basic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) neutral (d) none of above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.41 The solution of CuSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> is </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) acidic (b) basic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) neutral (d) none of above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.42 The solution of AlCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> is </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) acidic (b) basic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) neutral (d) none of above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.43 The solution of CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COONa</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) acidic (b) basic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) neutral (d) none of above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.44 The no. of water of crystallization of MgCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 12 (b) 6</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 3 (d) 4</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.45 The no. of water of crystallization of MgSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 12 (b) 7</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 5 (d) 3</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.46 Freezing point depression is measured by</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) Beckmann’s apparatus</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) Land’s Berger’s</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Antifreeze apparatus</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) all the above</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.47 Elevation of boiling is measured by</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) Beckmann’s apparatus</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) Lands berger’s method</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Antifreeze apparatus</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.48 Colligative properties are the properties of solution that depends upon</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) nature of molecules (b) quality</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) physical property (d) no. of molecules</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.49 Aqueous solution of glucose boils at 100.52<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C. The solution contains</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 180 gm glucose in 1 litre water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) 90 gm glucose in 1 litre water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 18 gm glucose in 1 litre water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) 3.6 gm glucose in 1 litre water</div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.50 Aqueous solution of methanol is zeotropic mixture because</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) it does not obey the Roalt’s law</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (b) mixture cannot be separated by sublimate</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) mixture can be separated by distillation</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) greater volume than the volume of component</div><div class="W">Q.51 When equal volumes of ether and water are shaken, then two layers are formed the ether layer contains water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) 5.3% (b) 6.3%</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1.2% (d) 2.1%</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">ANSWERS</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">1<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">2<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">B<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">8<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">9<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">11<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">12<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">13<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">14<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">15<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">16<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">17<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">18<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">19<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">20<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">21<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">22<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">23<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">24<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">25<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">e<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">26<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">27<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">28<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">29<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">30<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">31<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">32<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">33<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">34<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">35<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">e<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">36<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">37<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">38<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">39<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">40<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">41<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">42<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">43<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">44<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">45<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">46<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">47<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">48<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">49<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">50<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">51<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</span></b></div><div align="center"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.1 Binary solution can be homogenous or heterogeneous explain?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The solutions which contain two components only are called as binary solution. If binary solution has single phase, it is called homogenous solution e.g. glucose in water. If binary solutions has more than one phase it is called heterogeneous solution e.g. oil in water.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.2 What is phase?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Every sample of matter with uniform properties and fixed composition is called phase.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.3 Define molarity.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> of solution.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.4 What is molarity?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Molarity is the no. of moles of solute in 1000 gm (1 kg) of the solvent.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.5 Explain mole fraction (x).</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The mole fraction of any component in a mixture is the ratio of the number of moles of it to the total number of moles of all the components present.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.6 Define PPm?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> It is defined as number of parts (by weight or volume) of a solute per million parts (by weight or volume) of the solution.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.7 Like dissolve like. Explain.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The inter–Ionic forces of attraction are very strong in Ionic solids, so equally strong polar solvents are needed to dissolve them. such solids cannot be dissolved by moderately polar solvents e.g. acetone.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.8 What is critical solution or upper consulate temperature?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The temperature at which two conjugate solutions merge into one another is called critical solution temperature.</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.9 What is difference between ideal and non–ideal solution.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><b>IDEAL SOLUTION<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 162.9pt;" valign="top" width="217"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><b>NON–IDEAL SOLUTION<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">1.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">Ideal solution obeys the Raoult’s law.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">1.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"> <div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">Non–Ideal solution does not obey Raoult’s law.</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">2.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">It has zero enthalpy change as their heat of solution <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> H = 0.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">2.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"> <div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">It has exothermic or endothermic enthalpy change as their heat of solution <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> H <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¹</span> 0</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">3.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">Volume of solution is sum of volume of solvent and solute and change in volume is zero <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> v = 0.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">3.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"> <div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">Volume of solution is not sum of the volume of solute and solvents and change in volume <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> V <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¹</span> 0.</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.9pt;" valign="top" width="37"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">4.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">Examples</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">(i) Benzene – ether</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">(ii) Chlorobenzene–bromobenzene</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div align="center" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">4.</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181"> <div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">Example</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">(i) Alcohol – water</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.5in; text-indent: 0in;">(ii) Water HCl</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.10 Define Zeotropic and Azeotropic mixture.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The liquid mixture which boils at constant temperature and distills over without change in composition at any pressure like a chemical compound is called azeotropic mixture e.g. water HCl system, water–ethanol system. The liquid mixture which can be distilled over with a change in composition is called zeotropic mixture e.g. Benzene–ether system.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.11 How can you relate the dynamic equilibrium with recrystallization?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> When some solute is added to the solvent, the force of attraction between the solute particles breakdown. This process is called dissolution. Some particles of solute may combine again and converted to a solid substance. This process is called recrystalization when a saturated solution is prepared there is an equilibrium b/w dissolution and recrystallization.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.12 Prove that HCl form an Azeotropic mixture with water?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> HCl form an azeotropic mixture with water boiling at 110<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span> and containing 20.24% of acid. This pair of liquids showing positive deviation has azeotropic mixture with boiling point in comparison with pure components.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.13 What are conjugate solutions?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> As the mutual solubilities are limited, the liquids are only partially miscible on shaking equal volumes of water and ether, two layers are formed. Each liquid layer is a saturated solution of the other liquid. Such solution are called conjugate solutions.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.14 State Raoult’s law in different way.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. 1st statement:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The vapour pressure of a solvent above a solution is equal to the product of the vapour pressure of pure solvent and the mole fraction of solvent in solution.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">2nd statement:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The lowering of vapour pressure is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solute.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">3rd statement:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of solute.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.15 The relative lowering of v.p is better than lowering of v.p why?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The relative lowering of v.p:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(i) is independent of temp.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(ii) depends upon the cone. of solute.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(iii) is constant when equimolar proportions of different solutes are dissolved in the same mass of same solvent.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.16 What is positive deviation?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> If a graph is plotted b/w composition and vapour pressure of a solution the total vapour pressure curve rises to maximum, which is above the vapour pressure of either of the pure components, shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.17 What is negative deviation?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> If the vapour pressure show a minimum. When vapour pressure of solution becomes less than either of component the solution will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.18 Define solubility?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> It is defined as the concentration of solute in the solution when it is in equilibrium with the solid substance at a particular temperature.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.19 Ce<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>(SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>) shows exceptional behaviour toward solubility.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Ce<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> (SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>) shows exceptional behaviour whose solubility decreases with the increase in temperature becomes constant from 40<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C onwards. Anyhow, it shows continuous solubility curve.</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.20 Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> . 10H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O and CaCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> . 6H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O show discontinuous solubility curves?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Sometimes the solubility curves show sudden changes of solubilities and these curves are called discontinuous solubility curves. Actually these curves are combination of many curves. At the break a new solid phase appears and another solubility curve of new phase begins.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.21 What are colligative properties of solution?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The colligative properties are properties of solution that depend on the no. of solute and solvent molecules or ions. Some of the more important such properties are as follows:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(i) Lowering of vapour pressure.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(ii) Elevation of boiling point.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(iii) Depression of freezing point.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.22 What are practical application of colligative properties?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> It has following applications.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(i) Methods of molecular mass determination.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(ii) Contributed to the development of solution theory.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(iii) Use of NaCl or KNO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> to lower the melting point of ice, this freezing mixture of ice and salt is used in ice cream machine.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">(iv) It protects automobile’s radiator when antifreeze glycol is added in the radiators.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.23 What are ebullioscopic and cryoscopic constants?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The elevation in boiling point when one mole of solute is dissolved to the one kg. of solvent is called molar boiling point constant or ebullioscopic constant.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The depression in freezing point when one mole of solute is dissolved in 1 kg. Of solvent is called molar freezing point constant or cryoscopic constant.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.24 Colligative properties are obeyed when solutions are dilute, explain.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> When solution is concentrated, Raoult’s law is not obeyed when concentration of solute is high then these molecules may associate or combine with each other and all colligative properties show non–ideality.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.25 Boiling point of solvent increases due to the pressure of solutes or impurities?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Boiling point of a substance depends upon the external pressure and v.p of liquid. When some solute is added to the solvent, the vapour pressure of solvent lowers. Lowering of v.p depends upon the concentration of solution.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.26 what are hydration energy and solvation?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The enthalpy change when one mole of solute is dissolved in specific amount of water at given temp. is called hydration energy. The enthalpy changes when one mole of solute is dissolved in specific amount of solvent at given temp. is called energy of solvation.</div><div class="Q">Q.27 Explain why lattice energy of ionic solids is always higher than molecular solids?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Lattice energy of ionic solid is large due greater force attraction between the –ve and +ve ions. In case of molecular solid, less amount of energy is required to separate the molecules, because they have less intermolecular forces.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.28 What are hydrates?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Those substances which have some water of crystallization in them, are called as hydrates e.g., MgSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> . 7H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O.</div><div class="Q">Q.29 Colligative properties are obeyed when the solute is non–electrolyte</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Colligative properties depend upon the no. of particles. In the case of electrolytes, ions are produced and so the number of particles of the solutions increase and amount of colligative properties also increase. If the electrolyte is not 100% dissociated then the amount of colligative properties have to assessed according to their degree of dissociation.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.30 Relative lowering of v.p is independent of temperature.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> The formula for the relative lowering of vapour pressure and mole fraction of solute is</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(<span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-char-type:
symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>D</span></span>P,P<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = x<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> Vapour pressure depends upon temperature and lowering of v.p also depends upon temp. So when the temp of a solution is increased both the factors <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(<span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-char-type:
symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>D</span></span>P,p<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> increase in such a way that the ratio remains the same.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;">Think! Why molal Solution is more dilute than Molar solution?</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: 0in;"> How sum of all mole fraction is unity?</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> TEXT BOOK EXERCISE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q1. Choose the correct answer for the given ones.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Morality of pure water is </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(a) 1. (b) 18. (c) 55.5 (d) 6.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Hint: Morality of pure water</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Consider 1 dm<sup>3</sup> (-1000cm<sup>3</sup> ) of water. Convert this volume into mass by using density . </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Mass =volume x density </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of H<sub>2</sub>O = 1000 cm<sup>3</sup> x <st1:metricconverter productid="1 g" w:st="on">1 g</st1:metricconverter> cm<sup>3</sup> =1000g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molar mass of H<sub>2</sub>O =18 g mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">No. of moles of H<sub>2</sub>O =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="71" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277807"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> =55.6 mol </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Morality of H<sub>2</sub>O =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:105.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="141" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277808"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="68" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277809"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=55.6 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> =55.6 M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(ii) <st1:metricconverter productid="18 g" w:st="on">18 g</st1:metricconverter> glucose is dissolved in <st1:metricconverter productid="90 g" w:st="on">90 g</st1:metricconverter> of water. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <sub> </sub> (a) 1 (b) 18 (c) 55.5 (d) 6</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(iii) A solution of glucose is 10%. The volume in which 1 g-mole of it is dissolved will be </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (a) 1 dm<sup>3</sup> (b) 1.8dm<sup>3</sup> (c) 200 cm<sup>3 </sup>(d) 900cm<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(iv) An aqueous solution of ethanol in water may have vapour pressure</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (a) equal to that of water (b) equal to that of ethanol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (c) more than that of water (d) less than that of water</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(v) An azeotropic mixture of two liquids boils at a lower temperature than either of them when</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (a) it is saturated</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (b) it shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (c) it shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (d) it is met stable</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(vi) In azeotropic mixture showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law , the volume of the mixture is </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->slightly more than the total volume of the components </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->slightly less than the total volume of the components </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->equal to the total volume of the components </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->none of these</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Which of the following solution has the higher boiling point?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->5.85% solution of sodium chloride</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->18.0% solution of glucose</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->6.0% solution of urea</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->All have the same boiling point.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Two solution of NaC1and KC1 are prepared separately by dissolving same amount of solute in water. Which of the following statements is true for these solutions?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->KC1 solution will have higher boiling point than NaC1 solution</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Both the solution have different boiling points.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->KC1 and NaC1 solutions possess same vapour pressure</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->KC1 solution possesses is the ratio of the elevation in boiling point to </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(j)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The molal boiling point constant is the ratio of the elevation in boiling point to </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(a) molaritly (b) molality </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(c) mole fraction of solvent (d) mole fraction of solute</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(x) Colligative properties are the properties of</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(a) Dilute solutions which behave as nearly ideal non-ideal solutions</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(b) Concentrated solutions which behave as nearly non-ideal solutions </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (c) Both (a) and (b)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (d) Neither (a) and (b)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans</b>. (i) c (ii) c (iii) b (iv) c (v) b</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (vi) a (vii) a (viii) c (ix) b (x) a</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words or numbers.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Number of molecules of sugar in 1dm<sup>3</sup> of <st1:metricconverter productid="1 M" w:st="on">1 M</st1:metricconverter> sugar solution is _________.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]--><st1:metricconverter productid="100 g" w:st="on">100 g</st1:metricconverter> of a 10% aqueous solution of NaOH contains <st1:metricconverter productid="10 g" w:st="on">10 g</st1:metricconverter> NaOH in _________ g of water.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->When an azeotropic mixture is distilled, its __________remains constant.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The molal freezing point of an azeotropic solution of two liquids is lower than ether of them because the solution shows________from Raoluls’s law.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Among equimolal aqueous solution of NaC1, BaC1<sub>2</sub>, and FeC1<sub>3</sub>, the maximum depression in freezing point is shown by _______solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vi)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->A solution of ethanol in water shows____deviations and gives azeotropic solutions with _______b.p. than other components.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Colligative properties are used to calculate _______of a compound.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(viii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The boiling point of an azeotropic solution of two liquids is lower than either of them because the solutions show ________from Raoult’s law.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ix)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The hydration energy of Br<sup>-</sup> ion is _________than that of F<sup>-</sup> ion.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(x)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]--> The aqueous solution of NH<sub>4</sub>C1 is _________while that of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is _______.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> (i)6.02x 10<sup>23</sup> (ii)90 (iii)composition (iv)cryoscopic (v)Positive deviation </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">(vi)FeC1<sub>3</sub> (vii)positive ; lower </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">(viii) molar mass (ix) lesser (x) acidic ;neutral </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q3. Indicate True or False from the given statements.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->At a definite temperature the amount of a solute in a given saturated solution is fixed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Polar solvents readily dissolve non-polar covalent compounds.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]--> The solubility of a substance decreases with increase in temperature if the heat of a solution is negative.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The rate of evaporation of a liquid is inversely proportional to the intermolecular forces of attraction. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The molecular mass of an electrolyte determined by lowering of vapour pressure is less than the theoretical molecular mass.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vi)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Boiling point elevation is directly proportional to the molality of the solution and inversely proportional to boiling point of solvent.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->All solutions containing <st1:metricconverter productid="1 g" w:st="on">1 g</st1:metricconverter> of non-volatile non-electrolyte solutes in some solvent will have the same freezing point.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(viii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The freezing point of a 0.05 molal solution of a non-volatile non-electrolyte solute in water is – 0.93<sup>o</sup>C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ix)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hydration and hydrolysis are different process for Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(x)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The hydration energy of an ion only depends upon its charge.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> (i) True (ii)False (iii)True (iv)True (v)True</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (vi) True (vii) False (viii) False (ix)True (x) False</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q4. Define and explain the following with examples:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(a) A homogeneous phase (b) A concentrated solution</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(c) A solution of solid in a solid (d) A consulate temperature </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(e) A non-ideal solution (f) Zeotropic solutions</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(g) Heat of hydration (h) Water of crystallization </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(i) Azeotropic solution (j) Conjugate solution</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q5.</b> (a) What are the concentration units of solutions? Compare molar and molal solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans. Compare molar and molal solution.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> </div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.0pt;" valign="top" width="285"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-align: center;"><b>Molar Solution<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.05pt;" valign="top" width="285"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-align: center;"><b>Molar Solution<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.0pt;" valign="top" width="285"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-align: justify;"><i>1. </i>“A solution which contains one <i>mole of solute per dm<sup>3</sup> of solution is called a molar solution.”<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-align: justify;">2. Its morality decreases with the rise in temperature.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-align: justify;">3. Its unit is mole dm<sup>3</sup> of solution.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 214.05pt;" valign="top" width="285"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-align: justify;"><i>1. “A solution which contains one mole of solute per kilogram of solvent is called a molal solution.”<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-align: justify;">2. Its molality is independent of temperature variation of solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-align: justify;">3. Its unit is mol kg<sup>-1</sup> of solvent. <i><o:p></o:p></i></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b)</b> One has one molal solution of NaC1 and one molal solution of glucose.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (i) Which solution has greater number of particles of solute?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (ii) Which solution has greater amount of the solvent.?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(iii) How do we convert these concentrations into weight by weight percentage?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1in;"><b>(b) </b> (i) One molal solution of NaC1 has greater number of particles of solute.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (ii) The amount of solvent in both solution is equal (<st1:metricconverter productid="1 kg" w:st="on">1 kg</st1:metricconverter>)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> (iii) Mass of NaC1 = <st1:metricconverter productid="58.5 g" w:st="on">58.5 g</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of solvent =1000g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Total mass of NaC1 solution =1000 + 58.5 =1058.5 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Percentage of NaC1 =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="113" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277810"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x100</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:36.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="49" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277811"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x100=5.53 % Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of glucose =180g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of solvent =1000g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Total mass of solution =1000+180=1180 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> % of glucose =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:84.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="113" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277812"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x100</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="37" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277813"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x100=15.25 % Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q.6 Explain the following with reasons<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><i>(i) The concentrations in terms of molality is independent of the temperature but morality depends upon temperature.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> Molality is based on the mass of solvent. The mass of solvent does not vary not vary with temperature, so molality is independent of temperature. Morality is based on the volume of solution. Since the volume of solution varies with temperature, so morality depends upon temperature. The morality of the solution decreases with the increase in temperature of the solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><i>(ii) The sum of the mole fractions of all the components is always equal to unity for any solution</i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans</b>. Suppose there be two components A and B making a solution. The numbers of moles are n<sub>A</sub> and n<sub>B</sub> respectively, then. If the mole fractions of A and B are denoted by X<sub>A</sub> and X<sub>B</sub> respectively, then </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> X<sub>A</sub> = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277814"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>and X<sub>B </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277815"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> The sum of mole fractions of the components of a solution will be </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> X<sub>A</sub> + X<sub>B</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277816"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:51.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277817"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> X<sub>A</sub> + X<sub>B</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277818"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> X<sub>A</sub> + X<sub>B</sub> =1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Hence, the sum of the mole fractions of all the components of any solution is always equal to unity.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><i>(iii) <st1:metricconverter productid="100 g" w:st="on">100 g</st1:metricconverter> of 98% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> has a volume of 54.34 cm<sup>3</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> since its density is <st1:metricconverter productid="1.84 g" w:st="on">1.84 g</st1:metricconverter> cm<sup>-3</sup>.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans. </b> Mass of 98% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =100g : density of 98% =1.84 g cm<sup>-3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Vol. of 98% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b> Formula Used: </b> volume =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="49" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277819"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:59.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="79" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277820"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=54.34 cm<sup>-3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Hence, <st1:metricconverter productid="100 g" w:st="on">100 g</st1:metricconverter> of 98 % H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> has a volume of 54.34 cm<sup>-3 </sup>of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> because its density is <st1:metricconverter productid="1.84 g" w:st="on">1.84 g</st1:metricconverter> cm<sup>-3</sup> . </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>(iv) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is independent of the temperature.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> Since, the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of solute, so it is independent of temperature.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Hint:</b> <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277822"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=X<sub>2</sub> or <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1040"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1040"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277823"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:53.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="71" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1041"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277824"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(v) Colligative properties are obeyed when the solute is non-electrolyte and also when the solutions are dilute.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans. </b>Colligative properties are obeyed when the solute is non-electrolyte </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Colligative properties depend only upon the number of solute particles and not on their chemical nature. An electrolyte solute differs from a non-electrolyte principally in the number of particles produced upon dissolution. In case the solute is non-electrolyte , one mole of solute produces one mole of dissolved particles (molecules). In case the solute is electrolyte, it may split into a number of ions each of which acts as a particle and thus will affect the colligative properties of solution than non-electrolytes. For example, one mole of glucose produces one mole of dissolved particles (molecules) while one mole of NaC1 produces two moles of dissolved particles (one mole each of Na<sup>+</sup> and C1<sup>- </sup>ions). Thus, mole for mole, the NaC1 exerts twice the colligative effect than glucose if the solution is ideal.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Colligative properties are obeyed when the solutions are dilute.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Colligative properties are obeyed when the solutions are dilute. A dilute solution behaves almost as an ideal solution, i.e., the solute-solute interactions are negligible. Concentrated solution is mostly non-ideal.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(vi) The total volume of the solution by mixing 100 cm<sup>3</sup> of water with 100 cm<sup>3</sup> of alcohol may not be equal to 200 cm<sup>3</sup>. Justify it. <o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> Because the intermolecular forces of attraction between alcohol and water molecules are not the same as the intermolecular attractive forces between alcohol molecules or between water molecules. Hence, the total volume of the solution by mixing 100 cm<sup>3</sup> of alcohol with 100 cm<sup>3</sup> of water will not be equal to 200 cm<sup>3</sup>. The total volume of solution will be greater than 200 cm<sup>3</sup> because the forces of attraction between alcohol and water molecules are weaker than those between alcohol molecules or between water molecules.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(vii) One molal solution of urea in water is dilute as compared to one molar solution of urea, but the number of particles of the solute is the same. Justify it</i>. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> One molal solution of urea in water is dilute as compared to one molar solution of urea. This is because a molal solution contains one mole of urea in <st1:metricconverter productid="1000 g" w:st="on">1000 g</st1:metricconverter> of water whereas one molar solution contains one mole of urea in 1000 cm<sup>3</sup> of water.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> At room temperature, density of water is slightly less than one. Therefore, the volume corresponding to <st1:metricconverter productid="1000 g" w:st="on">1000 g</st1:metricconverter> of water be greater than 1000cm<sup>3</sup>. So, the volume of solvent water containing one mole of solute is more in case of molal solution than molar solution. hence, one molal solution of urea in water is dilute as compared to one molar solution of urea in water. Since both the solutions contain 1 mole of urea as solute, therefore , the number of particles of solute is the same in both the solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(viii) Non-ideal solution do not obey the Raoult’s law</i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans</b>. They show deviations from Raoult’s law due to differences in their molecular structures, i.e. , size , shape and intermolecular forces. Formation of such solutions is accompanied by changes in volume and enthalpy. The vapour pressure deviation may be positive or negative in such solutions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q7.</b> What are non-ideal solutions? Discuss their types and give three example of each.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q8.</b> <i>(a) Explain fractional distillation. Justify the two curves when composition is plotted against boiling point of solutions.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(b) The solution showing positive and negative deviations cannot be fractionally distilled at their specific compositions. Explain it. <o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q9.</b> <i>(a) What are azeotropic mixtures? Explain them with the help of graphs.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(b) Explain the effect of temperature on phenol-water system. <o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q10.</b> <i>(a) What are collligative properties? Why are they called so?</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> Because the colligative properties of solution depend only upon the number of solute and solvent particles present in the solution and not upon the chemical nature of the solute molecules. For this reason these properties are called colligative properties.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(b) What is the physical significance of K<sub>B </sub>and k<sub>f</sub> values of solvent?<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> Because the change in boiling point and the freezing point of a solvent is a colligative property that depends only on the ratio of the number of particles of solute an dissolvent in the solution, so these constants are used to determine the molecular mass of an unknown solute.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q11.</b> How to explain that the lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> How do we measure the molar mass of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte solute in a volatile solvent?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q12. </b>How do you justify that?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(a) Boiling points of the solvents increase due to the presence of solutes.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> <i>“The temperature of a pure liquid at which its vapour pressure becomes equal to an external atmospheric pressure on its surface is called boiling point of the liquid.”</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> The addition of a non-volatile solute to a solvent always reduces its vapour pressure below that of the pure solvent. This is because solute particles occupy some of the surface area of the solution decreases the rate of evaporation and thus reduces its pressure. So, a higher temperature is needed to increase the vapour pressure to the point where the solution boils. Hence, the boiling points of the solvents increase due to the presence of solutes.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(b) Freezing points are depressed due to the presence of solutes.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b><i> “The temperature f a pure liquid at which its solid and liquid are froms coexist in equilibrium is called freezing point of the liquid.”</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, it reduces its vapour pressure. If a solution is cooled sufficiently, the temperature at which crystals of pure solvent appear is the freezing point of the solution. At this temperature the solid solvent and solution are in equilibrium, so they must have the same vapour pressure. But , at a definite temperature, a solution containing a non-volatile solute has a lower vapour pressure than the pure solvent. Therefore, solid solvent must be in equilibrium with a solution at a lower temperature than the temperature that it would be in equilibrium with pure solvent. Hence, freezing points are depressed due to the presence of solutes.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(c) The boiling point of one molal urea solution is 100 .52<sup>o </sup>C but the boiling of two molal urea solution is less than 101.04<sup>o</sup>C. <o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> The boiling point of 1 molal urea solution is 100.52<sup>o</sup>C at 1 atm pressure rather than 100<sup>o</sup>C. Thus the elevation of boiling point is (100.52 – 100.00) =0.52<sup>o</sup>C. The boiling point of 2 molal urea solution is 101.04 <sup>o</sup>C , so the elevation of boiling points is (101.04 – 100.00)= 1.04<sup>o</sup>C. Since the boiling point elevation depends upon the number of particles of solute, therefore, e molal urea solution which contains 2 x 6.02 x 10<sup>23 </sup>molecules has double the boiling point elevation than 1 molal urea solution which contains 6.02 x10<sup>23</sup> molecules.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(d) Beckmann’s thermometer is use to note the depression in freezing point.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> Beckmann’s thermometer is used to read temperatures up to, 0.01<sup>o</sup>C over a range of about 5<sup>o</sup>C. Since, freezing point depressions are small , no more than a degree or two. Therefore, to measure a small difference in temperature Beckmann’s thermometer is used. It is more sensitive than ordinary thermometer because one degree is further divided into hundred divisions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(e) In summar the antifreeze solutions protect the radiator from boiling over.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> Water is used as a coolant in automobile radiation to decrease the temperature of the working engine. Pure water boils at 100<sup>o</sup>C. It is observed that solutions boil at higher temperatures than do pure liquid. So, an aqueous solution of antifreeze such as ethylene glycol is used in place of pure water in radiators because it raises the boiling point of pure water. Hence, in summer the antifreeze solution protects the liquid of the radiator to boil over.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <i>(f) NaC1 and KNO<sub>3</sub> are used to lower the melting point of ice.<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Ans.</b> It is a common observation that the freezing point of solution is always lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent. The lowering in freezing point depends upon the number of solute particles (molecules/ ions).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> A mixture of NaC1 and KNO<sub>3</sub> salts is used as a freezing mixture to lower melting points of ice. These salts dissociate in ice water. They split up into a number of ions each of which as a particle due to which the freezing point of water, i.e., the melting point of ice is lowered.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q13.</b> What is Raoult’s law? Give is three statements. How this law can help us to understand the ideality of a solution? </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q14.</b> Give graphical explanation for elevation of boiling point of a solution. Describe one method to determine the boiling pointy elevation of a solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q15.</b> Freezing points of solutions are depressed when non-volatile solutes are present in volatile solvents. Justify it. Plot a graph to elaborate your answer. Also give one method to record the depression of freezing point of a solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q16.</b> Discuss the energetics of solution. Justify the heats of solutions as exothermic and endothermic properties.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q17.</b> (a) Calculate the molarity of glucose solution when <st1:metricconverter productid="9 g" w:st="on">9 g</st1:metricconverter> of it are dissolved in 250 cm<sup>3</sup> of solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Mass of glucose C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>=9g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molar mass of C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>=180g mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Vol. of solution =250 cm<sup>3 </sup>=0.25dm<sup>3 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molarity =?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Formula Used: Molarity=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:129.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="173" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1042"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277825"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:129.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="173" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1043"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277826"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molarity =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:77.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="103" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1044"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277827"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:69pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="92" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1045"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277828"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Molarity =0.2 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(b) Calculate the mass of urea in <st1:metricconverter productid="100 g" w:st="on">100 g</st1:metricconverter> of H<sub>2</sub>O in 0.3 molal solutions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molality=0.3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of H<sub>2</sub>O =100 g =0.1 kg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of urea (solute) =?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molar mass of urea, NH<sub>2</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>=60 g mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Formula Used: Molarity=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="155" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1046"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277829"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> x <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:117pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="156" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1047"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277830"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> 0.3 mol kg<sup>-1</sup> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:71.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="95" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1048"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277831"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:45pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="60" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1049"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277832"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of urea = 0.3 mol kg<sup>-1</sup> x <st1:metricconverter productid="60 g" w:st="on">60 g</st1:metricconverter> mol<sup>-1</sup>x <st1:metricconverter productid="0.1 kg" w:st="on">0.1 kg</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Mass of urea = <st1:metricconverter productid="1.8 g" w:st="on">1.8 g</st1:metricconverter> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(c) Calculate the concentration of a solution in moles kg<sup>-1</sup>, which is obtained by mixing <st1:metricconverter productid="250 g" w:st="on">250 g</st1:metricconverter> of 20% solution of NaC1 with <st1:metricconverter productid="200 g" w:st="on">200 g</st1:metricconverter> of 40% solution of NaC1.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>First solution</b>:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><st1:metricconverter productid="100 g" w:st="on">100 g</st1:metricconverter> of NaC1 solution contains pure NaC1 =20g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><st1:metricconverter productid="250 g" w:st="on">250 g</st1:metricconverter> of NaC1 solution contains pure NaC1 =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="52" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1050"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277833"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x250 g =80g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Second solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><st1:metricconverter productid="100 g" w:st="on">100 g</st1:metricconverter> of solution contains pure NaC1 =40g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><st1:metricconverter productid="200 g" w:st="on">200 g</st1:metricconverter> of NaC1 solution contains pure =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image046.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="52" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1051"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277834"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x200 g =80g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Total mass of solute NaC1 =(50 + 80)g =130 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Total mass of NaC1 solution =(250 + 200) g =450 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Mass of solvent =(450 – 130)g =320 g =0.32 kg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Formula used:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molarity =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="155" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1052"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277835"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> x <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1053" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:120.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="161" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1053"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277836"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molality =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1054"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:72.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="97" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1054"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277837"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1055" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:42pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="56" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1055"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277838"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Molality=6.94 mol kg<sup>-1</sup> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q18.</b> (a) An aqueous solution of sucrose has been labeled as 1 molal. Find the mole fraction of the solute and the solvent.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molality =1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of solute, C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11 </sub>=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molar mass of C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11 </sub>=342 g mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> No. of kg of solvent =1 kg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Formula used:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molarity =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1056" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="155" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1056"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277839"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> x <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1057" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:120pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="160" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1057"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277840"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Mass of solute, =molality x molar mass of solute x No. of Kg of solvent</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> = 1 x 342 x 1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> =342 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Now, No. of moles of sucrose=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1058" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="93" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1058"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277842"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1mol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> No. of moles of water =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:63.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image058.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="85" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1059"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277843"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> =55.56 mol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Total no. of moles =1 + 55.56 = 56.56 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Mole fraction of sucrose =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1060" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:42pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060" width="56" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1060"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277844"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.076 Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Mole fraction of water =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1061" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image062.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061" width="56" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1061"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277845"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.9823 Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(b) Your are provide with 80% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> having density <st1:metricconverter productid="1.84 g" w:st="on">1.84 g</st1:metricconverter> cm-3. How much volume of this H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> sample is required to obtain one dm<sup>3</sup> of 20% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> which has a density of <st1:metricconverter productid="1.25 g" w:st="on">1.25 g</st1:metricconverter> cm<sup>-3</sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>First solution:</b> % of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =80</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Density of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> = <st1:metricconverter productid="1.8 g" w:st="on">1.8 g</st1:metricconverter> cm<sup>-3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">It means that: 1 cm<sup>3</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> has mass =1.8 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> 1000 cm<sup>3</sup> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> has mass =1.8 x1000=1800g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Now, 100g of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution contains pure H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =80 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><st1:metricconverter productid="1800 g" w:st="on">1800 g</st1:metricconverter> of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution contains pure H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1062"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image065.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062" width="44" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1062"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277846"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x 1800 =1440 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> No. of moles of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1063" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:120pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image066.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063" width="160" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1063"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277847"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1064" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:63.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image068.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064" width="85" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1064"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277848"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=14.7 mol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">So, 14.7 moles of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> are present in 100 cm<sup>3</sup> of concentrated H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, therefore , the molarity of solution is 14.7.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molarity of conc. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> = <st1:metricconverter productid="14.7 M" w:st="on">14.7 M</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Second solution:</b> Percentage of dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution =20% (w/w)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Density of dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution =1.25 g cm<sup>-3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">It means that: 1 cm<sup>3</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> has mass=1.25 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> 1000 cm<sup>3</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> has mass =1.25 x 1000 =1250 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Now, <st1:metricconverter productid="100 g" w:st="on">100 g</st1:metricconverter> dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution contains pure H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =20g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><st1:metricconverter productid="1250 g" w:st="on">1250 g</st1:metricconverter> of dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution contains pure H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1065"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image070.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065" width="29" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1065"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277849"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x1250 =250 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> No. of moles of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> = <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1066" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:53.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image072.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image073.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066" width="71" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1066"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277850"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=2.55 mol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">So, 2.55 moles of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> are present in 1000 cm<sup>3</sup> of dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, therefore the molarity of dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution is <st1:metricconverter productid="2.55 M" w:st="on">2.55 M</st1:metricconverter>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Now, volume of conc. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution required to prepare dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution can be calculated by using the dilution formula:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Conc. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> M<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub> = M<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> 14.7 xV<sub>1</sub> = 2.55 x 1000cm<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><sup> </sup> V<sub>1</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1067"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:84.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image074.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image075.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="113" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1067"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277851"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> V<sub>1</sub>=173.46 cm<sup>3</sup> =173.5 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Hence, volume of concentration H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>solution required to prepare dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution =175.5 cm<sup>3</sup> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q19.</b> 250 cm<sup>3 </sup>of 0.2 molar K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>solution is mixed with 250 cm<sup>3 </sup> of 0.2 molar KC1 solution. Calculate the molar concentration of K<sup>+</sup> ions in the solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image077.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1068"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277852"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sub>2K<sup>+</sup>+ SO<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1069"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image078.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image079.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1069"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277853"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="0.2 M" w:st="on">0.2 M</st1:metricconverter> 2 x 0.2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> 0.4</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molarity of K<sup>+</sup> ions=0.4M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> KC1<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1070"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image077.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1070"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277854"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sub>K<sup>+</sup>+ C1<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1071"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:8.25pt;height:15pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image080.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="11" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1071"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277855"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="0.2 M" w:st="on">0.2 M</st1:metricconverter> 0.2M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molarity of K<sup>+ </sup>ions =0.2M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Total molarity of K<sup>+</sup> ions=(0.4 +0.2) M=0.6M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Total volume of solution =250 cm<sup>3</sup> +250 cm<sup>3</sup>=500cm<sup>3</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Since after mixing the two solutions, the total volume becomes 500 cm<sup>3</sup>, so the concentration of K<sup>+ </sup>ions becomes half. So, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Molarity of K<sup>+ </sup>ions =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1072"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image083.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1072"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277856"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.3 M Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q20.</b> <st1:metricconverter productid="5 g" w:st="on">5 g</st1:metricconverter> of NaC1 are dissolved in <st1:metricconverter productid="1000 g" w:st="on">1000 g</st1:metricconverter> of water. The density of resulting solution is <st1:metricconverter productid="0.997 g" w:st="on">0.997 g</st1:metricconverter> cm<sup>-3</sup>. calculate molality, molarity and mole-fraction of this solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Assume that the volume of the solution is equal to that of solvent.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Calculations for Molality<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Mass of solute, NaC1 =5g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molar mass of solute =58.5 g mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Mass of solvent , H<sub>2</sub>O =1000g =1kg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molality=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Formula used:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molarity =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1073" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="155" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1073"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277857"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> x <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1074" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:108.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image084.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="145" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1074"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277858"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b> M</b>olality =<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1075"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:101.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="135" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1075"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277859"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b> </b>=0.0854 mol kg<sup>-1<b> </b></sup><b>= <st1:metricconverter productid="0.0854 m" w:st="on">0.0854 m</st1:metricconverter> Answer</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>(ii) Calculations for molarity:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of solute, NaC1 =5g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molar mass of solute =58.5 g mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of solvent, H<sub>2</sub>O =1000 g = 1kg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Density of solution=0.997 g cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Now, d<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1076" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image088.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image089.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1076"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277861"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> or V=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1077"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image090.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image091.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1077" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1077"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277862"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Vol. of solution =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1078" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image092.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image093.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1078" width="93" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1078"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277863"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1003 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Vol. of solution in dm<sup>3</sup> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1079" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image094.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image095.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1079" width="37" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1079"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277864"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.003 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molarity =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1080"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1080" width="155" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1080"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277865"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> x <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1081" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:104.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image096.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image097.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1081" width="139" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1081"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277866"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1082" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:119.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image098.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image099.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1082" width="159" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1082"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277867"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b> =0.0852 mol dm<sup>-3 </sup>= <st1:metricconverter productid="0.0852 M" w:st="on">0.0852 M</st1:metricconverter> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Calculations for mole fraction:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">No. of moles of solute, NaC1 =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1083" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:62.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image100.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image101.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1083" width="83" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1083"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277868"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.0855 mol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">No. of moles of solvent H<sub>2</sub>O =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1084" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image102.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image103.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1084" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1084"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277869"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=55.556 mol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Total number of moles =0.0855 + 55.556 =55.64 mol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Mole fraction of NaC1, X <sub>NaC1</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1085" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:38.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image104.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image105.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1085" width="51" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1085"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277870"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.00154 Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Mole fraction of water, X<sub>H2O </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1086"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:38.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image106.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image107.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1086" width="51" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1086"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277871"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=09984 Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q21.</b> <st1:metricconverter productid="4.675 g" w:st="on">4.675 g</st1:metricconverter> of compound with empirical formula C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub>O were dissolved in <st1:metricconverter productid="212.5 g" w:st="on">212.5 g</st1:metricconverter> of pure benzene. The freezing point of solution was found 1.02<sup>o</sup>C less than that of pure benzene. The molal freezing point constant of benzene is 5.1<sup>o</sup>C. calculate (i) the relative molar mass and (ii) the molecular formula of the compound.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -5.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Mass of solute=4.675 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Mass of solvent =212.5 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> K<i><sub>f</sub></i> =5.1<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1087"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image108.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image109.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1087" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1087"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277872"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>T<i><sub>f</sub></i> =1.02<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molar mass of solute =?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Formula used:</b> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molar mass of solute =<span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1088"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24.75pt;height:36.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image110.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="49" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1088" width="33" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1088"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277873"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1089" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:81.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image112.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image113.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1089" width="109" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1089"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277874"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x 1000</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molar mass of solute =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1090" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image114.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1090" width="33" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1090"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277875"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1091" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:63pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1091" width="84" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1091"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277876"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Molar mass of solute =110 g mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">(ii) Empirical formula =C<sub>3 </sub>H<sub>3</sub>O</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Empirical formula mass =36+3+16=55</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> n =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1092" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:120pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image118.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1092" width="160" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1092"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277877"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> n =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1093" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image120.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image121.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1093" width="29" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1093"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277878"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molecular formula =(Empirical formula)<sub>n</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> =( C<sub>3 </sub>H<sub>3</sub>O)<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>= C<sub>3 </sub>H<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q22.</b> The boiling point of a solution containing <st1:metricconverter productid="0.2 g" w:st="on">0.2 g</st1:metricconverter> of a substance A in <st1:metricconverter productid="20.0 g" w:st="on">20.0 g</st1:metricconverter> of ether (molar mass =74) is 0.17 K higher than that of pure ether. Calculate the molar mass of A. Molal boiling point constant of ether is 2.16 K.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of A=0.2 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of solvent =20 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1094" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image122.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image109.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1094" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1094"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277879"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>T<sub>b</sub> =0.17 k</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> K<sub>b</sub> =2.16K </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molar mass of solute, A=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Formula used:</b> Molar mass of A<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1095" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:24pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image123.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image124.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1095" width="32" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1095"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277881"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1096" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:84.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image125.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image126.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1096" width="113" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1096"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277882"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x1000.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molar mass of A =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1097"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image127.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image128.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1097" width="36" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1097"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277883"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1098" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:20.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image129.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image130.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1098" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1098"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277884"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x1000</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>Molar mass of A=127 g mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Q23. </b><st1:metricconverter productid="3 g" w:st="on">3 g</st1:metricconverter> of a non-volatile , non-electrolyte solute ‘X’ are dissolved in <st1:metricconverter productid="50 g" w:st="on">50 g</st1:metricconverter> of ether (molar mass =74) at 293 K. The vapour pressure of ether falls from 442 torr to 426 torr under these conditions. Calculate. Calculate the molar mass of solute ‘X’.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of solute, X =3g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Mass of solvent (ether) =50 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molar mass of solvent (ether) =74</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Vapour pressure of pure solvent, <st1:place w:st="on">P<sup>o</sup></st1:place><sup> </sup> =442 torr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Vapour pressure of solution, p =426 torr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1099" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image122.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image109.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1099" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1099"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277885"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>P=<st1:place w:st="on">P<sup>o</sup></st1:place><sup> </sup>– p =442 – 426 =16 torr</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> Molar mass of solute, X =?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"><b>Formula used:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;">Molar mass of solute, X =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1100" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39.75pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image131.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image132.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1100" width="53" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1100"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277886"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1101" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:83.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image133.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image134.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1101" width="111" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1101"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277887"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x Molar mass of solvent</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1102" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:66pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image135.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image136.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1102" width="88" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1102"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277888"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -5.75pt;"> <b>=122.66 g mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-38172981226535584822011-12-24T11:17:00.000-08:002011-12-24T11:17:34.583-08:00Chapter 8th<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">CHAPTER 8</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: 24pt; text-align: center;"><b>CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: 24pt; text-align: center;"><b> <span style="color: blue;">MCQs</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="W">Q.1 A reaction is reversible because</div><div class="I"> (a) reactants are reactive (b) products are reactive</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) products are stable (d) reactants are stable</div><div class="W">Q.2 A large value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> means that at equilibrium</div><div class="I"> (a) less reactants and more products</div><div class="I"> (b) more reactants and less product</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) same amount</div><div class="I"> (d) none</div><div class="W">Q.3 Extent to H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + I<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2HI can be increased by</div><div class="I"> (a) increasing pressure (b) increasing product</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) increasing temp (d) adding a catalyst</div><div class="W">Q.4 Strength of an acid can be determined by</div><div class="I"> (a) PK<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a </span></span> (b) PK<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) POH (d) PK<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">w</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.5 In an exothermic reversible reaction increase in temp shifts the equilibrium to</div><div class="I"> (a) reactant side (b) product side</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) remains unchanged (d) none</div><div class="W">Q.6 Units of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">w</span></span> are</div><div class="I"> (a) mole dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3 </span></span> (b) mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–6 </span></span> (d) mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.7 A basic Buffer solution can be prepared by mixing</div><div class="I"> (a) weak acid and its salt with strong base</div><div class="I"> (b) strong acid and its salt with weak base</div><div class="I"> (c) weak base and its salt with strong acid</div><div class="I"> (d) strong base and its salt with weak acid</div><div class="W">Q.8 Buffer action can be explained by</div><div class="I"> (a) common ion effect (b) law of mass action</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Le–Chatlier’s principle (d) all above</div><div class="W">Q.9 Ionization of weak acid is expressed in term of following constant</div><div class="I"> (a) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">w </span></span> (b) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a </span></span> (d) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">b</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.10 Solubility of Ca(OH)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is exothermic. If solubility will increase</div><div class="I"> (a) at high temp (b) at low temp</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) temp independent (d) none</div><div class="W">Q.11 For which system does the equilibrium constant, K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> has units of concentration</div><div class="I"> (a) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + 3H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> (b) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + I<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2 HI</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 2NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> (d) 2HF <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + F<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.12 Which statement about the following equilibrium is correct</div><div class="W"> 2SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> H = – 188.3 kJ mol<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span> </div><div class="I"> (a) the value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> falls with a rise in temp</div><div class="I"> (b) the value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> falls with increasing pressure</div><div class="I"> (c) adding V<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span> catalyst increase the equilibrium yield of sulphur trioxide</div><div class="I"> (d) the value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> is equal to K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> </div><div class="W">Q.13 The PH of 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span> mole dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span> of an aqueous solution of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> is</div><div class="I"> (a) 3.0 (b) 2.7</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 2.0 (d) 1.5</div><div class="W">Q.14 The solubility product of AgCl is 2.0 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–10</span></span> mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–6</span></span>. The max concentration of Ag<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> ions in the solution is</div><div class="I"> (a) 2.0 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–10</span></span> mol dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3 </span></span>(b) 1.41 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–5</span></span> mol dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1.0 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–10</span></span> mol dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span> (d) 4.0 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–20</span></span> mol dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.15 An excess of aqueous silver nitrate to added to aqueous barium chloride and precipitate is removed by filtration what are the main ions in the filtrate</div><div class="I"> (a) Ag<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> and NO<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–,</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>3</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> only (b) Ag<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> and Ba<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2+</span></span> and NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Ba<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2+</span></span> and NO<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–,</span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>3</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> only (d) Ba<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+2</span></span> and NO<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–,</span><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>3</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> and Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.16 For N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + 3H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="I"> (a) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p </span></span>(b) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> RT</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> (RT)<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–2</span></span> (d) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> (RT)<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.17 H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + I<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2HI</div><div class="W"> In the above equilibrium system, if the conc. of reactants of 25<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C is increased, the value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> will</div><div class="I"> (a) increase (b) decrease</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) remains constant</div><div class="I"> (d) depends upon nature of reactants</div><div class="W">Q.18 In a chemical reaction, equilibrium is said to have established when</div><div class="I"> (a) opposing reactions stops</div><div class="I"> (b) concentrations of reactants and products are equal</div><div class="I"> (c) rate constants of opposing reactions are equal</div><div class="W">Q.19 The relation between K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> and K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> is</div><div class="I"> (a) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> (RT) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>n (b) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> (RT) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>n</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> (RT) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>n (d) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \b( \f(P,N) ) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="W">Q.20 The precipitation occurs if the ionic concentration is</div><div class="I"> (a) less than K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">sp </span></span> (b) more than K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">sp</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) equal to K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">sp </span></span> (d) is present at any moment</div><div class="W">Q.21 The PH of oranges is</div><div class="I"> (a) 3.5 (b) 3.1</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 4.6 (d) 4.2</div><div class="W">Q.22 Which one of following solution have zero PH</div><div class="I"> (a) 1M HCl (b) 0.5 MH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) <st1:metricconverter productid="0.1 M" w:st="on">0.1 M</st1:metricconverter> HNO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) 1M CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COOH</div><div class="W">Q.23 The solubility product expression for BaF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> can be written as</div><div class="I"> (a) [Ba<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2+</span></span>] [F<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span>] (b) [Ba<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2+</span></span>] [2F]</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) [Ba<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2+</span></span>] [F<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span>]<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) [Ba<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span>] [F<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span>]<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.24 To prepare a buffer with PH close to 9.0, you could use a mixture of</div><div class="I"> (a) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>OH and NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>Cl</div><div class="I"> (b) CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COOH and CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COONa</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) HNO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + NaNO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="I"> (d) NaHCO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.25 For which reaction the numerical value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> and K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> are same</div><div class="I"> (a) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + 3H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> (b) 2SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="I"> (c) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2HCl (d) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.26 For which system does the equilibrium constant K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> have units (mole dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3</span></span>)<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span> </div><div class="I"> (a) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + I<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2HI (b) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + 3H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="I"> (c) 2NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> </div><div class="I"> (d) CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COOH + C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span>OH <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COOC<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span> + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="W">Q.27 What can affect the magnitude of equilibrium constant K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> of a reversible gaseous reaction</div><div class="I"> (a) temperature (b) pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) catalyst (d) none of above</div><div class="W"><br />
</div><div class="W">Q.28 Which gas can change the PH towards acidic</div><div class="I"> (a) argon (b) carbon dioxide</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) nitrogen (d) oxygen</div><div class="W">Q.29 The solution having zero PH will be </div><div class="I"> (a) basic (b) high basic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) neutral (d) highly acidic</div><div class="W">Q.30 A solution have H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> ions concentration 1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–7</span></span> its PH will be</div><div class="I"> (a) acid (b) basic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) neutral (d) zero</div><div class="W">Q.31 Which one of the following has highest PH</div><div class="I"> (a) <st1:metricconverter productid="0.1 M" w:st="on">0.1 M</st1:metricconverter> HCl (b) <st1:metricconverter productid="1.0 M" w:st="on">1.0 M</st1:metricconverter> HCl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) gastric juice (d) lemons</div><div class="W">Q.32 Which PH is considered as basic</div><div class="I"> (a) 1 (b) 7</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 2 (d) 11</div><div class="W">Q.33 The sum of PH and POH is</div><div class="I"> (a) 2 (b) 7</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 14 (d) 13.5</div><div class="W">Q.34 A buffer solution can be prepared by mixing</div><div class="I"> (a) a strong acid and weak base</div><div class="I"> (b) a weak acid and weak base</div><div class="I"> (c) a strong acid and its salt</div><div class="I"> (d) a weak base and its salt with strong acid</div><div class="W">Q.35 Law of mass action was presented by</div><div class="I"> (a) <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Henderson</st1:place></st1:city> (b) Lewis</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Guldberg and Waage (d) Arrehenius</div><div class="W">Q.36 The unit of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> for reaction</div><div class="W"> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2NO</div><div class="I"> (a) mol dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–3 </span></span> (b) mol<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span> dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) mol<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–2</span></span> dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6 </span></span> (d) no units</div><div class="W">Q.37 PH of pure water is</div><div class="I"> (a) 3.2 (b) 4.2</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 7.0 (d) 0</div><div class="W">Q.38 Which of following change will favour the formation of more SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> at equilibrium</div><div class="W"> 2SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> + heat</div><div class="I"> (a) by adding SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> at equilibrium</div><div class="I"> (b) by increasing temp</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) by decreasing temp</div><div class="I"> (d) by decreasing pressure</div><div class="W">Q.39 When pressure is applied to the given equilibrium <br />
ice <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> water which of the following will happen</div><div class="I"> (a) more ice will be formed</div><div class="I"> (b) more water will be formed</div><div class="I"> (c) equilibrium will not be disturbed</div><div class="I"> (d) water will formed</div><div class="W">Q.40 Which of following change will favour the formation of more HI in the given reaction</div><div class="W"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + I<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2HI</div><div class="I"> (a) increasing pressure</div><div class="I"> (b) decreasing pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) by adding more HI</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (d) by adding more H</span><span class="M"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> and I</span><span class="M"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2</span></span><br />
<span class="M"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="M"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"> </span><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">ANSWERS</span></b></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="M"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">1<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">2<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">A<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">8<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">9<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">11<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">12<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">13<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">14<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">15<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">16<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">17<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">18<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">19<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">20<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">21<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">22<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">23<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">24<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">25<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">26<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">27<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">28<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">29<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">30<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">31<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">32<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">33<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">34<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">35<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">36<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">37<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">38<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">39<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">40<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> SHORT QUESTION WITH ANSWERS</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="Q">Q.1 What is weak electrolyte?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A compound which is only partially ionized in aqueous solution is called as weak electrolyte.e.g CH<sub>3</sub>COOH(Acetic aci)</div><div class="Q">Q.2 What is meant by state of chemical equilibrium?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The state of reversible reaction, in which forward and reverse rates are equal.(R<sub>f</sub>=R<sub>r</sub>)</div><div class="Q">Q.3 What are reversible reaction?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Those reactions in which the reactants products are converted into each other under same set of conditions.</div><div class="Q">Q.4 Define Le–Chatlier’s principle.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> If a system in equilibrium is disturbed at equilibrium it will move in that direction where change is minimized.</div><div class="Q">Q.5 What are conjugate acid and bases?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When an acid is dissolved in water it will form H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>O<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> ions and an anion the anion of an acid is called conjugate base and H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>O<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> is called conjugate acid e.g.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>OOH + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>O<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> + CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COO<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Acid Base Conjugate acid Conjugate base</div><div class="Q">Q.6 Why we need buffer solution in daily life?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Buffers can resist the charge of its PH value therefore they are required in chemical analysis, pharmaceuticals, electroplating, photography, beverage industry, microbiology molecular biology, soil science and in quantitative analysis.Our blood is best example of buffer solution having <sub>P</sub>H 7.35. If it decreases upto 7 or goes upto 8 death may occur.</div><div class="Q">Q.7 Discuss the factors on which buffer PH depends.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> PH of buffer depends upon two factors.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) Pk<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> or k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> value of an acid</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Concentration of salt and acid taken for the buffer.</div><div class="Q">Q.8 What is buffer capacity?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The amount of acid or base which a buffer can absorb without significant charge in PH is called buffer capacity. Buffer capacity is the ability of buffer to resist the change in its PH value.</div><div class="Q">Q.9 How can we calculate the PH of buffer?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> We can calculate the PH of a buffer the PH of Henderson equation which can be derived as</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> HA <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> + A<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([H<span class=K><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>+</span></span>] [A<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>],[HA]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(ka [HA],[A<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Take log on both sides</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Log [H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span>] = log <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(ka [HA],[A<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Log [H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span>] = log k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(log [HA],[A<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Multiply equation by (– 1) on both sides</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> – log [H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span>] = – log k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> – log <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([HA],[A<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> PH = Pk<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> – log <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([HA],[A<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> or</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> PH = Pk<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> + log <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([A<span class=K><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>],[HA]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> PH = Pk<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> + log <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([salt],[Acid]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> In similar way</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> POH = Pk<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">b</span></span> + log <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([salt],[base]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="Q">Q.10 How K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> can be applied to calculate direction of chemical reaction?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) If <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([Initial conc. of C]<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>c</span></span> [Initial conc. of D]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>d</span></span>,[Initial conc. of A]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>a</span></span> [Initial conc. of B]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>b</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> < K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Then the reaction will proceed in the forward direction until the equilibrium is established.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) If <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([Initial conc. of C]<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>c</span></span> [Initial conc. of D]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>d</span></span>,[Initial conc. of A]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>a</span></span> [Initial conc. of B]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>b</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> > K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Then the reaction will proceed in the backward direction until the equilibrium is established.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> If <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([Initial conc. of C]<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>c</span></span> [Initial conc. of D]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>d</span></span>,[Initial conc. of A]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>a</span></span> [Initial conc. of B]<span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>b</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Then the reaction is already in equilibrium.</div><div class="Q">Q.11 How value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> can help to predict the extent to which a chemical reaction can take place?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The extent of reaction depends upon the magnitude of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span>. i.e.</div><div class="Q">(i) Very small value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span>:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> when K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> is very small the forward reaction will not occur to an appreciable extent and the reverse reaction will go almost to complete.</div><div class="Q">(ii) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> is very large:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> is very large the reverse reaction will not occur to an appreciable extent and the forward reaction is almost complete.</div><div class="Q">(iii) K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> has an intermediate value:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When the value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> is neither very large nor very small, the equilibrium mixture contains appreciable amounts of both reactant and products.</div><div class="Q">Q.12 What are optimum conditions for the formation of NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> by Haber’s process?</div><div class="Q"> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + 3H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = -92.46 kJ/m</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) As the reaction is exothermic max yield is obtained at low temp.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) By applying pressure, more product is obtained. According four moles of reactants produce two moles of product so by applying pressure more yield of NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> is gained.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) Continuous withdrawl of NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> will also increase the yield.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(vi) Rate of reaction can also be increase with the help of catalyst like iron or iron oxide.</div><div class="Q">Q.13 A catalyst does not change the position of equilibrium but this equilibrium position approach earlier. Why?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A catalyst decrease the energy of activation required by reacting substance so the position of equilibrium reaches earlier.</div><div class="Q">Q.14 How the change in pressure at equilibrium position effect the following reaction?</div><div class="Q"> PCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> PCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> + Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="Q"><br />
</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to Le–chatlier’s principle, by increasing pressure the reaction will move toward less number of moles. In the above reaction, by increasing pressure the reaction will move in backward direction.</div><div class="Q">Q.15 What is the relationship b/w k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span>, k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> & k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n</span></span>?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> These four parameters are related as.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> (RT)<span class="K"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">x<b> </b></span></span>(P)<span class="K"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n</span></span> = K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \b( \f(P,N) )<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
position:relative;top:-10.0pt;mso-text-raise:10.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;
mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
Symbol'>D</span></span></span><span class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;position:relative;top:-10.0pt;mso-text-raise:10.0pt'>n</span></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When mole of products are reactant are equal i.e. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>n = 0 their</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> = d<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">x</span></span> = k<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n</span></span></div><div class="Q">Q.16 Prove that K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">w</span></span> is ionic product of water and its value is 1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–14</span></span> at 25<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Water undergoes self ionization as</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> 2H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>O<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> + <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></st1:place></st1:state></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> or H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> + <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></st1:place></st1:state></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> [H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O] = [H+] [<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></st1:place></st1:state>]</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">w</span></span> = [H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span>] [<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></st1:place></st1:state>]</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> At 25<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C the value of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">w</span></span> ionic product have been measured. Its value is 1 <span class="J">x </span>10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–14<b>.</b></span></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.17 How can you purify NaCl by common ion effect?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The impurities present in the common salt are CaCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> MgCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> and Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> in it. These impurities can be removed by common Ion effect. For this purpose a saturated solution of NaCl is prepared. Then HCl gas is passed through it. HCl is stronger electrolyte than NaCl Ionization of NaCl is suppressed by passing HCl gas and it is precipitated out.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.18 A buffer consists of a weak acid and is salt.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COOH + CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>COONa</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span>COOH + C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span>COONa</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> + NaHCO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>PO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> + NaH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>PO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.19 How can you co–relate K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> with K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span>?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> is dissociation constant of an acid while K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> is the equilibrium constant suppose an acid HA Ionize as</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> HA + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>O<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> + A<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([H<span class=M><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>3</span></span>O<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>+</span></span>] [A<span
class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>],[HA] [H<span class=M><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span></span> O]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> concentration of [H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O] almost remains constant so we can write.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([H<span class=M><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>3</span></span>O<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>+</span></span>] [A<span
class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>],[HA] [H<span class=M><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span></span> O]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">c</span></span> [H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O] = ka</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">a</span></span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f([H<span class=M><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>3</span></span>O<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>+</span></span>] [A<span
class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–</span></span>],[H<span
class=M><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span></span> O]) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="Q">Q.20 How can you calculate % Ionization of an acid?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Percentage Ionization of an acid can be determined by the following formula.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> % Ionization = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(Amount of acid Ionized,Amount of acid) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span class="J">x</span> 100</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 117.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"> initially available.</div><div class="Q">Q.21 N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + 3H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;
top:-2.0pt;mso-text-raise:2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>L</span></span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>,</span><span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";position:relative;top:2.0pt;mso-text-raise:
-2.0pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>K</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> 2NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = -92.46 KJ/mol</div><div class="Q"> This reaction is favourable at low temperature then why its production is favourable at <st1:metricconverter productid="4500C" w:st="on">450<sup>0</sup>C</st1:metricconverter>?</div><div class="Q">Ans:</div><div class="Q"> This is industrial condition favourable at the industrial level because at low temperature the reaction becomes very slow because both are gases.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Q">Q.22 What is common ion effect?</div><div class="Q">Ans: <o:p></o:p></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The decrease in ionization of a weak electrolyte by adding another strong electrolyte having common ion.e.g ionization of NaCl is decreased by passing HCl through NaCl solution.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.23 What is solubility product?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b> </b>The product of molar solubilities of the ions of weak electrolyte at equilibrium stage is called solubility product. It is represented by K<sub>sp</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="vertical-align: sub;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="color: blue; font-size: x-large; vertical-align: sub;"> TEXT BOOK EXERCISE</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="color: blue; font-size: x-large; vertical-align: sub;"> </b><b>Q1. Multiple Choice questions</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(i) For which system does the equilibrium constant, K<sub>c</sub> has units of (concentration)<sup>-1</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(a) N<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277382"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2NH<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(b) H<sub>2</sub> + I<sub>2</sub><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277384"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> 2HI<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(c) 2NO<sub>2</sub> <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277385"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> N<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(d) 2HF <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277386"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>2</sub> + F<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(ii) Which statement about the following equilibrium is correct<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2SO<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277387"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2SO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(a) The value of K<sub>p</sub> falls with a rise in temperature <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (b) The value of K<sub>P</sub> falls with increasing Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (c) Adding V<sub>2</sub> O<sub>5</sub> catalyst increases the equilibrium yield of SO<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(d) The value of K<sub>p</sub> is equal to K<sub>c</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(iii) The pH of 10<sup>-3</sup> mol/dm<sup>3</sup><sub> </sub>of an equous solution of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (a) 3 (b) 2.7 (c) 2 (d) 1.5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(iv) The solubility product of AgCI is 2 x 10<sup>10</sup> mol<sup>2</sup> dm<sup>-6 </sup>. The maximum concentration of Ag+ ions in the solution is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (a) 2 x 10<sup>-10 </sup>mol dm<sup>-3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(b) <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1.41 x 10<sup>-10 </sup>mol dm<sup>-3</sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">(c) <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1 x 10<sup>-10 </sup>mol dm<sup>-3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(d) 4 x 10<sup>-20 </sup>mol dm<sup>-3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(v) An ecxcess of aqueous silver nitrate is added to aqueous barium chloride and precipitate is removed by filtration. What are the main ions in the filtrate?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">(a) Ag<sup>+</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-1</sup> only</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">(b) Ag<sup>+</sup> and Ba<sup>2+</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">(c) Ba<sup>2+</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-1</sup> only</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">(d) Ba<sup>2+</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-1</sup> and CI<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Ans. i)c ii)a iii)b iv)b v)b<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Q2. Fill in the blanks<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(i) Law of mass action states that the rate at which a reaction proceeds is directly <span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;"> HHhhhhhh</span>proportional to the product of the active masses of the ______.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(ii) In an exothermic reversible reaction, _________in temperature will shift the equilibrium towards the forward direction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(iii) The equilibrium constant for the reaction 2O<sub>3</sub> <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277388"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3O<sub>2</sub> is 10<sup>55</sup> at 25<sup>o</sup>C, it tells that ozone is _______at room temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">(iv) In a gas phase reaction, if the number of moles of reactants are equal to the number of moles of the products, K<sub>C</sub> of the reaction is ______to the K<sub>p</sub>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Buffer solution is prepared by by mixing together a weak base and its salt with _______ or a weak acid and its salt with ________. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Ans. i)reactants ii)decrease iii)unstable iv)equal v)strong acid, strong base<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Q3. Label the sentences True or False<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->When a reversible reaction attains equilibrium both reactants and products are present in a reaction mixture.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->The K<sub>c</sub> of the reaction <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">A+B <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277389"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">C+D is given by <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;"> K<sub>c</sub> =<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:36.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="49" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277390"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">Therefore it is assumed that [A] = [B]=[C]=[D]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->A catalyst is a compound, which increases the speed of the reaction and consequently increases the yield of the product. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Ionic product K<sub>w</sub> of pure water at 25<sup>o</sup>C is 10<sup>-14</sup> dm<sup>-6</sup> and is represented by an expression <span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">K<sub>w</sub> =[H<sup>+</sup>][<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state>]=10<sup>-14</sup> mol<sup>2 </sup>dm<sup>-6</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->AgCI is a sparingly soluble ionic solid in water. Its solution produces excess of Ag<sup>+ </sup>and CI<sup>-</sup> ions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Ans. i)True ii)False iii)False iv)True v)False<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1in;"><b>Q4. (a) Explain the terms “reversible reaction” and “state of equilibrium” <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.1 and 8.1.2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) Define and explain the law of mass action and drive the expression for the equilibrium constant K<sub>C</sub>.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span>See Section 8.1.3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Write K<sub>C</sub> for the following reactions<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sn<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ 2Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277391"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>Sn<sup>4+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub> + 2Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ag+<sub>(aq) </sub>+Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277392"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>Ag<sub>(s)</sub> + Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->N<sub>2(g)</sub>+ O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277393"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2NO<sub>(g)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->4NH<sub>3(g) </sub>5O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277394"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>4NO<sub>(g)</sub> +6H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->PCI<sub>5(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1037"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277395"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>PCI<sub>3(g) </sub>+CI<sub>2(g)</sub></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.25pt;" valign="top" width="164"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;">(i) K<sub>c</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:68.25pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="91" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277396"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.25pt;" valign="top" width="164"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;">(ii) K<sub>c</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:65.25pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="87" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277397"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.25pt;" valign="top" width="164"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;">(iii) K<sub>c</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:48pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="64" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1040"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277398"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 19.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.25pt;" valign="top" width="164"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;">(iv) K<sub>c</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="92" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1041"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277399"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.25pt;" valign="top" width="164"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;">(v) K<sub>c</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:60.75pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="81" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1042"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277400"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.25pt;" valign="top" width="164"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q5. (a) Reversible reactions attain the position of equilibrium, which is dynamic in nature and not static. Explain it.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.1.1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) Why do the rates of forward reactions slow down when a reversible in nature and not static. Explain it.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.1.1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q6. When a graph is plotted between time on X-axis and the concentration of reactants and products on Y-axis for a reversible reaction, the curve becomes parallel to time axis at a certain stage.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (a) At what stage the curves become parallel?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (b) Before the curves become parallel, the steepness of curves falls? Give reasons.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(c) The rate of decrease of concentrations of the reactants and rate of increase of concentrations of any of products may or may not be equal for various types of reactions before the equilibrium time. Explain it.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> See section 8.1.1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q7. (a) Write down the relationship of different types of equilibrium constants. i.e. K<sub>c</sub> and K<sub>p</sub> for the following general reactions. <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> aA + bB <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1043"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277401"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>cC +dD</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> See section 8.1.2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <b>(b) Decide the comparative magnitudes of K<sub>c</sub>, K<sub>p</sub> for the following reactions.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;">Synthesis of NH<sub>3</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> N<sub>2(g) </sub>+3H<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1044"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277402"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 2NH<sub>3(g)</sub> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>C</sub> is given by </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>c</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:53.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="71" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1045"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277403"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>p</sub> is given by </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>p</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:62.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="83" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1046"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277404"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> For this reaction, change in number of moles is given by </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1047"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1047"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277405"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>n =number of mole of product-number of moles of reactants</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> =2 – (1+3)=-2 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Hence</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>p</sub>=K<sub>c</sub> x (RT)<sup>-2</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Or K<sub>p</sub> = K<sub>c</sub> x <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:33.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="45" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1048"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277406"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Thus if T is such that RT > 1, then K<sub>p</sub> < K<sub>c</sub> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> If T is such that RT< 1, then K<sub>p</sub> > K<sub>c</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;">Dissociation of PCI<sub>5</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> PCI<sub>5(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1049"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277407"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>PCI<sub>3(g)</sub>+ CI<sub>2(g)</sub> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>c</sub> is given by according to law of Mass of Action</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>c</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:60.75pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="81" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1050"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277409"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>p</sub> is given by </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>p</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1051"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277410"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> For this reaction, change in number of moles is given by </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1052"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1052"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277411"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>n =number of mole of product-number of moles of reactants</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> =2 – 1 =1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>p</sub> =K<sub>c</sub> x (RT)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Thus If T is such that RT > 1, then K<sub>p</sub> > Kc</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> If T is such that RT< 1, then K<sub>p</sub> <K<sub>c</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q8. (a) Write down K<sub>C</sub> for the following reversible reactions. Suppose that the volume of reaction mixture in all the cases is ‘V’ dm<sup>3</sup><sub> </sub>at equilibrium stage.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> (i) CH<sub>3</sub> COOH+ CH<sub>3</sub> CH<sub>2</sub> OH <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1053"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1053"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277412"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> CH<sub>3</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>O</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> (ii) H<sub>2</sub> +1<sub>2</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1054" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1054"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277413"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2HI</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> (iii) 2HI<span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1055" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1055"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277414"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>2 </sub>+I<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> (iv) PCI<sub>5</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1056" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1056"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277415"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> PCI<sub>3</sub> + CI<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> (v) N<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1057" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1057"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277416"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2NH<sub>3</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> See section 8.1.3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) How do you explain that some of the reactions mentioned above are affected by change of volume at equilibrium stage?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q9. Explain the following two applications fo equilibrium constant. Give examples.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (i) Direction of reaction<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (ii) Extent of reaction<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> See section 8.1.5</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q10. Explain the following with reasons. <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(a) The change of volume disturbs the equilibrium position for some of the gaseous phase reactions, but not the equilibrium constant.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) The change of temperature disturbs both the equilibrium position and the equilibrium constant of a reaction.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(c) The solubility of glucose in water is increased by increasing the temperature.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q11. (a) What is ionic product of water? How does this value vary with the change in T? Is it true that this value is 75 times when the T of water increased form 0<sup>o</sup>C to 100<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Ionic Product of water is given by the equation</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>w</sub> [H<sup>+</sup>][<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Value of K<sub>w</sub> increases with increase in temperature. It is because increase in temperature increase the ionization of H<sub>2</sub>O. Thus, more H<sup>+</sup><sub> </sub>or <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> ions are produced. Hence value of K<sub>w</sub> increase.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> e.g.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> At 25<sup>o</sup>C K<sub>w</sub> =1 x 10<sup>-14<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><sup> and</sup> At 100<sup>o</sup>C K<sub>w</sub> =7.5 x 10<sup>-14</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Further</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> At 0<sup>o</sup>C (K<sub>w</sub>)<sub>o </sub> =0.1 x 10<sup>-14</sup>_____(1)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> At 100<sup>o</sup>C (K<sub>w</sub>)<sub>100</sub> =7.5 x 10<sup>-14</sup>_____(2)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Divide eq (2) by eq (1)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1058"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:44.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="59" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1058"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277417"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:54.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="73" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1059"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277418"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=75</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> or (K<sub>W</sub>) <sub>100</sub> =75 x (K<sub>w</sub>)<sub>0</sub> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Hence, K<sub>W </sub>at 100<sup>o</sup>C is 75 times more than at 0<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) What is the Justification for the increase of ionic product with temperature?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Value of K<sub>w</sub> increase with increase in temperature. It is because increase in temperature increase the ionization of H<sub>2</sub>O. Thus, more H<sup>+</sup><sub> </sub>or <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> ions are produced. Hence value K<sub>w</sub> increases.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(c) How do you prove that at 25<sup>O</sup>C in 1 dm<sup>3</sup><sub> </sub>of water, there are 10<sup>-7</sup> moles of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> At 25<sup>O</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>w</sub> =[H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>][OH<sup>-14</sup> ____(1)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">Since ionization of water gives equal no. of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> and <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> ions </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">therefore</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>]=[<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Hence, eq (1) can be written as</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>w</sub> =[H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>][H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>]=10<sup>-14</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Or [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>]<sup>2</sup>=10<sup>-14</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Taking square root on both sides </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> [H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>]<sup>2</sup>=10<sup>-7</sup> mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Hence, at 25<sup>o</sup>C, water has 10<sup>-7</sup> mole/dm<sup>3</sup> of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> ions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Q12. (a) Define pH and pOH. How are they related with pK<sub>w</sub>.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) What happens to the acidic and basic properties of aqueous solutions when pH varies form 0 to 14.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(c) Is it true that the sum of pH<sub>a</sub> and pK<sub>b</sub> is always equal to 14 to all temperatures for any acid? If not why?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q13. (a) What is Lowry bronsted idea of acids and bases? Explain conjugate acids and bases.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) Acetic acid dissolves in water and gives proton to water. But when dissolves in H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, it accepts proton. Discuss the role of acetic acid in both cases.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> CH<sub>3</sub> COOH + H<sub>2</sub>O <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1060" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1060"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277419"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> CH<sub>3</sub> COO<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">However, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> is a stronger acid than acetic acid, therefore, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> donates proton and acts as an acid while acetic acid accepts proton and acts as a base.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>+ CH<sub>3</sub> COOH<span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1061" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1061"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277420"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>- </sup>+ CH<sub>3</sub> COOH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Q14. In the equilibrium PCI<sub>5(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1062" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1062"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277421"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> PCI<sub>3(g) </sub>+ CI<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1063" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1063"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277422"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=90 kJ/ mol <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (a) The position of equilibrium <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (b) Equilibrium constant?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> If (i) Temperature is increased<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (ii) Volume of the container is decrease.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (iii) Catalyst is added<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (iv) CI<sub>2</sub> is added<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See section 8.2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Explain your answer.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Q15. Synthesis of NH<sub>3</sub> by Haber’s process is an exothermic reaction.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> N<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1064" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1064"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277423"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 2NH<sub>3</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1065" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1065"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277424"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=92.46 kJ/ mol<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(a) What should be the possible effect of change of temperature at equilibrium stage?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) How does the change of pressure or volume shifts the equilibrium position of this reaction? <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (c) What is the role of the catalyst in this reaction?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (d) What happens to equilibrium position of this reaction if NH<sub>3</sub> is removed form the reaction vessel form time to time.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.2.1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q16. Sulphuric acid is the king of chemicals. It is produced by the burning of SO<sub>2</sub> to SO<sub>3</sub> through an exothermic reversible process. <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (a) Write the balanced reversible reaction<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <b>(b) What is the effect of pressure change on this reaction?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (c) Reaction is exothermic but still the temperature of 400-500<sup>o</sup>C is required to increase the yield of SO<sub>3</sub>. Give reasons.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.2.2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Q17. (a) What are buffer solutions? Why do we need them in daily life?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) How does the mixture of sodium acetate and acetic acid give us the acidic buffer?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.7</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(c) Explain that a mixture of NH<sub>4</sub>OH and NH<sub>4</sub>CI gives us the basic buffer?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.7</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>How do you justify that the greater quantity of CH<sub>3</sub>COONa in acetic acid decrease the dissociating power of acetic acid and so the pH increases.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">CH<sub>3</sub>COOH is a weak acid and ionizes very small, while CH<sub>3</sub>COONa is a strong electrolyte and it ionizes in water to greater extent and provides acetate ions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;"> CH<sub>3</sub>COOH +H<sub>2</sub>O <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1066" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1066"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277425"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b>CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">CH<sub>3</sub>COONa <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1067" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1067"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277426"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b> CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup> + Na<sup>+</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;"> Thus CH<sub>3</sub>COONa decreases the ionization of CH<sub>3</sub>COOH due to common CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup> ion and pH of solution increases.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;"><b>(d) Explain the term buffer capacity.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;"> See Section 8.7.1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q18. (a) What is the solubility product? Derive the solubility product expression for sparingly soluble compounds, AgCI, Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> and PbCI<sub>2</sub>.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.8</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) How do you determine the solubility product of a substance when its solubility is provided in grams/100 g of water?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> See Section 8.8</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(c) How do you calculate the solubility of a substance from the value of solubility product. <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> See Section 8.8</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Q19. K<sub>c</sub> value for volume for the following reaction is 0.076 at 520<sup>o</sup>C<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> 2HI<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1068"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277427"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b> H<sub>2</sub> + I<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> Equilibrium mixture constants [HI] =0.08 M, [H<sub>2</sub>] =0.01 M. To this mixture more HI is added so that its new concentration is <st1:metricconverter productid="0.096 M" w:st="on">0.096 M</st1:metricconverter>. what will be the concentration of [HI], [H<sub>2</sub>] and [I<sub>2</sub>] when equilibrium is re-established.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> Solution <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> 2HI<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1069" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1069"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277428"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b> H<sub>2</sub> + I<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <sup>Equilibrium conc.</sup> 0.08 0.01 0.01</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <sup>(mol/dm3)<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <sup>Initial conc.</sup> 0.096 0.01 0.01</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <sup>After adding more HI<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <sup>(mol/dm3)<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <sup>Equilibrium conc.</sup> 0.096 – 2x 0.01 0.01</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <sup>When equilibrium is re-established<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <sup>(mol/dm3)<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> According to law of mass action</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> K<sub>c</sub> =<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1070" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:44.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="59" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1070"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277429"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> </b>K<sub>c</sub> =<b> <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1071"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:96pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="128" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1071"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277430"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=</b>0.016</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> =<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1072" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:71.25pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="95" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1072"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277431"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=</b>0.016<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> </b>Taking square root on both sides</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1073" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:87pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="116" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1073"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277433"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1074" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:39.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image041.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image042.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="53" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1074"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277434"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> =<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1075" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:71.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image044.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="95" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1075"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277435"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=</b>0.126</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 96pt; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->0.01<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->+ x=0.126 (0.096 – 2x)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 96pt; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -24pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->0.01<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->+ x =0.0121 – 0.252 x</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">x + 0.252 x=0.0121 – 0.01</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">1.252 x=0.0021</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">x ==<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1076" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:36.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="49" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1076"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277436"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">x=0.00168 mol/dm<sup>-3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;">Thus </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Concentrations when equilibrium is re-established are</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> [H<sub>2</sub>] =0.01 + x =0.01 +0.00168 =0.01168 mol dm<sup>-3<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><sup> </sup>[I<sub>2</sub>] =0.01 + x =0.01 +0.00168 =0.01168 mol dm<sup>-3<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><sup> </sup>[HI] =0.096 - 2 x =0.096 -2x0.00168 =0.0926 mol dm<sup>-3<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q20. The equilibrium constant for the reaction between acetic and ethyl alcohol is <st1:metricconverter productid="4. A" w:st="on">4. A</st1:metricconverter> mixture of 3 moles of acetic acid and one mole of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH is allowed to come to equilibrium. Calculate the amount of ethyl acetate at equilibrium stage in number of moles and grams. Also, calculate the masses of reactants left behind.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Solution<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1077"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1077" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1077"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277437"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>CH<sub>3</sub> COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> +H<sub>2</sub>O </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><sup>Initial conc.</sup> 3 1 0 0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><sup>(mol/dm3)<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><sup>Equilibrium conc. </sup>3- x 1 – x x x</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><sup>(mol/dm3)<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> According to law of mass action</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>c</sub>=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1078" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:117pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1078" width="156" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1078"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277438"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>c</sub>= <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1079" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:89.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image049.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image050.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1079" width="119" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1079"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277439"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> X<sup>2</sup><sub> <b>=</b></sub>4(3 – x) (1 – x) <sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> X<sup>2</sup><sub> <b>=</b></sub>4(3 – 3x) (1 – x) <sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> X<sup>2</sup><sub> <b>=</b></sub>4(3 –4x + – x<sup>2</sup>)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> X<sup>2</sup><sub> <b>=</b></sub>12 –16x + 4 x<sup>2</sup>) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Or 12<sub> </sub> – 16x + 4x<sup>2</sup> – x<sup>2 </sup>=0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> 3x<sup>2</sup><sub> </sub> – 16x + 12=0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> It is quadratic equation and can be solved by using quadric formula</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Here a = 3 , b = 12 , c = 12</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Thus </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> x=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1080" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:77.25pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image051.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image052.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1080" width="103" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1080"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277440"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> x=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1081" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:134.25pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image053.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image054.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1081" width="179" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1081"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277441"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>x=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1082" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:81pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image055.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image056.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1082" width="108" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1082"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277442"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>x=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1083" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:53.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image057.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image058.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1083" width="71" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1083"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277443"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>x=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1084" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:51.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image059.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image060.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1084" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1084"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277444"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Either x=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1085"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image059.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image060.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1085" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1085"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277445"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b>or x=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1086" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image059.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image060.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1086" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1086"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277446"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> x= 4.43 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> or x= 0.9 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> x= 4.43 is not possible as it is greater than the initial concentrations of reactants, therefore , x= 0.9 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Therefore</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Moles of ethyl acetate =x=0.9 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Mass of ethyl acetate = 0.9x88=79.46g.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Moles of water =x=0.9 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Mass of water =0.9 x 18=16.2 g.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Moles of acetic acid = 3 – x =3 – 0.9 =2.1 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> (left behind)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Moles of ethyl alcohol = 1 – x =1 – 0.9= 0.1 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> (Left behind)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Mass of ethyl alcohol =0.1 x 46=4.6g.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> (left behind) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q21. study the equilibrium <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> H<sub>2</sub>O + CO <span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1087" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1087" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1087"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277447"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> H<sub>2</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (a) Write an expression of K<sub>p</sub> <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>p</sub>= <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1088"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.75pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image061.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image062.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1088" width="73" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1088"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277448"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) When 1 mole of steam and 1 mole of CO are allowed to reach equilibrium, 33.3% of the equilibrium mixture is hydrogen. Calculate the value of K<sub>p</sub>. state the units of K<sub>p</sub>.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b>Solution <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> H<sub>2</sub>O + CO <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1089" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1089" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1089"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277449"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b>H<sub>2</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <sup>Initial conc.</sup> 1 1 0 0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <sup>(mol/dm3)<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <sup>Equilibrium conc.</sup> 1 – x 1 – x x x</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <sup>(mol/dm3)<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Total no. of moles at equilibrium =1 – x + 1 – x + x + x=2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Hence </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> % of H<sub>2</sub> =<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1090"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:116.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image063.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image064.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1090" width="155" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1090"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277450"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>33.3=<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1091" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:116.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image065.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1091" width="155" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1091"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277451"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> or </b>no of moles of H<sub>2</sub> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1092" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:39.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image067.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image068.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1092" width="53" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1092"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277453"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=</b>0.67 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Hence </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> At equilibrium </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Moles of H<sub>2</sub> =x=0.67 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Moles of CO<sub>2</sub> =x=0.67 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Moles of H<sub>2</sub>O =1 – x = 1 - 0.67= 0.33 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Moles of CO =1 – x = 1 - 0.67= 0.33 moles</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Hence, K<sub>c</sub> is given as</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>c</sub> = <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1093" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69.75pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image069.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image070.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1093" width="93" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1093"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277454"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>c</sub> = <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1094" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:78pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image071.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image072.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1094" width="104" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1094"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277455"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Since K<sub>p</sub> =K<sub>c</sub> (RT) and<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1095" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image073.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1095" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1095"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277456"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>n =n <sub>products <b> </b></sub><b>-</b>n<sub> rectants </sub>=0, therefore</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>p</sub>=K<sub>c</sub>=4</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q22. Calculate the pH of <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (a) 10<sup>-4</sup><sub> </sub>moles/ dm<sup>3</sup> of HCI<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>HCI ionizes as</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> HCI <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1096" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1096" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1096"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277457"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b>H<sup>+ </sup>+ CI<sup>-</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Since HCI is a strong acid, and it is 100% dissociated. Hence 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/dm<sup>3</sup> of HCI produces 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/dm<sup>3</sup> of H<sup>+</sup> ions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Thus </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> [H<sup>+</sup>] = 10<sup>-4 </sup>mol/dm<sup>3</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> So </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH = - log [H<sup>+</sup>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH = - log [10<sup>-4</sup>] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH = 4</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (b) 10<sup>-4</sup> moles/dm<sup>3</sup> of Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Ba(OH)<sub>2 </sub>ionizes as </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><sub> </sub>Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1097" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1097" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1097"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277458"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b>Ba<sup>+2 </sup>+ 2 <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Since Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> is a strong base it is 100% dissociated.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Hence 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/dm<sup>3</sup> of Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> produces 2 x 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/dm<sup>3</sup> of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> ions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Thus </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> [<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state>]= 2 x 10<sup>-4</sup> mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> So</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pOH= - log[<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pOH= - log[2 x 10<sup>-4</sup>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pOH= 3.699</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;">Since</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH + pOH=14</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Therefore</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH= 14 – pOH </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> =14 – 3.699 =10.301</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> (c) 1 mol/dm<sup>3</sup> of H<sub>2</sub>X, which is 50% dissociated<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> H<sub>2</sub>X ionizes as</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> H<sub>2</sub>X <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1098" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1098" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1098"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277459"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b>2H<sup>+ </sup>+ X<sup>-</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> 1mole of H<sub>2</sub>X produces 2 moles of H<sup>+</sup> ions if 100% dissociated </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> However, since H<sub>2</sub>X is 50% dissociated therefore 1 mole of H<sub>2</sub>X produces 1 mole of H<sup>+</sup> ion</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Thus </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> [H<sup>+</sup>]=1 mol/dm<sup>3</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> So</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH= -log [H<sup>+</sup>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH= -log [1] </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in;"> pH= 0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> (d) 1 mol/dm<sup>3</sup> of NH<sub>4</sub> OH which is 1% dissociated<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> NH<sub>4</sub> OH ionizes as</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> NH<sub>4</sub>OH <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1099" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1099" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1099"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277460"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+ </sup>+ <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> It shows that 1 mole of NH<sub>4</sub>OH produces 1 mole of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> ions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> NH<sub>4</sub>OH is only 1% dissociated</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Hence </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> % dissociation =<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1100" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:114pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image074.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image075.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1100" width="152" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1100"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277461"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>x 100</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> 1 =<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1101" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:60.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image077.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1101" width="81" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1101"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277462"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </b>x<b> </b>100</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>mol of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1102"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image078.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image079.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1102" width="29" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1102"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277463"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>x1=0.01 mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Thus</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> [<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state>] =0.01 mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> So </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pOH = - log [<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pOH = - log [0.01]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pOH = 2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Since</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH + pOH =14</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Therefore </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> pH=14 – pOH</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> =14 – 2=12</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q23. (a) Benzoic aicd C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH is weak mono-basic acid (Ka=6.4 x10<sup>-5</sup>mol/dm<sup>3<span style="display: none; mso-hide: all;">ol/dmx10eak mono-basic acid (K mole of </span></sup>). What is the pH of a solution containing <st1:metricconverter productid="7.2 g" w:st="on">7.2 g</st1:metricconverter> of sodium benzoate in one dm<sup>3</sup> of o.02 mol/dm<sup>3</sup> benzoic acid.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Mass of sodium benzoate =7.2 g /dm<sup>3</sup> </div><div align="right"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.55pt;" valign="top" width="139"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Formula of sodium benzoate is C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COONa</span> </div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Mol. Mass of sodium benzoate =144 g/mol</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Moles of sodium benzoate =<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1103" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:21.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image080.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1103" width="29" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1103"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277464"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=</b>0.05 mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Moles of benzoic acid =0.02 mol/dm<sup>3</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> K<sub>a</sub> of benzoic acid 6.4 x 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/dm<sup>3</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Thus pK<sub>a</sub> = - log K<sub>a</sub>= - log (6.4 x10<sup>-5</sup> ) =4.2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Hence, according to <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Henderson</st1:place></st1:city>’s eq.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> pH =pK<sub>a </sub> + log<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1104" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:93pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image083.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1104" width="124" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1104"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277465"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b> </b>pH =4.2 + log <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1105"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:33pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image084.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1105" width="44" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1105"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277466"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b> </b>pH = 4.2 + 0.39</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> pH =4.59</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(b) A buffer solution has been prepared by mixing <st1:metricconverter productid="0.2 M" w:st="on">0.2 M</st1:metricconverter> CH<sub>3</sub>COONa and <st1:metricconverter productid="0.5 M" w:st="on">0.5 M</st1:metricconverter> CH<sub>3</sub> COOH in 1 dm<sup>3</sup> of solution. calculate the pH of solution. pK<sub>a</sub> of acid is 4.74 at 25<sup>o</sup>C. How the value of pH will change by adding 0.1 mole 0.1 mole of NaOH and 0.1 mole mol HCI respectively.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>Solution<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> [CH<sub>3</sub> COOH] =0.5 M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> [CH<sub>3</sub> COONa] =0.2 M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> pK<sub>a </sub>of CH<sub>3</sub> COOH =4.74</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> pH =?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Since pH =pK<sub>a</sub> + log <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1106" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:35.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1106" width="47" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1106"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277467"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">or pH =pK<sub>a</sub> + log <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1107" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:1in;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image088.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image089.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1107" width="96" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1107"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277468"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> </b>pH =4.74 + log <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1108" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image090.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image091.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1108" width="53" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1108"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277469"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> </b>pH =4.74 - 0.4 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> pH =4.34</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>When 0.1 mole of NaOH is added<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">NaOH is strong base. It dissociates completely. Therefore, it produces 0.1 moles of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> ions. Thus, 0.1 moles of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> ions reacts with 0.1 moles of CH<sub>3</sub> COOH. Hence, out of 0.5 moles of CH<sub>3</sub> COOH, 0.4 moles of CH<sub>3</sub> COOH are behind. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">On the other hand, due to slat formed by the neutralization reaction, conc. of salt (CH<sub>3</sub> COONa) is increased from 0.2 moles to 0.3 moles.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Hence, new conc. will be </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> [CH<sub>3</sub> COOH] =0.4 M [CH<sub>3</sub> COONa] =0.3M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Thus pH =pK<sub>a</sub> + log <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1109" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:1in;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image092.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image089.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1109" width="96" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1109"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277470"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> </b>pH =4.74 + log <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1110" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image093.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image094.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1110" width="36" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1110"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277471"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> </b>pH =4.74 - 0.12</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> pH =4.62</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> Addition of 0.1 mole of HCI<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">HCI is a strong acid. It dissociates completely. Therefore, it produces 0.1 moles of H<sup>+</sup> ions. Thus, 0.1 moles of H<sup>+</sup> ions react with 0.1 moles of CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup> ions. Hence, out of 0.2 moles of salt (CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup>Na<sup>+</sup>), 0.1 moles of salt are left behind.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">On the other hand, conc. of acid (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH) is increased form 0.5 moles to 0.6 moles.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">Hence, new conc. will be </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> [CH<sub>3</sub> COOH] =0.6 M [CH<sub>3</sub> COONa] =0.1M</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> Thus pH =pK<sub>a</sub> + log <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1111" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:1in;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image092.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image089.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1111" width="96" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1111"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277472"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"><b> </b>pH =4.74 + log <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1112" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image095.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image096.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1112" width="36" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1112"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277473"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> pH =4.74 - 0.78</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> pH =3.96</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 0.75pt;"> (See Section 8.7.1 for complete understanding of this numerical)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q24. Solubility of CaF<sub>2</sub> in water at 25<sup>O</sup>C is found to be 2.05 x 10<sup>-4</sup> mol dm<sup>-3</sup>. What is the value of K<sub>sp</sub> at this T.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Solubility of CaF<sub>2</sub> = 2.05 x 10<sup>-4</sup> mol dm<sup>-3</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> According to balanced chemical eq.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> CaF<sub>2(aq) </sub><b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1113"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1113" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1113"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277475"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b> Ca<sup>2+</sup><sub>(aq) + </sub>2F<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> At initial stage 2.05 x 10<sup>-4</sup> 0 0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> (mol/dm<sup>3</sup>) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> After solubility 0 2.05 x 10<sup>-4 </sup>2x2.05 x 10<sup>-4<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Hence K<sub>sp</sub>=[Ca<sup>+2</sup>][F<sup>-</sup>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>sp</sub>=[0.05 x 10<sup>-4</sup>][2 x 2.05 x 10<sup>-4</sup>]<sup>2</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>sp</sub>=3.446 x 10<sup>-11</sup> mol<sup>3</sup> dm<sup>-9</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Q25. The solubility product of Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> is 2.6 x 120<sup>-2</sup> at 25<sup>o</sup>C. Calculate the solubility of the compound.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>sp</sub> of Ag<sub>2</sub> CrO<sub>4</sub> =2.6 x 10<sup>-2</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> We know</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4(aq)</sub> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1114"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1114" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1114"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277476"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>2Ag<sup>+ </sup>CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)<o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><sup>Initial stage (mol/dm3) </sup> Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4 </sub>0 0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><sup>At equilibrium (mol/dm3)</sup> Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4 </sub>2S S</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Hence </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>sp </sub>=[Ag<sup>+</sup>]<sup>2</sup>[CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> K<sub>sp</sub>=[2S]<sup>2</sup>[S] =2.6 x 10<sup>-2</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> 4[S]<sup>3</sup> =2.6 x 10<sup>-2</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> [S]= <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1115" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:66pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image097.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image098.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1115" width="88" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1115"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277477"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>or [S]=0.1866 mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Hence at equilibrium</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> [Ag<sup>+</sup>] =2 x 0.1866 mol/dm<sup>3</sup> =0.3732 mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">and [CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2- </sup>] =0.1866 mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Since</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> 1 mole of Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> gives 1 mole of CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>ions, hence</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.75pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Solubility of Ag<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub>=[CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>]=0.1866 mol/dm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><sub><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></sub></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-71886794262112401602011-12-24T11:12:00.000-08:002011-12-24T11:12:01.780-08:00Chapter 7th<i><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>CHAPTER 7</b></span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></i><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">THERMOCHEMISTRY</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="color: blue;"> MCQs</span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="W">Q.1 Which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics?</div><div class="I"> (a) energy can neither be created nor destroyed</div><div class="I"> (b) one form of energy can be transferred into an equivalent amount of other kinds of energy</div><div class="I"> (c) in an adiabatic process, the work done is independent of its path</div><div class="I"> (d) continuous production of mechanical work with out equivalent amount of heat is possible</div><div class="W">Q.2 The change in heat energy of a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called</div><div class="I"> (a) enthalpy change (b) bond energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) heat of sublimation (d) internal energy change</div><div class="W">Q.3 For the reaction NaOH + HCl <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> NaCl + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O, the change in enthalpy is called as:</div><div class="I"> (a) heat of reaction (b) heat of formation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) heat of neutralization (d) heat of combustion</div><div class="W">Q.4 Calorie is equivalent to</div><div class="I"> (a) 0.4184 J (b) 41.84 J</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 4.184 J (d) 418.4 J</div><div class="W">Q.5 For a given process, the heat change at pressure (q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span>) and constant volume (q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">v</span></span>) are related to each other as</div><div class="I"> (a) q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">v </span></span> (b) q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> < q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">v</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> > q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">v </span></span> (d) q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(q<span class=M><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>v</span></span>,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="W">Q.6 The net heat change in a chemical reaction is same whether. It is brought about in two or more different ways in one or several steps. It is known as</div><div class="I"> (a) Henry’s law (b) Joule’s principle</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Hess’s law (d) Law of conservation of energy</div><div class="W">Q.7 Enthalpy of neutralisation of all the strong acids and strong bases has the same value because</div><div class="I"> (a) neutralisation leads to the formation of salt and H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="I"> (b) strong acid and bases are ionic substances</div><div class="I"> (c) acids always give rise to H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> ions and bases always furnish <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></st1:place></st1:state> ions</div><div class="I"> (d) the net chemical change involve the combination of H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> and <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></st1:place></st1:state> ions to form water</div><div class="W">Q.8 If an endothermic reaction is allowed to take place very rapidly in the air. The temperature of the surrounding air</div><div class="I">(a) remains constant (b) increase</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) decrease (d) remain unchanged</div><div class="W">Q.9 In endothermic reactions, the heat content of the</div><div class="W">(a) products is more than that of reactants</div><div class="W">(b) reactants is more than that of products</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) both (a) and (b)</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.10 Hess’s law is also called</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) first law of thermodynamics</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) second law of thermodynamics</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) first law of thermochemistry</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) second law of thermochemistry</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.11 Pressure – volume work is</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) P <span style="font-family: Symbol;">D</span> v (b) F <span class="J">x</span> d</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) h <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> v (d) H + p v</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.12 Kinetic energy of molecules is due to</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;"> (a) rotational energy (b) vibrational energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) translational energy (d) all of these</div><div class="W">Q.13 The condition for standard enthalpy change is</div><div class="I"> (a) 1 atm 30<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C (b) 1 atm 0<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1 atm 25<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C (d) 760 atm 25<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.14 The unit of enthalpy change is</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) calorie (b) joule</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) volt (d) coulomb</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.15 The sum of all kinds of a system is ions or molecules of a system is</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) vibrational energy (b) potential energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) kinetic energy (d) internal energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.16 An endothermic reaction is one is which</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) enthalpy of reactants and products are same</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) enthalpy of products is greater than reactant</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) enthalpy of products is lesser than reactants</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) heat is evolved from system</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.17 Bomb calorimeter is used to determine</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) enthalpy of solution </div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) enthalpy of atomization</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) enthalpy of combustion </div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) enthalpy of neutralization</div><div class="W">Q.18 Glass calorimeter is used to determine</div><div class="I"> (a) enthalpy of combustion</div><div class="I"> (b) enthalpy of reaction</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) pressure–volume work</div><div class="I"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.19 Born–Haber cycle is used to calculate</div><div class="I"> (a) enthalpy of combustion</div><div class="I"> (b) lattice energy of ionic camps</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) both a and b</div><div class="I"> (d) none of above</div><div class="W">Q.20 Born–Haber cycle is an application of</div><div class="I"> (a) first law of thermodynamics</div><div class="I"> (b) second law of thermodynamics</div><div class="I"> (c) first law of thermochemistry</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) Hess’s law</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.21 An exothermic reaction is one in which</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) enthalpy of reactants and products are same</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) heat is absorbed by system</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) enthalpy of products is greater than reactants</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) enthalpy of reactants is lesser than products</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.22 A substance under observation during an experiment</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) surrounding (b) system</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) state function (d) universe</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.23 Enthalpy of neutralization is merely</div><div class="I"> (a) heat of solution (b) heat of atomization</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) heat of combustion</div><div class="I"> (d) heat of formation of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="W">Q.24 Lattice energy of NaCl is</div><div class="I"> (a) + 500 kJ (b) – 344 kJ</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) – 776 kJ (d) – 411 kJ</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.25 Standard enthalpy of Al<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> cannot be measured because</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) it does not catch fire</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) it reacts with CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) protective layer of oxide cover the surface</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) none of above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.26 Ammonium chloride dissolve in water this process is</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) endothermic process (b) exothermic process</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) simple hydration (d) none of above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.27 First law of thermodynamics is represented as</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) <span style="font-family: Symbol;">D</span> E = q + R T (b) <span style="font-family: Symbol;">D</span> E = q + <span style="font-family: Symbol;">D</span> P</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> E = q + <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> P (d) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> E = q + w</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.28 Pumping of water uphill is</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) spontaneous reaction (b) exothermic reaction</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) non–spontaneous reaction</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) endothermic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.29 In exothermic reaction <span style="font-family: Symbol;">D</span> H is</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) positive (b) negative</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;">(c)</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">zero</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">(d)</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">none of above</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> ANSWERS</span></b></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div align="center"> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">1<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">2<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">D<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">C<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">8<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">9<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">D<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">11<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">12<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">13<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">14<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">15<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">16<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">17<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">18<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">19<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">20<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">21<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">22<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">23<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">24<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">25<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">26<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">27<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">28<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">29<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div class="W">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</span></b></div><div align="center"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">SHORT QUESTION AND ANSWERS</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="Q">Q.1 Define the following terms and give three examples of each.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="Q">(i) System:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The substance which is under experiment or under observation is called as system.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Examples:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) Pb(NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>)<st1:metricconverter productid="2 in" w:st="on"><span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> in</st1:metricconverter> decomposition of Pb(NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) Zn and CuSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> solution, the reaction mixture in the vessel.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) CaCO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> in thermal decomposition of CaCO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="Q">(ii) Surroundings:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Everything around the system which is not a part of system is called surroundings.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> For example </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> During the reaction between Zn and CuSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> solution vessel and air etc are surroundings.</div><div class="Q">(iii) State function:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A macroscopic property of a system which has some definite value for initial and final state and independent of the path followed e.g.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> (i) Pressure (ii) Temperature (iii) Internal energy.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Note: Heat is not a state function.</div><div class="Q">Q.2 Describe the units of energy.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Mostly Joule and calorie are used for the measurement of energy.</div><div class="Q">Calorie:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C to 15.5<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>C is called one calorie.</div><div class="Q">Joule:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> It is SI unit of energy and defined as energy expanded when a force of one <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Newton</st1:place></st1:city> moves a body through one meter in the direction in which force is applied.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 85.5pt; text-indent: -.5in;"> Joule = Force <span class="J">x</span> distance</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 85.5pt; text-indent: -.5in;"> 1J = 1 N <span class="J">x</span> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 m" w:st="on">1 m</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="Q">Q.3 What are rhermochemical reactions?</div><div class="Q">Ans:</div><div class="Q"> Exothermic reaction:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Those thermochemical reactions in which heat is evolved as a result of reaction are called as exothermic reactions.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(s)</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = – 393.7 kJ/mole</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(l)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = – 285.5 kJ/mole</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + 3H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = – 41.6 kJ/mole</div><div class="Q"> Endothermic reactions:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Those thermochemical reactions in which heat is absorbed as a result of reaction are called as endothermic reaction.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = + 180.51 kJ/mole</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(l)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = + 285.58 kJ/mole</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + I<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2H I <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = + 52.96 kJ/mole</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q.4 Differentiate between internal energy and enthalpy of a system?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="Q">Ans:</div><div class="Q">Internal energy:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The total of all kinds of K.E and P.E of all the particles of a system is called as internal energy. It is denoted by “E’ e.g., kinetic energy may be in the form of translation, vibrational and rotational motion and potential energy is intermolecular and intramolecular forces of attraction.It is a sate function of system.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> E= K.E + P.E</div><div class="Q">Enthalpy of the system:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The total heat contents of a system and denoted by H. The increase in the internal energy of a system plus work done is called as enthalpy i.e.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H = E + Pv</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.5 Define the followings: <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b> (i) Enthalpy of reaction<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(ii) Enthalpy of neutralization<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(iii) Enthalpy of combustion<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="Q">Ans:</div><div class="Q">Standard Enthalpy of reaction:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The enthalpy change when no. of moles of reactants as indicated by the balanced chemical equation react completely together to give the products under the standard conditions.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(l)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o,r</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = – 285.5 kJ/m</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o,r</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = + 180.5 kJ/m</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Standard Enthalpy of Combustion:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in excess of oxygen under standard conditions.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">` C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span>OH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(l)</span></span> + 3O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + 3H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(l)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o,c</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> </div><div align="right" class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: right; text-indent: -.5in;">= – 1368 kJ/m</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(s)</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o,c</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = – 393.7 kJ/m</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> 2Al<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(s)</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(3,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Al<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3(s)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o,c</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = – 1675.7 kJ/m</div><div class="Q">Standard enthalpy of atomization:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms are formed from the elements under the standard conditions is called enthalpy of atomization.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) H<span class=M><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2(g)</span></span> <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o,at</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = 218 kJ/mole</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>o,atm</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = + 121 kJ/mole</div><div class="Q">Q.6 Why it is essential to mention the physical states of reactants and products in a thermochemical equation?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The heat of reaction depends upon the physical states of the reactants and products, heat of reaction is different in different physical states therefore, while writing a thermochemical equation it is essential to mention the physical states of the reactants and products.e.g</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b>H<sub>2(</sub></b><b><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">g)</span></sub> + 1/2O<sub>2(g)</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O</b><b><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></sub> ∆H = -241.5 KJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><sup> </sup>H<sub>2</sub></b><b><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></sub> + 1/2O<sub>2</sub></b><b><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></sub> → H<sub>2</sub>O</b><b><sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(l)</span></sub> ∆ H= -285.8 KJ mol<sup>-1</sup></b></div><div class="Q">Q.7 Differentiate between spontaneous and non–spontaneous reaction?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The process which takes place on its own without any outside help and moves from a non–equilibrium state to equilibrium state is called spontaneous or natural process. It is real, unidirectional and irreversible e.g. water flows from higher level to low leve, reaction between acid and base etc.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> There are certain reactions which need energy to start but once they start they proceed their own for example burning of candle.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The process which does not take place on its own and does not occur in nature is called as non–spontaneous. It is reverse of the spontaneous process i.e. pumping of water uphill, flow of heat from colder to hotter region etc.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.8 Prove that change in enthalpy is equal to heat of reaction? / prove that q</b><span class="M"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></b></span><b> =</b><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="Q"><br />
</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> We know that enthalpy is equal to the internal energy plus product of pressure and volume.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H = E + Pv</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to first law of the thermodynamics</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> q = <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>E + w</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 3.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"> At constant pressure w = P<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>v</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>E + P<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>v</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = (E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> – E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span>) + (v<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> – v<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span>)p</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> – E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> + Pv<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> – Pv<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 3.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"> q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> = (E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + Pv<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>) – (E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> + Pv<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span>) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> = E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + Pv<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 3.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"> q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> =H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> – H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> = E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> + Pv<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> q<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">p</span></span> =<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> This shows that enthalpy change is equal to amount of heat absorbed at constant pressure.</div><div class="Q">Q.9 Briefly explain laws of thermochemistry.</div><div class="Q">Ans. First law of thermochemistry:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The enthalpy of formation of a compound to the enthalpy of decomposition of that compound. e.g.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(l)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = – 285.5 kJ/mole</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(l)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H = + 285.5 kJ/mole</div><div class="Q">Second law of thermochemistry (Hess’s law):</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The amount of heat evolved or absorbed in a chemical reaction is same whether the reaction takes place in one or several steps. e.g. single step process.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(s)</span></span> + O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> = – 393.7 kJ</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Two steps process:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(s)</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> = – 110.7kJ</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> = <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> + <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> – 393.7 = – 110.7 – 283</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> – 393.7 = – 393.7</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.10 Draw a complete, fully labeled Born–Haber cycle for the formation of KBr.</div><div class="Q">Reactions:</div><div class="Q"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(s)</span></span> + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->Br<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(l)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> K<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> Br<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> H/kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div class="Q"> – 392 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div class="Q"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(s)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> + 90 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div class="Q"> K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> K<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:10.0pt'>+<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>,(g)</span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->+ e<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> + 420 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div class="Q"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->Br<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2(<i>l</i>)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Br<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> +112 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div class="Q"> Br<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(q)</span></span> + e<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Br<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span><span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> – 342 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div class="Q">Solution:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The heat of formation of KBr is equal to sum of all the enthalpies.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">f</span></span> = – 392 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span> (Heat of formation)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">s</span></span> = + 90 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span> (Heat of sublimation)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">i</span></span> = + 420 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span> (Ionization pot of k)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">D/2</span></span> = + 112 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span> (Dissociation energy of Br<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">e</span></span> = – 342 kJ mole (electron affinity)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><i><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">l</span></i></span> = ? (Lattice energy of kBr)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">f</span></span> = <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">at</span></span> + <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">i</span></span> + <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">d</span></span> + <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">e</span></span> + <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><i><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">l</span></i></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> – 392 = + 90 + 420 + 112 + (– 342) + <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><i><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">l</span></i></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>H<span class="M"><i><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">l</span></i></span> = – 672 kJ mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div class="Q">Q.11 Heat is evolved in exothermic reactions and absorbed in endothermic relations.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When bond formation energy is greater than the bond breaking energy then the excess of energy is evolved making the reaction exothermic. When the bond breaking energy is greater than the bond formation energy then the difference of energy is supplied from surrounding making the reaction is endothermic.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.12 How would you explain that change in enthalpy is a state function?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> As H = E + PV</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> As E, P and v are state functions as they are independent of path and depend only on the initial and final state of the system therefore enthalpy of a system is also a state function because enthalpy depends on E, P and V.</div><div class="Q"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>P = </span></i></b><![if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(F,A) </span></i></b><![endif]><![if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><span
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style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>v</span></i></b><span class=M><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>f</span></i></b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Final state<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>P = </span></i></b><![if supportFields]><b
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style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(F,A) </span></i></b><![endif]><![if supportFields]><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><span
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style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
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style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>v</span></i></b><span class=M><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>i</span></i></b></span><b
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left:6530;top:8780;width:1230;height:430' filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1044'> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>Initial state<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape></v:group></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 167px; left: 0px; margin-left: 304px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 248px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="167" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029 _x0000_s1030 _x0000_s1031 _x0000_s1032 _x0000_s1033 _x0000_s1034 _x0000_s1035 _x0000_s1036 _x0000_s1037 _x0000_s1038 _x0000_s1039 _x0000_s1040 _x0000_s1041 _x0000_s1042 _x0000_s1043 _x0000_s1044" width="248" /></span><!--[endif]-->Q.13 How can you prove that (w = – P<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>V)</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> We know that</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Work = Force <span class="J">x</span> distance</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Initial volume= V<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Final volume = V<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.75in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Change in volume <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>V = V<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> – V<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.75in; text-indent: -.5in;"> </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 67.5pt 81.0pt; text-indent: 0in;">In the expansion of gases, the work is expressed in terms of pressure and change in volume. So,</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 67.5pt 81.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"> Work = P x <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>V </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 67.5pt 81.0pt; text-indent: -.5in;"> = w = – P<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>V</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">The work is negative because it is done by the system.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q14.</b> <b>What is difference between heat and temperature? Write a mathematical relationship between these two parameters?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Heat: </b>The measure of total energy of a substance is called heat. It is property of a body which flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature. It is denoted by ‘q’. It depends upon the quantity of a substance. It is measured by calorimeter. It is not a state function.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Temperature: </b>It is measure of average K.E of the molecules in the system. It is denoted by ‘T’. It is independent of the quantity of a substance. It is measured by thermometer. It is a state function.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Realtionship:</b> q= m x S x ∆T<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q15. What is enthalpy of neutralization? Why enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and base is always -57.4 KJ mol<sup>-1</sup>?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Ans:</div><div class="MsoNormal"> It is the amount of heat eveolved or absorbed when one mole of H<sup>+</sup> ions from an acid reacts with one mole of <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> from a base to form one mole of H<sub>2</sub>O. Under standard conditions it is called standard enthalpy of neutralization, and it is denoted by ∆H<sub>n.<o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal">H<sup>+</sup> + <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state> → H<sub>2</sub>O ∆H<sub>n</sub> = -57.4 KJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">The heat of neutralization of strong acid or base is always -57.4 KJ mol<sup>-1</sup> because strong acid or base is completely ionized and when acid and base is mixed no bond has to be broken</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> TEXT BOOK EXERCISE</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></span></div><div align="center"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q1. Select the suitable answer from the given choices.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->If an endothermic reaction is allowed to take place very rapidly in the air the temperature of the surrounding air</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">(a) Remains constant (b) increases</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">(c) dereases (d) remain unchanged</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(ii) In endothermic reactions, the heat content of the </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (a) Products is more than that of reactants</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (b) Reactants is more than that of reactants</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (c) Both (a) and (b)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (d) Reactants and product are equal</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(iii) Calorie is equivalent to </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (a) 0.4184 J (b) 41.84J</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (c) 4.184 J (d) 418.4 J</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) The change in heat energy of a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure is called </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) enthalpy change (b) bond energy </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) heat of sublimation (d) internal energy change </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(v) Which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) One form of energy can be transferred into an equivalent amount of of other kinds of energy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) In an adiabatic process, the work done is independent of its path.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(d) Continuous production of mechanical work without supplying an equivalent amount of heat is possible</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(vi) For a given process, the heat changes at constant pressure (q<sub>p </sub>) and at constant volume (q<sub>v</sub>) are related to each other as</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) q<sub>p</sub> =q<sub>v </sub> (b) q<sub>p</sub> < q<sub>v</sub> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (c) q<sub>p</sub> > q<sub>v </sub>(d) q<sub>p</sub> = q<sub>v/2</sub> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(vii) For the reaction NaOH + HC1<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277026"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> NaC1 + H<sub>2</sub>O. The change in enthalpy is called</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Heat of reaction (b) heat of formation </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) Heat of neutralization (d) heat of combustion</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(viii) The net heat change in a chemical reaction is same whether it is brought about in two or more different ways in one or several steps. It is known as </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Henry’s law (b) Hess’s Law</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) Joule’s principle (d) Law of conservation of energy </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ix) Enthalpy of neutralization of all the strong acids and strong bases has the same value because</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"> (a) Neutralization leads to the formation of salts and water</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"> (b) Strong acids and bases are ionic substances </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"> (c) Acids always give rise to H<sup>+ </sup>ions and bases always furnish <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state><sup> </sup>ions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"> (d) The net chemical change involve the combination of H+ and <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH-</st1:place></st1:state> ions to form water</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans. i)c ii)a iii)c iv)a v)d vi)c vii)c viii)b ix)d<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The substance undergoing a physical or a chemical change forms a chemical ________.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The change in internal energy _________be measured.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Solids which have more than one crystalline forms possess_________values of heats of formation.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->A process is called___________if it takes place on its own without any outside assistance.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->A __________is a macroscopic property of a system which is __________of the path adopted to bring about that change.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. i)system ii)can iii)different iv)spontaneous v)state function : independent <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q3. Indicate the true or false as the case may be</b>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->It is necessary that a spontaneous reaction should be exothermic.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Amount of heat absorbed at constant volume is internal energy change. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The work done by the system is given the positive sign.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Enthalpy is a state function but internal energy is not.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Total heat content of a system is called enthalpy of the system.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans. i) False ii) True iii) False iv) False v) True<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q4. Define the following terms and give three examples of each<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> i) System ii) Surroundings</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> iii) State function iv) Units of energy </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> v) Exothermic reaction vi) Endothermic reaction</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> vii) Internal energy of the system viii)Enthalpy of the system.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q5. (a) Differentiate between the following:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Internal energy and enthalpy</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Internal energy change and enthalpy change </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Exothermic and endothermic reactions</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b>(b) Define the following <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> (i) Standard enthalpy of reaction </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> (ii) Standard enthalpy of combustion </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> (iii) Standard enthalpy of atomization </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Standard enthalpy of solution</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b>Q6.</b> (a) What are spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes? Give examples.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Explain that burning of a candle is a spontaneous process.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Is it true that a non-spontaneous process never happens in the universe?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">Explain it.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b>Q.7</b> (a) What is the first law of thermodynamics? How does it explain that</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (i) q<sub>v</sub> =<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277027"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E ii) q<sub>p </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277028"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Wow will you differentiate between <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277029"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E and <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277030"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H ? Is it true that <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277031"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H and <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277032"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E have the same values for the reaction taking place in the solution state.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Hint: For reactions taking place in the solution state. Since the change in volume is insignificant, i.e . <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277033"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>V=0, so</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277034"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277035"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E + P<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277036"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>V</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277037"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H = <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277038"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E +Px0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277039"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H =<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1040"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277040"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Hence, <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1041"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277042"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H and <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1042"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277043"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E have the same values for the reaction taking place in the solution state.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.8.</b> (a) What is the difference between heat and temperature ? Write a mathematical relationship between these two parameters.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. Difference between heat and temperature<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b>Temperature:</b><i> “ A measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a system is called temperature .”</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Temperature is a state function. If we transfer energy to a system, the kinetic energy of the particles in the system increases. Therefore, the temperature rises.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Heat: </b>“The transfer of energy caused by a difference in temperature between a system and its surroundings or between a system and another system is called heat.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Heat is not a state function. It depends on the path of the system. A mathematical relationship between heat and temperature is :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> q= ms<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1043"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277044"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>T</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(b) How do you measure the heat of combustion of a substance by bomb calorimeter.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q9.</b> Define heat of neutralization. When a dilute solution of a strong acid is neutralized by a dilute solution of a strong base, the heat of neutralization is found to be nearly the same in all the cases. How do you account for this?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q10. </b>(a) State the laws of thermo-chemistry and show how are they based on the firs law of thermodynameics.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Laws of Thermochemistry</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> There are two thermochmical laws. They are based on the law of conservation of energy. These law are:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>1. <u>First Thermo chemical Law (Lavoisier and Laplace-1780)</u><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 229.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> “The quantity of heat required to decompose a compound into its elements is equal to the heat evolved when that compound is formed from its elements, but with opposite sign.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 229.5pt; text-align: justify;"> In other words the heat of decomposition of a binary compound is numerically equal to the heat of formation of a compound, but of opposite sign.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 1.0in 1.5in 2.0in 2.5in 229.5pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Examples:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(1) H<sub>2(g )</sub>+ <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1044"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277045"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1045"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1045"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277046"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><sub> </sub> H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1046" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1046"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277047"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -285.58kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l )</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1047"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277048"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><sub> </sub> H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1048"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277049"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1049"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277050"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= +285.58kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(2) C<sub>(s )</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1050"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277051"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><sub> </sub> O<sub>2(g) </sub>+CO<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1051"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277052"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -393.7kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> CO<sub>(g )</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1052"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277053"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><sub> </sub> C<sub>(s) </sub>+ O<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1053"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1053"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277054"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= +393.7kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(3) <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1054" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1054"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277055"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1055"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1055"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277056"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>1<sub>2</sub> <sub>(s)</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1056"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1056"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277057"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><sub> </sub> H1<sub>(g) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1057"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1057"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277058"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= +26.48kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> H1<sub>(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1058" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1058"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277059"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><sub> </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1059"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277060"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1060"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1060"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277061"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>1<sub>2</sub> <sub>(s)</sub> <sub> </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1061" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1061"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277062"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -26.48kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>2. <u>Second Thermaochemical law (Hess’s Law-1840)<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> “ The amount of heat evolved or absorbed in a chemical reaction is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in several steps.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b>Mathematically:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1062" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1062"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277063"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H = <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1063" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1063"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277064"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>1 </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1064"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1064"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277065"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>2 </sub>+ ………….</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Where <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1065" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1065"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277066"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H is the enthalpy change for the reaction when the reactants are directly converted into products in one step and <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1066" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1066"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277067"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>1 </sub>and <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1067"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1067"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277068"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>2 </sub>are the enthalpies of different steps when the reactants are converted into products in two steps.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) What us a thermochmical equation? Give three examples. What information do they convey? </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. </b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Thermochmical Equation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> “A chemical equation which gives an idea about the heat evolved or absorbed during the reaction is called a thermochmical equation.”</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Examples: </b>(i) C<sub>(s) </sub> +O<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1068"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277069"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CO<sub>3(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1069" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1069"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277070"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -393.7kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">(ii) H<sub>2(g )</sub>+ <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1070" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1070"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277071"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1071"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1071"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277072"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><sub> </sub> H <sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1072" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1072"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277073"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -285.58kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>(iii) N<sub>2(s) </sub> +O<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1073" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1073"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277075"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2NO<sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1074" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1074"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277076"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= +180.51kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation">(iv) N<sub>2(s) </sub> +3H<sub>2</sub> <sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1075"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1075"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277077"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2NH<sub>3(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1076" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1076"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277078"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -41.6kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Information conveyed by a thermochmical equation</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> A thermochmical equation give the following information.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) The heat evolved or absorbed in a reaction. <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1077" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1077" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1077"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277079"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H is always negative for an exothermic reaction where as it is positive for an endothermic reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) The physical state of reaction and products because they will effect the heat of reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) It is treated as a standard equation. The coefficients of reactants and products always represent their mole.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) If the conditions of the reaction are not given, then it is assumed that the reaction is taking place at 1 atm pressure and 25<sup>o</sup>C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(v) If the termochemical equation is reversed, the sign of the heat of reaction will be reversed but the magnitude remains the same.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) Why is it necessary to mention the physical states of reactants and products in a thermochemical reaction? Apply Hess’s law to justify your answer.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Since the heat of reaction depends upon the physical state of the reactants and products, therefore, while writing a thermochemical equation, the physical state of the reactants and products must be mentioned.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> If the reaction A<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1078" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1078" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1078"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277080"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>B is exothermic, than B<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1079"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1079" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1079"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277081"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>A will be endothermic.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q11.</b> (a) Sate and explain Hess’s law of constant heat summation. Explain it with examples and give its applications.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> (b) Hess’s law helps us to calculate the heats of those reactions, which cannot be normally carried out in a laboratory. Explain it.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q12.</b> (a) What is lattice energy ? How does Bron-Haber Cycle help to calculate the lattice energy of NaC1?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> (b) Justify that heat of formation of a compound is the sum of all the other enthalpies.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q13.</b> 50 cm<sup>3 </sup>of <st1:metricconverter productid="1.0 M" w:st="on">1.0 M</st1:metricconverter> HC1 is mixed with 50 cm3 of <st1:metricconverter productid="1.00 M" w:st="on">1.00 M</st1:metricconverter> NaOH in a glass calorimeter. The temperature of the resultant mixture increases from 21.0<sup>o</sup>C to enthalpy change mole<sup>-1 </sup>for the reactions. The density of solution to be considered is <st1:metricconverter productid="1 g" w:st="on">1 g</st1:metricconverter> cm<sup>-3 </sup>and specific heat is 4.18 Jg<sup> -1 </sup>k<sup>-1 </sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Volume of 1.0 MHC1 =50cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Volume of 1.0 MNaOH =50cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Initial temperature of HC1 =21.0<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Initial temperature of NaOH =21.0<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Final temperature of reaction mixture =27.5<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Temperature rise for reaction mixture =27.5 – 21.0 =6.5<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Specific heat capacity of reaction mixture =4.10 jg<sup>-1 </sup>k<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> =4.18 jg <sup>-1 </sup>oC<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Density of solution =1 gcm<sup>-3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Volume of reaction mixture =50 cm <sup>3 </sup>+ 50 cm<sup>3 </sup>=100 cm<sup>3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Mass of reaction mixture =volume x density </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =100 cm<sup>3 </sup>x <st1:metricconverter productid="1 g" w:st="on">1 g</st1:metricconverter> cm<sup>-3</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =100 g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Amount of total heat evolved, q =m x s x <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1080" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1080" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1080"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277082"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>T</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =100g x 4.18 Jg <sup>-1 </sup>oC<sup>-1 </sup>x 6.5<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =2717 J , =2.717 KJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Since the reaction is exothermic, so, q = - 2.717 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Vol. Of NaOH =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1081"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1081" width="53" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1081"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277083"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.05 dm<sup>3 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">No. of moles of HC1 =Molarity x vol. of soln. In dm3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =1.0 x 0.05</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> 0.05 mole</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Vol. Of NaOH =<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1082"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1082" width="53" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1082"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277084"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.05 dm<sup>3 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">No. of moles of HC1 =Molarity x vol. of soln. In dm3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =1.0 x 0.05</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> 0.05 mole</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Equation of reaction: HC1<sub>(aq) </sub> +NaOH <sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1083" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1083" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1083"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277085"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NaC1<sub>(aq) </sub>+ H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(l)<o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><sub> </sub> <sup>1mole</sup> <sup>1mole</sup> <sup>1mole</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <sup>0.05 mole</sup> <sup>0.05mole 0.05mole<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Now, 0.1 mole of formation of H<sub>2 </sub>O liberates heat =-2.717 KJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1 mole of formation of H2 O liberates heat =<span style="mso-text-raise: -33.0pt; position: relative; top: 33.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1084" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:95.25pt;height:51.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="69" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1084" width="127" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1084"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277086"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =- 54.34 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Enthalpy of neutralization, <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1085" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1085" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1085"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277087"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>n </sub>= -54.34 kJ Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q14.</b> Hyrazine N<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>4</sub> is a rocket fuel. It burns in o<sub>2 </sub>to N<sub>2 </sub>and H<sub>2</sub>O. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> N<sub>2</sub>H4<sub>(l) </sub> +O<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1086" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1086" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1086"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277088"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>N<sub>2(g) </sub>+ 2H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(g)</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1.00 g" w:st="on">1.00 g</st1:metricconverter> of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>is burned in a bomb calorimeter. An increase of temperature 3.51<sup>o</sup>C is recorded. The heat capacity of calorimeter is 5.5 kJK<sup>-1 </sup>. Calculate the quantity of heat evolved. Also calculate the heat of combustion of 1 mole of N<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>4</sub>. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Mass of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>= 1g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Rise of temperature =3.51 <sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Sp. Heat capacity of calorimeter =5.5 kJK<sup>-1 </sup>=5.5 kJ <sup>o</sup>C<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> q =?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Formula Used: q = m x s x <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1087" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1087" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1087"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277089"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>T</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =1 g x 5.5 kJ <sup>o</sup>C<sup>-1 </sup>x 3.51<sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =19.31 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Since combustion is an exothermic reaction, so </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b>q =- 19.31 kJ Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Now, No of moles of N<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>4 </sub> =1 mole</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Mass of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub> =No. of moles x Molar mass </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =1 mol x <st1:metricconverter productid="32 g" w:st="on">32 g</st1:metricconverter> mol<sup>-1</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =32 g </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Heat of combustion of <st1:metricconverter productid="1 g" w:st="on">1 g</st1:metricconverter> of N<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>4 </sub> = -19.31 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Heat of combustion of <st1:metricconverter productid="32 g" w:st="on">32 g</st1:metricconverter> of N<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>4 </sub> =- 19.31 kJ x 32</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Hence, heat of combustion of N<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>4 </sub> <b>= -618 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q15.</b> Octane C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>is a motor fuel. <st1:metricconverter productid="1.80 g" w:st="on">1.80 g</st1:metricconverter> of a sample of octane is burned in a bomb calorimeter having heat capacity 11.66 kJk<sup>-1 </sup>. The temperature of the calorimeter increases from 31.36<sup>o</sup>C to 28.78<sup>o</sup>C. Calculate the heat of combustion for <st1:metricconverter productid="1 g" w:st="on">1 g</st1:metricconverter> of octane. Also calculate the heat for 1 mole of octane.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Mass of octane, C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18</sub> =1.80g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Sp. Heat capacity of calorimeter =11.66 kJK<sup>-1 </sup>=11.66 kJ <sup>o</sup>C<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Rise in temperature, <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1088" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1088" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1088"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277090"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>T =(28.78 – 21.36 ) <sup>o</sup>C =7.42 <sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Heat of combustion, q =?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Formula Used: q=m x s x <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1089"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1089" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1089"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277091"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>T</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =1.80 g x 11.66 kJ <sup>o</sup>C<sup>-1 </sup>x 7.42 <sup>o</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b>=155.73 kJ Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Since combustion reaction is an exothermic, so</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Heat of combustion = -155.73 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Now, heat o combustion of <st1:metricconverter productid="1.80 g" w:st="on">1.80 g</st1:metricconverter> of octane =- 155.73 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Heat of combustion of 1 mole of octane = - <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1090"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1090" width="68" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1090"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277092"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x <st1:metricconverter productid="1 g" w:st="on">1 g</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> = - 86.52 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Heat of combustion of 1 mole of octane = -86.52 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> No, of moles of octane =1 mole</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Molar mass of octane, C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub> =96+18=114 g mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Mass of octane = moles of octane x molar mass of octane</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> = 1 mol x <st1:metricconverter productid="114 g" w:st="on">114 g</st1:metricconverter> mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> =114 g </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Now, heat of combustion of <st1:metricconverter productid="1 g" w:st="on">1 g</st1:metricconverter> of octane = -86.52 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Heat of combustion of <st1:metricconverter productid="114 g" w:st="on">114 g</st1:metricconverter> of octane =<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1091"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1091" width="61" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1091"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277093"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> x <st1:metricconverter productid="114 g" w:st="on">114 g</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> = - 9863 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Hence, <b>heat of combustion of 1 mole of octane=- 9863 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q16.</b> By applying Hess’s law calculate the enthalpy change for the formation of an aqueous solution of NH<sub>4 </sub>C1 from NH<sub>3 </sub>gas and HC1. The results for the various reactions and pressure are as follows.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) NH<sub>3(s) </sub> +aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1092" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1092" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1092"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277094"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>3(aq) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1093"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1093" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1093"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277095"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -35.16kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) HC1<sub>(g) </sub> +aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1094" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1094" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1094"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277096"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>HC1<sub>(aq) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1095"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1095" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1095"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277097"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -72.41kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) NH<sub>3(s) </sub> +HC1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1096" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1096" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1096"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277098"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>4</sub> C1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1097" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1097" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1097"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277099"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -35.16kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +HC1<sub>(g)</sub>+ aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1098"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1098" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1098"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277100"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>4</sub>C1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1099" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1099" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1099"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277101"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1100" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1100" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1100"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277102"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>3(aq) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1101"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1101" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1101"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277103"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -35.16kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1102" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1102" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1102"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277105"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>HC1<sub>(aq) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1103"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1103" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1103"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277106"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -72.41kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) NH<sub>3(aq) </sub> +HC1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1104" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1104" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1104"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277107"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>4</sub> C1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1105" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1105" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1105"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277108"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -51.48kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Add Eq (i), Eq (ii)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1106" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1106" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1106"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277109"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>3(aq) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1107"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1107" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1107"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277110"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -35.16kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1108" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1108" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1108"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277111"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>HC1<sub>(aq) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1109"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1109" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1109"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277112"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -72.41kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">____________________________________________________________</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +HC1<sub>(g)</sub>+2aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1110"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1110" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1110"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277113"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>3(aq)</sub>+HC1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1111" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1111" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1111"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277114"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -107.57kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Now, add Eq (iii)and Eq(iv)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) NH<sub>3(aq) </sub> +HC1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1112" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1112" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1112"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277115"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>4</sub> C1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1113" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1113" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1113"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277116"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -51.48kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +HC1<sub>(g)</sub>+2aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1114"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1114" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1114"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277117"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>3(aq)</sub>+HC1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1115" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1115" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1115"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277118"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -107.57kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">____________________________________________________________</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(v) NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +HC1<sub>(g)</sub>+2aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1116"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1116" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1116"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277119"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>3(aq)</sub>+HC1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1117" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1117" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1117"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277120"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -159.05kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Since any integer multiplied by ‘aq’ is equal to ‘q’</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> So, 2 x aq =aq</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Hence, Eq(v)becomes,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> NH<sub>3(g) </sub> +HC1<sub>(g)</sub>+2aq<sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1118"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1118" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1118"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277121"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>NH<sub>3(aq)</sub>+HC1<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1119" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1119" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1119"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277122"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -159.05kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1120" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1120" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1120"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277123"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= .159.05 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q17.</b> Calculate the heat of formation of ethyl alcohol from the following information </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Heat of combustion of ethyl alcohol is – 1367 kJ mol-1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Heat of formation of ethyl alcohol is – 393.7 kJ mol-1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Heat of formation of water is - 285.8 kJ mol-1 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Solution: <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="2C" w:st="on">2C</st1:metricconverter><sub>(s) </sub> +3H <sub>2(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1121" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1121" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1121"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277124"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1122" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1122" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1122"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277125"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>C<sub>2 </sub>H 5OH<sub>(<i>l</i>)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1123" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1123" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1123"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277126"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>5 </sub>OH<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub> + 3O<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1124"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1124" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1124"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277127"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2CO<sub>2(g) </sub>+ 3H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1125" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1125" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1125"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277128"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -1367kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) C<sub>(s) </sub> +O<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1126" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1126" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1126"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277129"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CO<sub>2(g) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1127"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1127" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1127"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277130"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -393.7kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iii) H<sub>2(s) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1128"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1128" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1128"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277131"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1129" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1129" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1129"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277132"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1130" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1130" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1130"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277133"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -285.8 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Multiply Eq(ii) by 2 and Eq (iii) by 3 and then add the resultant equation </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) <st1:metricconverter productid="2C" w:st="on">2C</st1:metricconverter><sub>(s) </sub> +2O<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1131"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1131" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1131"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277134"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2CO<sub>2(g) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1132"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1132" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1132"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277135"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -787.4kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(v) 3H<sub>2(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1133"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1133" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1133"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277136"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1134" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1134" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1134"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277138"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>3H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1135" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1135" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1135"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277139"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -857.4 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">____________________________________________________________</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(iv) <st1:metricconverter productid="2C" w:st="on">2C</st1:metricconverter><sub>(s)</sub>+ 3H<sub>2(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1136"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1136" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1136"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277140"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1137"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1137" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1137"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277141"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 2CO<sub>2(g)</sub>+3H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>)</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1138" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1138" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1138"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277142"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -1644.8 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Now, subtract Eq(i) from Eq(iv),</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(vi) <st1:metricconverter productid="2C" w:st="on">2C</st1:metricconverter><sub>(s)</sub>+ 3H<sub>2(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1139"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1139" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1139"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277143"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1140"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1140" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1140"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277144"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 2CO<sub>2(g)</sub>+3H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>)</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1141" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1141" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1141"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277145"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -1644.8 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1142"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1142" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1142"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277146"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<sub>(<i>l</i>)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1143" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1143" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1143"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277147"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 3O<sub>2(g </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1144"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1144" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1144"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277148"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1145" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1145" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1145"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277149"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2CO<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1146"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1146" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1146"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277150"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>3H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>)</sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1147" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1147" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1147"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277151"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1148" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1148" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1148"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277152"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>1367 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">____________________________________________________________</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><st1:metricconverter productid="2C" w:st="on">2C</st1:metricconverter><sub>(s)</sub>+ 3H<sub>2(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1149"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1149" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1149"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277153"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> – C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5 </sub>OH<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1150" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1150" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1150"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277154"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 0 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1151"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1151" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1151"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277155"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -277.8 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">or</div><div class="MsoNormal"><st1:metricconverter productid="2C" w:st="on">2C</st1:metricconverter><sub>(s)</sub>+ 3H<sub>2(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1152" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1152" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1152"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277156"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1153"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1153" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1153"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277157"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5 </sub>OH<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1154" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1154" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1154"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277158"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -277.8 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Hence, the heat of formation of ethyl alcohol is - 277.8 kJ <b>Answer</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Q18. If the heats of combustion of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2 </sub>and C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>6</sub> are – 337.2 , - 68.3 and – 372.8 k calories respectively , then calculate the heat of the following reaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2(g)</sub>+ 2H<sub>2(g) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1155" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1155" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1155"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277159"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6 (<i>g</i>)<o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Solution:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><sub> </sub>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2(g)</sub>+ 2H<sub>2(g) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1156" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1156" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1156"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277160"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6 (<i>g</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1157" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1157" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1157"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277161"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= ?</div><div class="MsoNormal">(i) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2(s)</sub>+ <sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1158"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1158" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1158"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277162"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1159"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1159" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1159"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277163"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 2CO<sub>2(g)</sub>+ C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6(<i>g</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1160" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1160" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1160"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277164"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -337.2 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal">(ii) H<sub>2(s)</sub>+ <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1161" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1161" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1161"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277165"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1162"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1162" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1162"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277166"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1163" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1163" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1163"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277167"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -68.3 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal">(iii) C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>6(s)</sub>+ <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1164" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1164" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1164"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277168"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1165"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1165" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1165"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277170"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2CO<sub>2(g)</sub> +3H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1166" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1166" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1166"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277171"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -372.8 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">Multiply Eq (ii) by2</div><div class="MsoNormal">(iv) 2H<sub>2(g)</sub>+ O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1167" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1167" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1167"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277172"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1168" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1168" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1168"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277173"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -136.3kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> Add Eq (i) , Eq (iv)</div><div class="MsoNormal">(i) C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2(s)</sub>+ <sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1169"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1169" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1169"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277174"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1170"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1170" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1170"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277175"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 2CO<sub>2(g)</sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1171"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1171" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1171"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277176"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -337.2 kJ</div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 11.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 11.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;">(ii) 2H<sub>2(g)</sub>+ O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1172"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1172" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1172"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277177"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1173" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1173" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1173"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277178"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -136.3kJ</div></div><div class="MsoNormal">(v) C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>2(s)</sub>+ 2H<sub>2(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1174" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1174" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1174"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277179"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1175"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1175" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1175"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277180"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2CO<sub>2(g)</sub> +3H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1176"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1176" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1176"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277181"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -473.8 kJ</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">From Eq(v) subtract Eq(iii)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(v) C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>2(s)</sub>+ 2H<sub>2(g) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1177" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1177" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1177"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277182"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1178"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1178" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1178"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277183"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2CO<sub>2(g)</sub> +3H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1179" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1179" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1179"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277184"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -473.8 kJ</div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">(iii) <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1180"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1180" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1180"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277185"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6(<i>g</i>)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1181" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1181" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1181"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277186"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1182" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1182" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1182"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277187"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1183" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1183" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1183"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277188"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1184" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1184" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1184"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277189"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2CO<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1185"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1185" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1185"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277190"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>3H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1186" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1186" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1186"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277191"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1187" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1187" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1187"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277192"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>372.8 kJ</div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2(g)</sub>+ 2H<sub>2(g) </sub> - C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6 (<i>g</i>)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1188" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1188" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1188"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277193"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>0 <sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1189"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1189" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1189"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277194"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -101.0 k cal</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;">Or</div><div class="MsoNormal">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2(g)</sub>+ 2H<sub>2(g) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1190" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1190" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1190"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277195"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>- C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6 (<i>g</i>)</sub> <sub> </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1191"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1191" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1191"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277196"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -101.0 k cal</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1192" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1192" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1192"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277197"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -101.0 k cal Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q19.</b> Graphite and diamond are two forms of carbon. The enthalpy of combustion of graphite at 25<sup>o</sup>C is – 393.51 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>and that of diamond is – 395.41 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> What is the enthalpy change of the process? Graphite<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1193" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1193" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1193"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277198"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>Diamond at the same temperature?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:</b> C(graphite) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1194" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1194" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1194"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277199"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>C(diamond) <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1195" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1195" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1195"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277200"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) C<sub>(graphite) </sub>+O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1196" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1196" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1196"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277201"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CO<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1197" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1197" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1197"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277203"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -393.51 kJmol<sup>-1</sup><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) C<sub>(diamond )</sub> +O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1198" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1198" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1198"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277204"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CO<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1199" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1199" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1199"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277205"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -395.41 kJmol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">From Eq(i) Subtract Eq(ii)</div><div class="MsoNormal">(i) C<sub>(graphite) </sub>+O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1200" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1200" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1200"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277206"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CO<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1201" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1201" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1201"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277207"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= -393.51 kJmol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal">(ii) C<sub>(diamond) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1202" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1202" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1202"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277208"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>O<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1203"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1203" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1203"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277209"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1204" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1204" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1204"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277210"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CO<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1205" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1205" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1205"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277211"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H= <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1206" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1206" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1206"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277212"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>393.41 kJmol<sup>-</sup>____________________________________________________________</div><div class="MsoNormal">C<sub>(graphite) </sub>- C<sub>(diamond)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1207" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1207" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1207"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277213"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>0 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1208" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1208" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1208"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277214"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=1.9 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal">C<sub>(graphite) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1209"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1209" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1209"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277215"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>C<sub>(diamond)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1210" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1210" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1210"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277216"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=1.9 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1211" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1211" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1211"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277217"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=1.9 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q20.</b> What is the meaning of the term enthalpy ionization? If the heat of neutralization of HC1 and NaOH is – 57.3 KJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>and heat of neutralization of CH<sub>3</sub>COOH with NaOH is - 55.2 kJ mol-1 , calculate the enthalpy of ionization of CH<sub>3</sub>COOH.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">CH<sub>3 </sub>COOH<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1212" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1212" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1212"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277218"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CH<sub>3 </sub>COO<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ H<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1213" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1213" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1213"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277219"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i)H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ C1<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1214" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:11.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1214" width="20" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1214"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277220"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sub>Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l) </i></sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1215"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1215" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1215"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277221"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=57.3 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii)CH<sub>3</sub>COOH<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub>+ Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state><sub>(aq) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1216" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:11.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1216" width="20" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1216"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277222"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sub>CH<sub>3</sub>COO <sup>–</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l) </i></sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1217" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1217" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1217"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277223"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=55.2kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Now, from Eq(ii), Subtract Eq(i)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(ii) CH<sub>3</sub>COOH<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub>+ Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">OH<sup>-</sup></st1:place></st1:state><sub>(aq) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1218" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:11.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1218" width="20" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1218"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277224"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sub>CH<sub>3</sub>COO <sup>–</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>+H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l)</i></sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1219"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1219" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1219"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277225"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=-55.2kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 9.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 9.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;">(i) H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1220" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1220" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1220"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277226"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> C1<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1221" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1221" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1221"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277227"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1222"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1222" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1222"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277228"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>OH<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1223"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:11.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1223" width="20" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1223"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277229"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sub>Na<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1224" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1224" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1224"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277230"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(<i>l) </i></sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1225" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1225" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1225"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277231"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1226" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1226" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1226"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277232"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>57.3 kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">CH<sub>3 </sub>COOH<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1227" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1227" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1227"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277233"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CH<sub>3 </sub>COO<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ H<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1228" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1228" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1228"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277234"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=2.1 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup><sub> <o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">CH<sub>3 </sub>COOH<sub>(<i>l</i>) </sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1229" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1229" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1229"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277235"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CH<sub>3 </sub>COO<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub>+ H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1230" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1230" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1230"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277237"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=2.1 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1231" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1231" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1231"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277238"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H=2.1 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>Answer <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q21.</b> (a) Explain what is meant by the following terms.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Atomization energy </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Lattice energy </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Draw a complete, fully labeled Born-Haber Cycle for the formation of potassium bromide.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Using the information given in the table below , calculate the lattice energy of potassium bromide.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">Reactions: <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1232" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1232" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1232"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277239"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H / kJ mol<sup>-1</sup> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify;">K<sub>(s) </sub>+ <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->Br<sub>2(<i>l</i>) <span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1233" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:74.25pt;height:20.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1233" width="99" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1233"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277240"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sub> -392</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">K<sub>(s) </sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1234" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1234" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1234"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277241"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>K<sub>(g) </sub>+90</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">K<sub>(g)</sub> <sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1235" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:90pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1235" width="120" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1235"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277242"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sub> +420</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->Br<sub>2(<i>l</i>)</sub> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1236" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1236" width="41" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1236"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277243"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1237" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:44.25pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1237" width="59" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1237"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277244"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </sub>+112</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">Br<sub>(g) </sub>+<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1238" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:66.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1238" width="89" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1238"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277245"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </sub>-342</div><div class="MsoNormal">Solution:</div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1239" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1239" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1239"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277246"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>f(KBr)</sub>=-392 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1240" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1240" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1240"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277247"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>at (K) </sub>=90kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1241" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1241" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1241"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277248"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>i(K)</sub>=420 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1242" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1242" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1242"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277249"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>D/2 (Br</sub><sup>2</sup>)=112 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1243" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1243" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1243"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277250"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>e (Br) </sub>= -342 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1244" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1244" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1244"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277251"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<i><sub>l </sub></i>=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to Born-Haber cycle</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1245" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1245" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1245"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277252"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>f(KBr) </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1246"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1246" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1246"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277253"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>f </sub>+ <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1247"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1247" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1247"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277254"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>at(k) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1248"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1248" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1248"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277255"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>i(k) </sub>+<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1249"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1249" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1249"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277256"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>D/2 (Br</sub><sup>2 </sup><sub>) </sub>+ <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1250" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1250" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1250"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277257"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>e(Br)<o:p></o:p></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sub> </sub>On putting the values, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> -392 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1251" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1251" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1251"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277258"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<sub>l </sub>+ 90 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>+ 420 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>+ 112 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>– 342 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> -392 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1252" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1252" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1252"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277259"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<i><sub>l </sub></i> + 280 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1253"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1253" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1253"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277260"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<i><sub>l</sub></i><sub> </sub>= -392 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>– 280 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1254"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1254" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1254"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386277261"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>H<i><sub>l</sub></i><sub> </sub>=-672 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <b>Hence, lattice energy of KBr = - 672 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer </b></span></div><div align="center"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-38413215249162074422011-12-24T11:01:00.000-08:002011-12-24T11:01:47.712-08:00Chapter 6th<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">CHAPTER 6</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> CHEMICAL BONDING</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="color: blue;"> MCQs</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="W">Q.1 An ionic compound A<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> B<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> is most likely to be formed when</div><div class="I"> (a) The ionization energy of A is high and electron affinity of B is low</div><div class="I"> (b) The ionization energy of A is low and electron affinity of B is high</div><div class="I"> (c) Both the ionization energy and electron affinity of B are high</div><div class="I"> (d) Both the ionization energy of A and electron affinity of B are low</div><div class="W">Q.2 The number of bonds in nitrogen molecules</div><div class="I"> (a) one <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">s</span> and one <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span></div><div class="I"> (b) one <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">s</span> and two <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) three sigma only</div><div class="I"> (d) two <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">s</span> and one <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span></div><div class="W">Q.3 Which of the following statements is not correct regarding bonding molecular orbitals?</div><div class="I"> (a) bonding molecular orbitals possess less energy than atomic orbitals from which they are formed</div><div class="I"> (b) bonding molecular orbitals have low electron density between the two nuclei</div><div class="I"> (c) every electron in the bonding molecular orbitals contributes to the attraction between atoms</div><div class="I"> (d) bonding molecular orbitals are formed when the electron waves undergo constructive interference</div><div class="W">Q.4 Which of the following molecules has zero dipole moment?</div><div class="I"> (a) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (b) CHCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O (d) BF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.5 Which of the hydrogen halides has the highest percentage of ionic character</div><div class="I"> (a) HF (b) HBr</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) HCl (d) HI</div><div class="W">Q.6 Which of the following molecules has unpaired electrons in anti–bonding molecular orbitals</div><div class="I"> (a) O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (b) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Br<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) F<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.7 Which of the following involve ionic bonding only?</div><div class="I"> (a) Li<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>N (b) NaCl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) NCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.8 Which of the following involve covalent bonding only?</div><div class="I"> (a) KF (b) KCl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4 </span></span> (d) MgCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W" style="line-height: 97%;">Q.9 Which of the following molecules has a net dipole moment?</div><div class="I" style="line-height: 97%;"> (a) CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (b) CS<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 97%; margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) CCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span></div><div class="W" style="line-height: 97%;">Q.10 H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>S has a net dipole moment while BeF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> has zero dipole moment, because</div><div class="I" style="line-height: 97%;"> (a) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>S molecule is linear while BeF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is angular</div><div class="I"> (b) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>S molecule is angular, while BeF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> molecule is linear</div><div class="I"> (c) Fluorine has more electronegativity than S</div><div class="I"> (d) Be is more electronegative than S</div><div class="W">Q.11 Which of the following ions has larger ionic radius?</div><div class="I"> (a) Na<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+ </span></span>(b) K<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Mg<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2+ </span></span> (d) Al<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3+</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.12 Which of the following bonds is least polar?</div><div class="I"> (a) H–Se (b) P–Cl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) H–Cl (d) N–Cl</div><div class="W">Q.13 Which one has the least bond angle?</div><div class="I"> (a) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (b) CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O (d) BF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.14 Coordinate covalent bonds are formed by</div><div class="I"> (a) sharing of electrons</div><div class="I"> (b) donation of electrons</div><div class="I"> (c) transference of electrons</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.15 Which of the following molecules would be expected to have zero dipole moment?</div><div class="I"> (a) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>S (b) PF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) TeF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6 </span></span> (d) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="W">Q.16 The bond formed between the elements of low ionization energy and elements of high electron affinity is</div><div class="I"> (a) ionic (b) covalent</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) metallic (d) coordinate</div><div class="W">Q.17 The side ways overlap of two–p orbitals to form a bond is called</div><div class="I"> (a) sigma bond (b) pi (<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span>) bond</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) ionic bond (d) covalent bond</div><div class="W">Q.18 The head overlap of p–orbitals of two atoms give rise to bond called</div><div class="I"> (a) sigma bond (b) pi (<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span>) bond</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) ionic bond (d) covalent bond</div><div class="W">Q.19 Which element would be the most electronegative element with</div><div class="I"> (a) high ionization energy (IE) and low electron affinity (EA)</div><div class="I"> (b) low ionization energy (IE) and high electron affinity (EA)</div><div class="I"> (c) low ionization energy and low electron affinity</div><div class="I"> (d) high ionization energy and high electron affinity</div><div class="W">Q.20 Which element would be the least electronegative element with</div><div class="I"> (a) high I.E. and low E.A. (b) low I.E. and high E.A.</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) low I.E. and low E.A. (d) high I.E. and low E.A.</div><div class="W">Q.21 Which of the following substances has the least ionic character in its bond?</div><div class="I"> (a) CCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4 </span></span> (b) KCl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) BeCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) MgCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.22 Which of the following best describes ionization energy?</div><div class="I"> (a) energy needed to remove the most loosely bound electron from its ground state</div><div class="I"> (b) it decreases from left to right across a period</div><div class="I"> (c) it increases down the periodic table</div><div class="I"> (d) it is represented by x + e<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> x<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> + energy</div><div class="W">Q.23 Which one of the following characteristics is not usually attributed to ionic substances</div><div class="I"> (a) high melting point (b) deform when struck</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) crystalline in solid state</div><div class="I"> (d) well defined three dimensional structure</div><div class="W">Q.24 Which of the following bond is less polar?</div><div class="I"> (a) B–Cl (b) C–Cl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) H–I (d) C–I</div><div class="W">Q.25 Which type of the orbital hybridization and geometry is used by the central atom of NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span>?</div><div class="I"> (a) sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> hybridization and trigonal planar</div><div class="I"> (b) sp hybridization and tetrahedral geometry</div><div class="I"> (c) sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> hybridization and trigonal planar</div><div class="I"> (d) sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> hybridization and tetrahedral geometry</div><div class="W">Q.26 Which of the following compounds has most likely been formed by covalent bonding of atoms</div><div class="I"> (a) CaF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (b) MgO</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) SiH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4 </span></span> (d) NaCl</div><div class="W">Q.27 Identify the compound below which has bonds formed by an overlap of sp and p–orbitals</div><div class="I"> (a) BF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (b) BeCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="W">Q.28 The most electronegative of these group I element is</div><div class="I"> (a) Na (b) K</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Li (d) Cs</div><div class="W">Q.29 The type of bonding in HBr is</div><div class="I"> (a) ionic (b) polar covalent</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) non–polar covalent (d) coordinate covalent</div><div class="W">Q.30 Which of the following statement is not correct</div><div class="I"> (a) sigma bond is weaker than a pi bond</div><div class="I"> (b) sigma bond is stronger than a pi bond</div><div class="I"> (c) double bond is stronger than a single bond</div><div class="I"> (d) double bond is shorter than a single bond</div><div class="W">Q.31 Which of the following molecules has a pyramidal structure?</div><div class="I"> (a) CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4 </span></span> (b) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O (d) C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.32 The bond angle in water is</div><div class="I"> (a) 109–5<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o </span></span> (b) 104.5<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 107.0<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o </span></span> (d) 120<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.33 During the formation of chemical bond, the potential energy of the system</div><div class="I"> (a) decreases (b) increases</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) does not change (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.34 H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O molecule has</div><div class="I"> (a) no lone pair (b) one lone pair</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) two lone pairs (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.35 NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> molecule has</div><div class="I"> (a) no lone pair (b) one lone pair</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) two lone pairs (d) three lone pairs</div><div class="W">Q.36 In NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> the covalent bond formed are due to</div><div class="I"> (a) s–sp overlap (b) s–sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> overlap</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) s–sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> overlap (d) sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>–sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> overlap</div><div class="W">Q.37 Which of the following is largest atom</div><div class="I"> (a) Mg (b) Be</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Sr (d) Ca</div><div class="W">Q.38 As compared to covalent compounds, ionic compounds generally have</div><div class="I"> (a) low melting points and low boiling points</div><div class="I"> (b) low melting points and high boiling points</div><div class="I"> (c) high melting points and high boiling points</div><div class="I"> (d) high melting points and low boiling points</div><div class="W">Q.39 The attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule is called</div><div class="I"> (a) force of attraction (b) electrostatic force</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) bond (d) chemical bond</div><div class="W">Q.40 Which of the following bonds will be formed between alkali metals and halogens</div><div class="I"> (a) ionic (b) covalent bond</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) metallic bond (d) coordinate covalent bond</div><div class="W">Q.41 The bond formed between the atoms by mutual sharing of electrons is</div><div class="I"> (a) ionic (b) coordinate covalent bond</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) covalent (d) metallic</div><div class="W">Q.42 A chemical bond formed between two similar atoms is purely</div><div class="I"> (a) ionic (b) covalent</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) metallic (d) coordinate</div><div class="W">Q.43 On the basis of VSEPR model the geometry of BeCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is</div><div class="I"> (a) linear (b) trigonal</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) tetrahedral (d) angular</div><div class="W">Q.44 On the basis of VSEPR theory, a molecule with three bond pair and no lone pair of electrons will have a structure</div><div class="I"> (a) linear (b) trigonal planar</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) tetrahedral (d) trigonal pyramidal</div><div class="W">Q.45 The geometry of NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> on the basis of VSEPR model is</div><div class="I"> (a) trigonal planar (b) trigonal pyramidal</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) tetrahedral (d) linear</div><div class="W">Q.46 In which of the following theories the hybridization is considered</div><div class="I"> (a) VSEPR (b) Lewis</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) molecular orbital (d) valence bond</div><div class="W">Q.47 The angle between 3 sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> hybrid orbital is </div><div class="I"> (a) 90<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o </span></span> (b) 120<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 130<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o </span></span> (d) 180<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.48 The unhybridized “p” orbital in sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> hybridization is</div><div class="I"> (a) parallel to sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (b) in the same plane</div><div class="I"> (c) perpendicular to sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> orbitals</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) out of plane</div><div class="W">Q.49 Which of the following theories gives the idea of delocalization of electrons</div><div class="I"> (a) Lewis theory (b) VSEPR theory</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) valence bond theory (d) molecular orbital theory</div><div class="W">Q.50 The tandency of an atom to attract, a shared electron pair towards itself is called</div><div class="I"> (a) electron affinity (b) electronegativity</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) dipole moment (d) ionization potential</div><div class="W">Q.51 Energy needed to remove an electron from its gaseous atom is called</div><div class="I"> (a) electron affinity (b) ionization energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) lattice energy (d) electronegativity</div><div class="W">Q.52 A bond having partial positive and negative charges is</div><div class="I"> (a) ionic (b) covalent</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) polar covalent (d) non–polar covalent</div><div class="W">Q.53 A bond formed by the linear overlap of atomic orbitals is called</div><div class="I"> (a) sigma (b) ionic</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) pi (d) polar</div><div class="W">Q.54 Which of the following elements is the most electronegative</div><div class="I"> (a) Li (b) F</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) O (d) Cl</div><div class="W">Q.55 Some covalent compounds dissolve in water due to</div><div class="I"> (a) hydrolysis (b) hydration</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) hydrogen bonding (d) metallic bonding</div><div class="W">Q.56 Which of the following compounds will have the lowest boiling point?</div><div class="I"> (a) PH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (b) ASH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) SbH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.57 Which of the following molecules has a coordinate bond?</div><div class="I"> (a) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>Cl (b) NaCl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) HCl (d) AlCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.58 The half of the difference between the number of electrons in bonding MO and antibonding MO is called</div><div class="I"> (a) molecule order (b) bond order</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) proton order (d) electron order</div><div class="W">Q.59 The bond order for He<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> molecule is</div><div class="I"> (a) zero (b) <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1 (d) 2</div><div class="W">Q.60 The bond order for H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is</div><div class="I"> (a) zero (b) <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1 (d) 1.5</div><div class="W">Q.61 The bond order in N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> molecule is</div><div class="I"> (a) zero (b) 1</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 2 (d) 3</div><div class="W">Q.62 The bond order in O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> molecule is</div><div class="I"> (a) 1 (b) 2</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 3 (d) zero</div><div class="W">Q.63 Which one of the following is diamagnetic</div><div class="I"> (a) B<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (b) C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.64 Which one of the following molecule is paramagnetic</div><div class="I"> (a) B<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (b) C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) F<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.65 Which of the following ions is diamagnetic</div><div class="I"> (a) O<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>+,</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>2</span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--> (b) O<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>–,</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>2</span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) O<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:8.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>–,</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> (d) N<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:8.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>–,</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2 </span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="W">Q.66 Pi bond consists of two regions of electron cloud density</div><div class="I"> (a) along the bond axis</div><div class="I"> (b) along and perpendicular to bond axis</div><div class="I"> (c) above and below the bond axis</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.67 Sigma bond consists of one region of electron density</div><div class="I"> (a) along the bond axis</div><div class="I"> (b) along and perpendicular to bond axis</div><div class="I"> (c) above and below the bond axis</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.68 The electron cloud density is symmetrical along the bond axis in</div><div class="I"> (a) sigma bond (b) pi bond</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) both sigma and pi bond</div><div class="I"> (d) neither sigma nor pi bond</div><div class="W">Q.69 The electron cloud density is not symmetrical along the bond axis in</div><div class="I"> (a) sigma bond (b) pi bond</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) both sigma and pi bond</div><div class="I"> (d) neither sigma nor pi bond</div><div class="W">Q.70 Covalent bonds are</div><div class="I"> (a) rigid and directional</div><div class="I"> (b) rigid and non–directional</div><div class="I"> (c) neither rigid nor directional</div><div class="I"> (d) non–rigid and directional</div><div class="W">Q.71 Ionic bonds are</div><div class="I"> (a) rigid and directional</div><div class="I"> (b) rigid and non–directional</div><div class="I"> (c) non rigid non directional</div><div class="I"> (d) non–rigid and directional</div><div class="W">Q.72 Which of the following statements is correct regarding the covalent compounds</div><div class="I"> (a) covalent compounds do not exhibit isomerism</div><div class="I"> (b) covalent compounds exhibit isomerism</div><div class="I"> (c) covalent compounds are soluble in water</div><div class="I"> (d) covalent compounds are insoluble in non–polar solvents</div><div class="W" style="line-height: 97%;">Q.73 The C–C bond length in ethane (C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>) is </div><div class="I" style="line-height: 97%;"> (a) 154 pm (b) 133 pm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 97%; margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 120 pm (d) 105 pm</div><div class="W" style="line-height: 97%;">Q.74 The C–C bond length in ethene (C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 97%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>) is</div><div class="I" style="line-height: 97%;"> (a) 154 pm (b) 133 pm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 97%; margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 120 pm (d) 105 pm</div><div class="W" style="line-height: 97%;">Q.75 The C–C bond length in ethyne is</div><div class="I" style="line-height: 97%;"> (a) 154 pm (b) 133 pm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 120 pm (d) 105 pm</div><div class="W">Q.76 The atomic radii of the elements have a general trend of fluctuating periodically throughout the</div><div class="I"> (a) group (b) period</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) periodic table (d) series</div><div class="W">Q.77 Which of the following atom has the shortest atomic radius</div><div class="I"> (a) N (b) F</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) O (d) B</div><div class="W">Q.78 The half of the single bond length between two atoms in a molecule is called</div><div class="I"> (a) ionic radius of an element</div><div class="I"> (b) covalent radius of an element</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) both ionic and covalent</div><div class="I"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.79 Octet rule is not followed in the formation of</div><div class="I"> (a) CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4 </span></span> (b) NF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) BCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3 </span></span> (d) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="W">Q.80 Select the atom with the largest ionization energy in the following atoms</div><div class="I"> (a) N (b) P</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) AS (d) Sb</div><div class="W">Q.81 Select the largest atom in the following atoms</div><div class="I"> (a) O (b) S</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Se (d) Te</div><div class="W">Q.82 Which of the following group of elements on the average has the highest ionization energies</div><div class="I"> (a) IA (b) IIIA</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) IVA (d) VIIIA</div><div class="W">Q.83 Molecular orbital theory has</div><div class="I"> (a) the superiority over the VB theory</div><div class="I"> (b) the inferiority over the VB theory</div><div class="I"> (c) neither superiority nor inferiority over VB theory</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.84 The bond between H–H is</div><div class="I"> (a) stronger than the bond between H–Cl</div><div class="I"> (b) weaker than the bond between H–Cl</div><div class="I"> (c) neither stronger nor weaker than the bond between H–Cl</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; tab-stops: 36.95pt 72.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.85 In which of the following molecules, the value of bond order in maximum </div><div class="I"> (a) H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (b) O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.86 When the S–character of hybridized orbital decreases the bond angle</div><div class="I"> (a) decreases (b) increases</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) does not change (d) becomes zero</div><div class="W">Q.87 One of the causes of reactions is that the systems attains the energy state which is of</div><div class="I"> (a) higher in energy (b) lower in energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) balanced in energy (d) equal in energy</div><div class="W">Q.88 The increase in the bond energy of a covalent bond is due to</div><div class="I"> (a) electronegativity (b) ionization energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) polarity (d) symmetry</div><div class="W">Q.89 The polarity of a molecule is expressed by</div><div class="I"> (a) bond strength (b) dipole moment</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) bond length (d) shape</div><div class="W">Q.90 Dipole moment of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O is</div><div class="I"> (a) 1.85 (b) 1.82</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: .05pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1.87 (d) 1.83</div><div class="W"><br />
</div><div class="W"><o:p> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> ANSWERS</span></b></o:p></div><div class="W"><o:p></o:p></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">1<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">2<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">8<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">9<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">11<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">12<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">13<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">14<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">15<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">16<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">17<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">18<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">19<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">20<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">21<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">22<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">23<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">24<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">25<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">26<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">27<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">28<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">29<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">30<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">31<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">32<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">33<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">34<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">35<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">36<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">37<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">38<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">39<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">40<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">41<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">42<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">43<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">44<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">45<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">46<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">47<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">48<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">49<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">50<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">51<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">52<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">53<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">54<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">55<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">56<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">57<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">58<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">59<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">60<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">61<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">62<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">63<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">64<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">65<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">66<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">67<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">68<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">69<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">70<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">71<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">72<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">73<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">74<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">75<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">76<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">77<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">78<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">79<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">80<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">81<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">82<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">83<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">84<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">85<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">86<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">87<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">88<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">89<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">90<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
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<br />
<div class="W"><o:p> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">SHORT QUESTION WITH ANSWERS</span></b></o:p></div><div class="W"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Q">Q.1 Dipole moments of chlorobenzene is 1.70 D and of chlorobenzene is 2.5 D while that of paradichlorbenzene is zero; why?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="E"> Benzene has zero dipole moment as it is a symmetrical planar hexagonal molecule. The substitution of benzene ring with two Cl–atoms at the para positions does not add any dipole moment to the benzene as the dipoles created being equal and opposite cancel out each other’s effect. As, there is no such cancellation in monochlorobenzene. These molecules have resultant dipole moments of 1.70 D and 2.5 D respectively.</div><div class="Q">Q.2 What is covalent bond?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="E"> A chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms is called covalent bond.</div><div class="E"> H + H <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H – H</div><div class="Q">Q.3 What is meant by a coordinate covalent bond?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="E"> A coordinate covalent bond is for a bond formed, when both electrons of the bond are denoted by one atom.</div><div class="Q">Q.4 What is the difference between a localized <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span> bond and a delocalized one?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="E"> In a localized <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span> bond, the electron density is concentrated between the two atoms forming the bond. In a delocalized <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span> bond, the electron density is spread over all the atoms that contribute p orbitals to the net work.</div><div class="Q">Q.5 How will you differentiate between a polar covalent bond and non–polar covalent bond?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="E"> A covalent bond between two dissimilar atoms in which the shared electron pair is not attracted equally by the two atoms and the bonded atoms acquire a partial positive and negative charge is called polar covalent bond.</div><div class="E"> A covalent bond between two like atoms such as H–H, <br />
Cl–Cl, in which shared electron pair is attracted equally by both the atoms is called a non–polar covalent bond.</div><div class="Q">Q.6 Indicate the hybridization and bond angles associated with each of the following (a) linear (b) tetrahedral (c) trigonal planar.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="E"> (a) Sp. 180<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span> (b) Sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>. 109<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span> (c) Sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>. 120<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span></div><div class="Q">Q.7 What are the similarities and differences between atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Both atomic and molecular orbitals have a characteristic energy and shape each can hold a maximum of the two electrons. Atomic orbitals are localized and their energies are the result of interactions between the subatomic particles in a single atom. Molecular orbitals can be delocalized and their energies are influenced by interactions between electrons on several atoms.</div><div class="Q">Q.8 Why is the bonding molecular orbital of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> at lower energy than the electron in a hydrogen atom?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> There is a net lowering in energy that accompanies bond formation because the electrons in H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> are strongly attracted to both H nuclei, while in H–atom the electron is attracted by only one nucleus.</div><div class="Q">Q.9 How many electrons can be placed into each molecular orbital of a molecule?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Two electrons can be placed into each molecular orbital of a molecule.</div><div class="Q">Q.10 What is meant by an ionic bond?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> An ionic bond is a chemical bond formed by the electzostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. The bond formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are transformed from valence shell of one atom to the valence shell of the other. The atom that loses electrons becomes cation and the atom that gains electrons becomes anion. The electronic configurations of both ions are those of noble gas atoms. All metals react with non–metals to form ionic compounds.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Na<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> + e<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> + e<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span><span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Na<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span><span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> + Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span><span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">(g)</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> NaCl</div><div class="Q">Q.11 Can a molecule have polar bonds and not a dipole?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Yes a molecule can have polar bonds and not a dipole, if the orientation of the polar bonds in the molecule cancel each other’s effect e.g. CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>.</div><div class="Q">Q.12 Can a molecule have non–polar bonds only and have a dipole?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> No. A molecule which have non–polar bonds only cannot have a dipole.</div><div class="Q">Q.13 State the difference between a polar bond and a polar molecule.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A polar bond is a covalent bond that exists between two atoms having an electronegativity difference greater than 0.2 a polar molecule results, if one or more polar bonds in a molecule is not balanced by other polar bonds in the </div><div class="Q">Q.14 According to molecular orbital theory, would Be<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> be expected to exist? Explain.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Be<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is not expected to exist, it has bond order of zero and is not energetically favoured over isolated Be atoms.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">Q.15 What is meant by bond order?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The bond order is half the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Bond order = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> (No. of bonding electrons – No. of antibonding electrons)</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">Q.16 What is meant by paramagnetic substance?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A paramagnetic substance is a substance that is attracted by a magnetic field and this attraction is generally the result of unpaired electrons. The more unpaired electrons in a species (substance), the stronger the force of attraction. This type of magnetic behaviour is called paramagnetism.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">Q.17 What is meant by a diamagnetic substance?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A diamagnetic substance is a substance that is not attracted by a magnetic field. This property is called diamagnetism. This property generally means that substance has only paired electrons.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">Q.18 (a) what is hybridization at carbon atom in CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>, C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> and C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">(b) The carbon atom in CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> cannot participate in multiple bonding, whereas that is C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> can. Explain.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 1.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) The hybridization at the carbon atom in CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> is Sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>, in C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> is sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> and in C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is sp.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) The C atom in CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> is sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> hybridized, there are no un–hybridized p orbitals, available for the <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span> overlap required for multiple bonds. In C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span>, the C atom is sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> hybridized with two p atomic orbitals (one on each C atom), available to form the <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span> overlap in the C = C double bond.</div><div class="Q">Q.19 Describe briefly the VSEPR theory.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The VSEPR theory predicts the shape of molecules and ions in which valence shell electron pairs are arranged around the central atom of a molecule or ions in such a way that there is maximum separation so that electron repulsions are minimized and electron nucleus attractions are maximized. Some of these electron pairs are bonding and some are lone pairs. The direction in space of the bonding pairs gives the molecular geometry. A lone pair of electrons occupy more space than a bonding pair. Repulsive forces decrease sharply with increasing interpair angle. They are strong at 90<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span> much weaker at 120<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span> and very weak at 180<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>. in VSEPR model, each multiple bond is treated as though it were a single electron pair.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.20</b> <b>A lone pair of electrons occupies more space than a bond pair?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b> </b>A lone pair of electrons occupies more space than bond pair because lone pair is attracted by only one nucleus while bond pair is attracted by two nuclei. Due to less nuclear attraction to lone pair its electronic charge is spread ot more in space than that of bond pair. </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="Q">Q.21 Predict the geometry of (a) BeCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> (b) BF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> (c) SiH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> molecules.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) The two bond pairs of electrons in BeCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> molecule arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize the repulsion between them. The only arrangement which can satisfy this condition is linear i.e. at angle of 180<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span>.</div><div class="E"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:140.5pt;margin-top:16pt;width:43pt;
height:9.15pt;z-index:251656704;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text' coordsize="860,183" o:allowincell="f"
path="m,183c18,147,37,111,70,83,103,55,120,26,200,13,280,,457,,550,3v93,3,158,7,210,30c812,56,836,99,860,143e"
filled="f" strokeweight="1pt"> <v:stroke startarrow="block" startarrowwidth="narrow" endarrow="block"
endarrowwidth="narrow"/> <v:path arrowok="t"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 17px; left: 0px; margin-left: 182px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 68px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="68" /></span><!--[endif]--> :<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \o(<span style='position:relative;
top:-10.0pt;mso-text-raise:10.0pt'>..</span>,Cl,<span style='position:relative;
top:4.0pt;mso-text-raise:-4.0pt'>..</span>) : Be : \o(<span style='position:
relative;top:-10.0pt;mso-text-raise:10.0pt'>..</span>,Cl,<span
style='position:relative;top:4.0pt;mso-text-raise:-4.0pt'>..</span>) : <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> Cl ––– <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='position:relative;
top:-20.0pt;mso-text-raise:20.0pt'>180</span><span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;position:relative;top:-20.0pt;
mso-text-raise:20.0pt'>o</span></span>,Be) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> –– Cl</div><div class="E"><br />
</div><div class="E"><br />
</div><div class="E"><br />
</div><div class="E"><br />
</div><div class="E"><br />
</div><div class="E"><br />
</div><div class="E"><br />
</div><div class="E"><br />
</div><div class="E"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:160pt;margin-top:39.3pt;width:91.5pt;
height:84pt;z-index:251657728' coordorigin="6450,8260" coordsize="1830,1680"
o:allowincell="f"> <v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:6870;top:8920;width:590;height:430' filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>B<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:line id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;flip:y' from="7110,8620"
to="7110,8950" strokeweight="1pt"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1030" style='position:absolute;flip:x' from="6710,9250"
to="7020,9560" strokeweight="1pt"/> <v:line id="_x0000_s1031" style='position:absolute;flip:x y' from="7160,9220"
to="7470,9530" strokeweight="1pt"/> <v:shape id="_x0000_s1032" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:6450;top:9510;width:590;height:430' filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>F<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:7310;top:9510;width:590;height:430' filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>F<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:6960;top:8260;width:590;height:430' filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>F<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:7490;top:8910;width:790;height:430' filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox> <![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>120</span><sup>o</sup></i></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p></div><![if !mso]></td> </tr>
</table><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:line id="_x0000_s1036" style='position:absolute' from="7300,9130"
to="7600,9130" strokeweight="1pt"/> </v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 116px; left: 0px; margin-left: 213px; margin-top: 52px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 126px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="116" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029 _x0000_s1030 _x0000_s1031 _x0000_s1032 _x0000_s1033 _x0000_s1034 _x0000_s1035 _x0000_s1036" width="126" /></span><!--[endif]-->(b) The BF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> molecule containing three bond pairs of electrons is trigonal planar because, this structure gives maximum separation among the three bonding electron pairs.</div><div class="E"> :<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \o(<span style='position:relative;
top:-10.0pt;mso-text-raise:10.0pt'>..</span>,F,<span style='position:relative;
top:4.0pt;mso-text-raise:-4.0pt'>..</span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->:: <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='position:relative;
top:-10.0pt;mso-text-raise:10.0pt'>..</span>,F,<span style='position:relative;
top:4.0pt;mso-text-raise:-4.0pt'>..</span>) : \o(<span style='position:relative;
top:-10.0pt;mso-text-raise:10.0pt'>..</span>,B,<span style='position:relative;
top:4.0pt;mso-text-raise:-4.0pt'>..</span>) : <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->: <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='position:relative;
top:-10.0pt;mso-text-raise:10.0pt'>..</span>,F,<span style='position:relative;
top:4.0pt;mso-text-raise:-4.0pt'>..</span>) : <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) In SiH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> molecule, the electrostatic repulsion between four bonding electron pairs will be minimum, when they are present at corners of a regular tetrahedron making angle 109.5<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span> with each other.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:group
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="Q">Q.22 Describe briefly the valence bond theory.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to valence bond theory, a covalent bond is formed by pairing of electrons by the overlap of half (partially) filled atomic orbitals of two atoms. The two overlapping orbitals must be valence orbitals, must be half filled and must retain their identities. By overlap means that the electrons of overlapping orbitals share a common region of high electron density, along the line between two nuclei called bond axis.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> This theory explains the bonding in terms of overlapping of atomic orbitals and mixing of atomic orbitals called hybridization. Multiple bond occurs via the overlap of atomic orbitals to give <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">s</span> bonds and <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span> bonds.</div><div class="Q">Q.23 Why monoatomic cations smaller than their corresponding neutral atoms?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Electrostatic repulsions are reduced by removing an electron from a neutral atom, effective neutral charge increases and therefore the cation is smaller than their corresponding neutral atoms.</div><div class="Q">Q.24 Why are monoatomic anions larger than their corresponding neutral atoms?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The additional electrostatic repulsion produced by adding an electron to a neutral atom decreases the effective nuclear charge experienced by the valence electrons and increases the size of anions.</div><div class="Q">Q.25 Why does the size of ions increase as one produced down a column in the periodic table?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Going down a column, valence electrons are further from the nucleus and they experience greater shielding by core electrons. The greater radial extent of the valence electrons outweigh the increase in atomic number. Therefore the size of ions increase as one proceeds down a column.</div><div class="Q">Q.26 What is an isoelectronic series?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> An isoelectronic series is a group of atoms or ions that have the same number of electrons, and thus the same electronic configuration.</div><div class="Q">Q.27 Why noble gases are most stable?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Noble gases are most stable because their s and p orbitals are completely filled.</div><div class="Q">Q.28 Why O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> molecule is paramagnetic in nature?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> molecule is paramagnetic in nature due to presence of unpaired electrons in its molecule.</div><div class="Q">Q.29 Why CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is non–polar molecule although C–O bond is polar?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Each C–O bond in CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is polar. The two bond dipoles in CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> are equal in magnitude and are exactly opposite in direction. The bond dipoles cancel each other. Therefore, the overall dipole moment of CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is zero. Thus CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is a non–polar molecule.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> O<span class="K"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">d</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> = C = O<span class="K"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">d</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span></div><div class="Q">Q.30 Why H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O is a polar molecule?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O is a bent molecule with two polar bonds. Both the bonds are identical, so the bond dipoles are equal in magnitude. Because the molecule is bent, however the bond dipoles do not directly oppose to each other and therefore, do not cancel each other.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Hence the H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O molecule has an overall dipole moment <br />
(<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span> = 1.85D), because H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O has dipole moment, it is polar molecule.</div><div class="Q">Q.31 The melting and boiling points of electrovalent compounds are very high as compared with those of covalent compounds. Explain.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The melting and boiling points of electrovalent compounds are very high, because the ions are tightly packed in the crystal lattice by strong attractive forces and high thermal energy is required to separate them from one another. The atoms of molecules in covalent compounds are held together by weak intermolecular forces and less energy is required to separate the atoms or molecules in a solid or liquid.</div><div class="Q">Q.32 (a) Why solid NaCl does not conduct electricity?</div><div class="Q">(b) What will happen if electric currents is passed through molten NaCl or its aqueous solution? Explain.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Solid NaCl does not conduct electricity because the oppositely charged ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces and the ions do not free to move.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->However, in the molten NaCl or its aqueous solution the ions because quite free to migrate in an electric field and conduct electricity when passed through them.</div><div class="Q">Q.33 What is molecular orbital theory?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals overlap to form molecular orbitals n atomic orbitals combine to form n molecular orbitals. Half of them are bonding molecular orbitals and half antibonding molecular orbitals. In this combination, the individual atomic orbital character is lost in order to form an entirely new orbital that belongs to whole molecule. The theory successfully explains bond order and paramagnetic property of O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>.</div><div class="Q">Q.34 In many cases, the distinction between a coordinate covalent and a covalent bond vanishes after bond formation. Explain with the help of an example.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A coordinate covalent bond is not essentially different from other covalent bonds, it involves the sharing of pair of electrons between two atoms. An example is formation of NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> ion in which all bonds are identical, so the distinction between a coordinate covalent bond and covalent bond vanishes after bond formation.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> + :NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \b\bc\[( H : \a\co1(H,..,N,..,H) : H ) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> H – <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \a\co1(H,|,N,|,H) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> </div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> or <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \b\bc\[( H – \a\co1(H,|,N,|,H) – H ) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="Q">Q.35 PF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> is a polar molecule with dipole moment 1.02 D and thus the P–F bond is polar. Si, being in proximity of P in the periodic table, it is expected that Si–F bond would also be polar, but SiF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> has no dipole moment. Explain why it is so?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> PF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> has one lone pair of electrons and one P atom lies out of plane of rest of the atom and thus PF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> is pyramidal molecule and has 1.02 D dipole moment and thus the P–F bond is polar.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> SiF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> molecular has tetrahedral shape and the SiF bonds are directed by Symmetrically about the central Si atom. Although Si–F bonds are polar, but all the four bond moments cancel out one another and give SiF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> molecule of zero dipole moment.</div><div class="Q">Q.36 NaCl is a harder substance at room temperature than glucose explain.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The hardness of substance depends on the strength of the forces between the particles forming a substance. NaCl is an ionic compound and consists of Na<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> and Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–</span></span> ions which are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction while glucose consists of molecules which are held together by weak intermolecular forces. Therefore, NaCl is a harder substance at room temperature than glucose.</div><div class="Q">Q.37 The linear of BeCl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> suggests that central Be atom is sp–hybridized. What type of hybridization a central atom undergoes when the atoms bonded to it are located at the corners of (a) an equilateral triangle and (b) a regular tetrahedron.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) The central atom undergoes Sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> hybridization when the atoms bonded to it are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) The central atom undergoes Sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> hybridization when the atoms bounded to it are located at the corners of a regular tetrahedron.</div><div class="Q">Q.38 A double bond is shorter and stronger than a single bond.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The greater the number of electron pairs in the bond, the shorter and stronger will be the bond because of greater nuclei–electron attractions. A double bond has two shared electron pairs, while a single bond has only one shared electron pair. Thus a double bond has a greater nuclei electron attraction, than a single bond. Therefore, a double bond is shorter and stronger than a single bond.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt;">Q.39 NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> and H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O can form coordinate covalent bond with H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> but CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> cannot do so.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> and H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O both have lone pair of electrons on N and O atoms which can donate to a H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> (electron deficient) to from a coordinate covalent bond. In CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> there is no lone pair of electrons to donate H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> for the formation of coordinate covalent bond. Therefore, NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span> and H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O can form coordinate covalent bond with H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> but CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">4</span></span> cannot do so.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>N: + H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> [H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>N <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H]<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O + H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">3</span></span>O <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> [H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H]<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">+</span></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt;">Q.40 Covalent bond may be non–polar but coordinate covalent bond is always polar.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A covalent bond between two like atoms is always non–polar, whereas between two unlike atoms, it is a polar. In coordinate covalent bond the shared electron pair is denoted by only one of the two bonded atoms. The atom which denotes the electron pair acquires partial positive charge and the atom which accepts the electron pair acquires partial negative charge. Therefore, coordinate covalent bond is always polar. Hence a covalent bond may be non–polar, but coordinate covalent bond is always polar.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt;">Q.41 Molecule of O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> is paramagnetic in nature. Explain.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A substance is paramagnetic, when it has unpaired electrons.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to molecular orbital theory, O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> has two unpaired electrons in the degenerate orbitals <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span><span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> py and <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">p</span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></span><span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> px. Due to the presence of these two unpaired electrons O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> molecule is paramagnetic.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.42 Dipole moment of CO2 is zero but that of CO is o.12 Debye.Why?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans: <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">CO<sub>2</sub> is a linear molecule and the tow diploes cancel the effect of each other. In CO there is a single dipole directed from carbon to oxygen and it not cancelled.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.43</b> <b>Why dipole moment of benzene is zero?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">Benzene is symmetrical planar molecule. It has six C – H there are six dipole moments. All the dipole moments cancel the effect of each other and net value is zero.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.44 I.E is index of metallic character why?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">Metals have loosely held electrons which are delocalized and are responsible for the properties of metals. So, metals have low ionization energies.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.45 The abnormality of the bond length and bond strength in HI is less prominent than that of HCl, give reason?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">Chlorine has higher electronegative than iodine. So, the polarities of HCI and HI bonds are unequal. Therefore, abnormality of bond length and bond strength of HCI is more prominent than HI.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.46 How does electro negativity difference decide the nature of ionic bond?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Ans:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">When the electro negativity difference between two bonded atoms is 1.7 or move than that, then the bond is said to be ionic, otherwise, covalent. The % age of ionic character is more the 51% when the electro negativity difference is 1.7.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.47 Why NH<sub>3</sub> and PH<sub>3</sub> give coordinate covalent bond?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">NH<sub>3</sub> and PH<sub>3</sub> have lone pairs of electrons, which can be donated to H+ to make a coordinate covalent bond. In this way, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and PH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> are produced which have perfect tetrahedral structure and all the four bonds have perfectly equal status.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.48 Most of the elements of the periodic table attain the electronic configuration of inert gases during bond formation. Justify it<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Ans:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">Inert gases are not reactive due to complete octet except He, Most of the S- and P- block elements may attain eight electrons in the outermost orbitals they do so either by losing gaining or sharing the electrons.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.49 Define octet rule?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">The tendency of the atoms to attain a maximum of eight electrons in the valence shell is called octet rule.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.50 What is an ionic radius?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Ans: </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">The ionic radius of an ion is the radius of the ion while considering it to be spherical in shape.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.51 What is a covalent radius?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">The covalent radius of an element is defined as half of the single bond length between tow similar atoms covalently bonded in a molecule.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.52 What is difference between sigma & pi bond?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b>SIGMA BOND:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">The bond which is formed by the head to head overlapping called sigma bond. The electron density is present between two nuclei.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b>Pi BOND:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">The bond which is formed by the sideways overlapping of two half filled orbitals. The electron density is present above and below the line joining the two nuclei.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.53 Why the size of an atom can not be measured directly?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Ans:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">The size of an atom can not be measured directly due following reasons:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">(i)There is no sharp boundary of an atom. The probability of finding an electron never becomes zero even at larger distances from the nucleus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">(ii) The electronic probability distribution is affected by neighbouring atoms. For this reason the size of an atom may change from one compound to another.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.54 Why E.A of Flourine is less than the expected value?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Ans</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">Since the size of fluorine is very small when electron is added in the fluorine it is strongly repelled by the already existing electrons. An extra amount of energy is provided to add an electron therefore its electron affinity is less than the expected value.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.55 Why sigma bond is stronger than pi bond? Or Why pi bond is more diffused than sigma bond?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Ans:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">Sigma bond is more diffused than pi bond due to the linear overlapping of orbitals. Moreover electron density is present between two nuclei which is strongly attracted by two nuclei. While in pi bond electron density is not strongly attracted by two nuclei therefore it is weak than pi bond</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.56 Define bond length.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The distance between the nuclei of two atoms forming a covalent bond is called bond length. In general it is the sum of the covalent radii of the combined atoms.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.57 What is dipole moment? What are its units?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The dipole moment may be defined as the product of electric charge (q) and distance (r) between the two oppositely charged centres. It is vector quantity as it has magnitude and direction. It plays a major role in determining the % age ionic character of a covalent bond and the shapes of molecules.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The dipole moment is measured in Debye units (D). It is denoted by symbol <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.58 Define bond energy Give its units.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The bond energy is defined as the average amount of energy required to break all bonds of particular type in one mole of substance. It is determined by measuring the heat involved in a chemical reaction.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> It is also defined as the energy required to break Avogadro’s number (6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">23</span></span>) of bonds or the energy released when an Avagadro number of bonds are formed. It is a measure of strength of bonds. The bond energy is measured in KJ mol<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.59 Define the following terms.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">(a) Ionization energy</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">(b) Electron affinity</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">(c) electronegativity </div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans. </div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">(a) Ionization energy:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom is called ionization energy.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> It depends upon the atomic size, nuclear charge and shielding effect of electrons.</div><div class="Q">(b) Electron Affinity:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The minimum amount of energy released when an electron is added to an isolated neutral gaseous atom in the lowest energy state to produce an anion is called electron affinity. It is measured in kJ mol<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span>.</div><div class="Q">(c) Electronegativity:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electron towards itself is called electronegativity. It is measured in electron volts.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> TEXT BOOK EXERCISE</span></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.1. Select the correct statement.<o:p></o:p></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">An ionic compound A<sup>+</sup>B<sup>-</sup> is most likely to be formed when</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->the ionization energy of A is high and electron affinity of B is low.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->the ionization energy of A is low and electron affinity of B is high.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->both the ionization energy of A and electron affinity of B is high.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->both the ionization energy of A and electron affinity of B is low.</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The number of bonds in nitrogen molecule is</li>
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DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276435"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->three sigma only</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->two <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276436"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>and one <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276437"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Which of the following statements is not correct regarding bonding molecular orbitals?</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bonding molecular orbitals possess less energy than atomic orbitals from which they are formed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bonding molecular orbitals have low electron density between the two nuclei </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Every electron in the bonding molecular orbitals contributes to the attraction between atoms.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bonding molecular orbitals are formed when the electron waves Undergo constructive interference.</div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Which of the following molecules has zero dipole moment?</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->NH<sub>3 </sub>b. CHCl<sub>3</sub> c. H<sub>2</sub>O d. BF<sub>3</sub></div><ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Which of the hydrogen halides has the highest percentage of ionic character?</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->HCl<sub> </sub>b. HBr c. HF d. HI</div><ol start="6" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Which of the following species has unpaired electrons antibonding molecular orbitals?</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276438"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> b. <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276439"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> c. B<sub>2</sub> d. F<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: (i) b (ii) b (iii) b (iv) d (v) c (vi) b<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.2. Fill in the blanks.<o:p></o:p></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The tendency of atoms to attain maximum of ________ electrons in the valence shell is called completion of octect.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The geometrical shape of SiCl4 and PCl3 can be explained on the has of ________ and ________ hybridizations.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The VSEPR theory stands for ________.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">For N<sub>2</sub> molecule, the energy of<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276440"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> (2p)<sub>x</sub> orbital is ________ than<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276441"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>(2p<sub>y</sub>) orbital.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The paramagnetic property of 0<sub>2</sub> is well explained on the basis on M.O theory in terms of the presence of _________ electrons in two M.O orbitals.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The bond order of N<sub>2</sub> is ________ while that of Ne<sub>2</sub> is ________.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The values of dipole moment for CS<sub>2</sub> is ________ while for SO<sub>2</sub> is ________.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans: (i) eight (ii) SP<sup>3</sup>, SP<sup>2</sup> (iii) valence shell electron pair repulsion (iv) greater (v) un-pairs electron (vi) tree, zero (vii) zero, 1.61 D<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.3. Classify the statements as true or false. Explain with reasons.<o:p></o:p></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The core of an atom is the atom minus its valence shell.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The molecules of nitrogen (N<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276442"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>N) and acetylene (HC<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276443"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>CH) are not iso-electronic.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">There are four coordinate covalent bonds in <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276444"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>ion.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">A<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276445"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>bond is stronger than<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276446"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>bond and the electrons of<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1040"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276447"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>bond are more diffused than <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1041"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276449"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>bond.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The bond energy of heteroatomic diatomic molecules increases with the decrease in the electro negativities of the bonded atoms.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">With increases in bond order, bond length decreases and bond strength increases.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The first ionization energies of the elements rise steadily with increasing atomic number from top to bottom is a group.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">A double bond is stronger than a single bond and a triple bond is weaker than a double bond.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The bonds formed between the elements having electro negativity difference more than 1.7 are said to be covalent in nature.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The repulsive force between then two bonding pairs is less than that between the two lone pairs.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The number of covalent bonds an atom can form is related to the number of unpaired electrons it has.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The rules which govern the filling of electrons into the atomic orbitals also govern the filling of electrons into the molecular orbitals.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans: (i) true (ii) false (iii) false (iv) false (v) false (vi) true (vii) false (viii) true (ix) false (x) false (xi) true (xii) true<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.4. What is chemical bond? Discuss the formation of ionic and covalent bond. How does the E.N differences differentiate between ionic & covenant bonds?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: ////////////// ????????????????????<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.5.a. Define ionization energy and electron affinity. How these qualities change in the periodic table. What factors are responsible for their variation?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>b. Explain, what do you understand by the term electro negativity? Discuss its variations in the periodic table. How does it affect the bond strengths?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Ans: </b><b><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">a. <u>Ionization Energy</u></span><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> The minimum energy required to remove an electron from gaseous atom to form positive ion is called ionization energy. The process is called ionization. E.g.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -22.0pt; position: relative; top: 22.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:168pt;height:50.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="67" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="224" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1042"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276450"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The ionization energy indicates the stability of an isolated atom. Moreover ionization energy is an index to the metallic character.</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The elements with low I.E are metals</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The elements with high I.E are non-metals</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The elements with intermediate I.E values are metalloids.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>Factors Influencing Ionization Energies:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The I.E depends upon following factors</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Atomic radius or atomic size</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Nuclear charge (Proton number) of atom </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Shielding effect of inner electrons</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Nature of orbital</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>Higher Ionization Energies:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The energy required to remove an electron after the removal of first electron is called second ionization energy. E.g. <span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1043"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:188.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="251" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1043"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276451"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The energy required to remove an electron after the removal of second electron in called third ionization energy. E.g. <span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:196.5pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="262" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1044"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276452"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> It is fact that 3<sup>rd</sup> I.E > 2<sup>nd</sup> I.E > 1<sup>st</sup> I.E</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The reason is that after the removal of one or more electrons, the remaining electrons are held tightly by nuclear positive charge. Thus further removal of electrons requires more energy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>Ionization Energy and Valency:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> We can guess the valency of an element from gap between first, second, third and higher I.E values. If there is big gap between first and second I.E, then valency of element is one. Similarly if there is big gap between second and third I.E, then valency of element is two. E.g. valency of K is one.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>Variation of I.E in Periodic Table:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>(a) <u>I.E in a Group:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The ionization energy decreases from top to bottom of a group. The reason is that new shells are added from top to bottom of group. Thus valence electrons are at large distance from the nucleus. So force of attraction between nucleus and outer electron decreases. Therefore I.E decreases down the group.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>(b) <u>I.E in a Period:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The I.E increases from left to right of a period. The reason is that in a period nuclear charge increases one by one but no new shell is added so atomic size decreases. Thus force of attraction between nucleus and outer electron increases. Therefore I.E increases in a period.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Electron Affinity</span><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The energy released when an electron is added to the partially filled orbital of a gaseous atom to form negative ion is called electron affinity. E.g.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:175.5pt;height:21.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="234" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1045"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276453"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Electron affinity is the measure of attraction between nucleus of an atom and extra incoming electron.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>Factors Influencing Electron Affinity:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Electron affinity depends upon following factors.</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Atomic radius</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Nuclear charge</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Shielding effect of inner electrons</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Nature of orbital </li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">In general electron affinity decreases with increase of atomic radius. The reason is that by increasing distance between nucleus and valence electrons, the force of attraction decreases. Hence E.A decreases with increase of atomic radius.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>Variation of E.A in Periodic Table:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>E.A in a Group:<o:p></o:p></u></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">When we go from top to bottom in a group the proton number increases and new electronic shells are introduced. So atomic radius increases. Thus force of attraction between nucleus and valence electrons decreases. Hence E.A decrease from top to bottom in a group.</div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><u>E.A in a Period:<o:p></o:p></u></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">When we go from left to right in a period, the proton number increases one by one but no new electronic shell is added. So atomic radius decreases. Therefore force of attraction between nucleus and valence electrons increases. Hence E.A increases from left to right in a period.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>Exceptional Cases:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">The electron affinity of fluorine is less than that of chlorine. The reason is that seven valence electrons of fluorine are present in 2s and 2p sub shells. These sub shells have thick electronic cloud. This thick electronic cloud repels the incoming electron. Hence E.A of fluorine is less than that of chlorine.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> b. ///////////// ????????????????????<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.6. Write the Lewis structures for the following compounds:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> (i) HCN (ii) CCl<sub>4</sub> (iii) CS<sub>2</sub> (iv) <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1046"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:63.75pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="85" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1046"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276454"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> (v) NH<sub>4</sub>OH (vi) H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (vii) H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (viii) K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> (ix) N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (x) Ag(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: /////////// ??????????????????<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.7.a. Explain qualitatively the valence bond theory. How does it differ from molecular orbital theory?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>b. How the bonding in the following molecules can be explained with respect to valence bond theory? Cl<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, HF, H<sub>2</sub>S.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: <u>(a) <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Valence</st1:place></st1:city> Bond Theory:</u><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> According to V.B theory molecule is formed by overlap of two atomic orbitals. In the resulted molecule the atomic orbitals retain their identity. The atomic orbitals are monocentric.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>M.O. Theory:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> According to M.O. theory a molecule is formed by linear combination of atomic orbitals. Here atomic orbitals are buried into each other and lose their identity. Moreover molecular orbitals are Polycentric.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>(b) Cl<sub>2</sub>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:177.75pt;height:20.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="237" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1047"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276455"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The Cl<sub>2</sub> molecule has a sigma bond due to linear overlap of partially filled orbitals.</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 443.55pt;" valign="top" width="591"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>O<sub>2</sub> Molecule:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:129.75pt;height:20.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="173" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1048"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276456"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> O2 molecule has a double bond (one<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1049"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276457"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> and<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1050"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276458"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> one) for other molecules.</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 443.55pt;" valign="top" width="591"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.8. Explain VSEPR theory. Discuss the structures of CH<sub>4</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>3</sub> with reference to this theory.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: ///////////// ???????????????<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">See page No. 260, 261, 262, 263, 264<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.9. The molecules NF<sub>3</sub>, BF<sub>3</sub> and CIF<sub>3</sub> all have molecular formula of the type XF<sub>3</sub>. But they have different structural formulas. Keeping in view VSEPR theory sketch the shape of each molecule and explain the origin of differing in shapes.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: <o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>(i) </b>In BF<sub>3</sub>, the central atom boron contains three electron pairs. All three pairs are bonding. Thus shape of BF<sub>3</sub> is triangular planar. Each angle is of 120<sup>o</sup>. It is shown in fig.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 12.1pt; width: 488px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>(ii) </b>In NF<sub>3</sub>, the central atom Nitrogen contains four electrons pairs. Three are bonding electrons pairs and one is lone pair of electrons. Thus shape of <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="28" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1051"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276459"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>will be tetrahedral.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 150.2pt;" valign="top" width="200"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>(iii) </b>In ClF<sub>3</sub>, the central atom Chlorine contains five electron pairs. Three pairs are bonding and two are lone pairs of electrons. Thus according to VSEPR theory the molecule ClF<sub>3</sub> has a T-Shaped structure.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.10. The species<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1052"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276460"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, NH<sub>3</sub>,<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1053"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1053"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276461"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>have bond angles of 105<sup>o</sup>, 107.5<sup>o</sup> and 109.5<sup>o</sup> respectively. Justify these values by drawing their structures.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: <o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>(i) </b>In<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1054"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1054"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276462"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, </b>nitrogen atom forms two covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms. Nitrogen has two lone pairs of electrons. These lone pairs of electrons repel each other. Thus angle <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1055"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="40" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1055"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276463"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>decreases from 109.5<sup>o</sup> to 105<sup>o</sup>.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>(ii) </b>In<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1056"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:24.75pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="33" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1056"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276464"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, </b>nitrogen forms covalent bonds with three hydrogen atoms. There is one lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom. The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom. The lone pair of electron repels bond pairs of electrons. Thus angle<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1057" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="40" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1057"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276465"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>decreases from 109.5<sup>o</sup> to 107<sup>o</sup>.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>(iii) </b>In<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1058"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1058"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276466"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, </b>nitrogen forms three covalent bonds and one coordinate bond. There is no lone pair of electrons on nitrogen. So<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1059"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1059"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276467"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>ion has perfect tetrahedral structure. All bond angles are equal to 109.5<sup>o</sup>.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.11.a Explain atomic orbital hybridization with reference to SP<sub>3</sub>, SP<sub>2</sub> and SP modes of hybridizations for PH<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>. Discuss geometries of CCl<sub>4</sub>, PCl<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S by hybridization of central atoms.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>b. The linear geometry of BeCl<sub>2</sub> suggests that central Be atom is sp-hybridized. What type of hybridization a central atom undergoes, when the atoms bonded to it are corners of (a) an equilateral triangle (b) a regular tetrahedron and (c) triangular bipyramide?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: ////////////// ????????????????<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">For C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> See page No. 272, 273</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>a.</b> <b><u>Hybridization for PH<sub>3</sub>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> In PH<sub>3</sub>, phosphorus shows SP<sup>3</sup> hybridization. Four SP<sup>3</sup> hybrid orbitals are resulted. Three SP<sup>3</sup> hybrid orbitals form<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1060"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1060"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276469"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-bonds with 1S orbital of three H-atoms. In fourth SP<sup>3</sup> hybrid orbital one lone pair of electrons is present. Due to repulsion between lone pair and bond pairs, the angle<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1061"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061" width="40" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1061"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276470"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>decreases from 109.5<sup>o</sup> to 107<sup>o</sup>.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>Geometry of CCl<sub>4</sub>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> In CCl<sub>4</sub>, carbon shows SP<sup>3</sup> hybridization. Four SP<sup>3</sup> hybrid orbitals are formed. They overlap with P-orbitals of four Cl-atoms. So structure of CCl<sub>4</sub> is perfect tetrahedral. Each angle is 109.5<sup>o</sup>.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>Geometry of PCl<sub>3</sub>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> In PCl<sub>3</sub>, phosphorus shows SP<sup>3</sup> hybridization. Four SP<sup>3</sup> hybrid orbitals are formed. They form three <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1062" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1062"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276471"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-bonds with P-orbitals of three Chlorine atoms. In the fourth SP<sup>3</sup>-hybrid orbital a lone pair of electrons is present. Due to lone pair-bond pair repulsion angle decreases from 109.5<sup>o</sup> to 107.5<sup>o</sup></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>Geometry of H<sub>2</sub>S:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> In H<sub>2</sub>S, sulphur shows SP<sup>3</sup> hybridization. Four SP3-hybrid orbitals are formed. Two SP<sup>3</sup> orbitals overlap with 1S orbtials of two H-atoms. In the remaining two SP<sup>3</sup> orbitals, two lone pairs of electrons are present. Due to lone pair-lone pair repulsions, angle<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1063" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:30pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063" width="40" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1063"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276472"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>decreases from 109.5<sup>o</sup> to 104.5<sup>o</sup>.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>b.</b> <b>(i)</b> When atoms are located at the corners of equilateral triangle, then central atoms SP<sup>2</sup>-hybridization.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b>(ii) </b>When atoms are located at the corners of regular tetrahedron, then central atom shows SP<sup>3</sup>-hybridization.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b>(iii) </b>When atoms are located at the corners of a triangular bipyramide, then central atom shows SP<sup>3</sup>-hybridization.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.12.a Give the basis of the molecular orbital theory and discuss the molecular orbital configurations of the following molecules?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b> (i) He<sub>2</sub> (ii) N<sub>2</sub> (iii) O<sub>2</sub> (iv) <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1064"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1064"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276473"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> (v) <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1065" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1065"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276474"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>b. How does molecular orbital theory explain the paramagnetic character of O<sub>2</sub>, <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1066" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image049.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1066"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276475"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> and <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1067" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1067"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276476"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> species?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: ///////////// ?????????????????<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> (a)</b> <b><u>M.O Diagram of <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1068" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image051.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1068"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276477"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The M.O diagram of <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1069"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1069"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276478"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>is shown below. The electronic configuration of <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1070" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image053.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1070"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276479"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>is <span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1071" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:237.75pt;height:25.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="34" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="317" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1071"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276480"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>. The bond order of<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1072" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1072"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276481"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1073" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27.75pt;height:31.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image057.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image058.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="37" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1073"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276482"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= </b>3</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 443.55pt;" valign="top" width="591"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>M.O Diagram of <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1074"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image059.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1074"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276483"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The O.M diagram of <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1075"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1075"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276484"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>is shown below. The electronic can figuration of <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1076" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image061.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1076"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276485"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>is as <span style="mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; position: relative; top: 7.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1077" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:326.25pt;height:25.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image062.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="34" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1077" width="435" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1077"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276486"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 443.55pt;" valign="top" width="591"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>(b) </b>The M.O diagram of O<sub>2</sub> shows that two unpaired electrons are present in O<sub>2</sub>. So it is Paramagnetic. The M.O diagram of <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1078" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1078" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1078"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276487"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>and<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1079" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image065.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1079" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1079"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276488"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>show that they have no unpaired electrons. Thus<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1080" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1080" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1080"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276489"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>and<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1081" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image066.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1081" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1081"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276491"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>are diamagnetic.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.13.a Sketch the molecular orbital pictures of<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b> (i) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1082" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image067.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1082" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1082"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276492"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2p<sub>y</sub> and <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1083"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image068.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1083" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1083"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276493"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>2p<sub>y</sub> (ii) O<sub>2</sub>,</b> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1084" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:20.25pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1084" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1084"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276494"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>,<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1085" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18pt;height:18.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image066.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image048.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1085" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1085"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276495"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><b> (iii) He<sub>2</sub> and Ne<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>b. Sketch the hybrid orbitals of the species, PCl<sub>3</sub>, SF<sub>6</sub>, SiCl<sub>4</sub> and<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1086" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image070.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1086" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1086"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276496"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>.<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: ///////////// ?????????????????<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> (a)</b> <b><u>Molecular Orbital Picture of Ne<sub>2</sub>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> The M.O picture of Ne<sub>2</sub> (Neon molecule) is shown below. The bond order = <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1087" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:27pt;height:31.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image072.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image073.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1087" width="36" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1087"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276497"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= </b>0. Because bond order of Neon is zero. So Ne<sub>2</sub> molecule does not exist.</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 443.55pt;" valign="top" width="591"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>(b)</b> <b><u>Hybrid Orbital of PCl<sub>3</sub>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> Phosphorous shows SP<sup>3</sup> hybridization in PCl<sub>3</sub>. The four SP<sup>3</sup> hybrid orbitals are formed. Three form<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1088" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image074.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1088" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1088"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276498"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>bonds with P-orbitals of three chlorine atoms. In fourth SP<sup>3</sup>-hybrid orbital lone pair of electrons is present.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>Hybrid Orbital of SF<sub>6</sub>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> In SF<sup>6</sup>, sulphur shows d<sup>2</sup>SP<sup>6</sup> hybridization. Six d<sup>2</sup>SP<sup>6</sup> hybrid orbitals are formed. They all six overlap with P-orbitals of six-fluorine atoms.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>Hybrid Orbital of SiCl<sub>4</sub>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> In SiCl<sub>4</sub>, silicon shows SP<sup>3</sup> hybridization. Four SP<sup>3</sup> hybrid orbitals are formed. They overlap with four P-orbitals of four Chlorine atoms.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><u>Hybrid Orbital of <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1089" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image075.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1089" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1089"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276499"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> In<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1090" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image075.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image071.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1090" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1090"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276500"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, </b>Nitrogen shows SP3 hybridization. Nitrogen forms three covalent bond with three covalent bond with three H-atoms and one coordinate bond with H<sup>+</sup> ion.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.14.a Define bond energy. Explain the various parameters which determine its strength.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>b. How do you compare the bond strengths of<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b>(i) Polar and non-polar molecules, (ii) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1091" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1091" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1091"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276501"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>and<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1092" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image077.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1092" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1092"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276502"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>bonds?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>c. Calculate the bond energy of H-Br. The bond energy of H-H is 436 KJ mol<sup>-1</sup> and that of Br-Br I s 193 KJ mol<sup>-1</sup>.<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: ///////////////(a) ???????????????</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>b.i.</b> A covalent bond between two alike atoms is called. e.g. Cl-Cl, Br-Br. A covalent bond between two unlike atoms is called polar bond. e.g. <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1093"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:15.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image078.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image079.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1093" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1093"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276503"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1094" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:53.25pt;height:15pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image080.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1094" width="71" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1094"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276504"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>. In a polar bond the shared pair of electrons is slightly shifted towards more electro-negative (E.N) atom. So atoms have partial positive and partial negative charges. Thus atoms are attracted due to extra electrostatic (dipole-dipole) forces. Hence a polar bond is stronger than a non-polar bond.<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>ii. </b>A bond formed by head to head or linear overlap of two partially filled orbitals is called<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1095" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1095" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1095"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276505"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-</b>bond. A bond formed by parallel overlap of two partially filled P-orbitals is called<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1096" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image077.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1096" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1096"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276506"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>-bond. In<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1097" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1097" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1097"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276507"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-</b>bond, overlapping of orbitals is symmetrical on the bond axis. In a<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1098" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image077.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1098" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1098"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276508"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>-bond overlapping of orbitals is spread above and below the bond axis. So<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1099" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1099" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1099"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276509"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-</b>bond is stronger than a<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1100" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image077.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1100" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1100"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276510"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>-bond.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>c.</b> Bond energy of<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1101" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:31.5pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image083.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1101" width="42" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1101"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276511"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= 436 Kj mol<sup>-1</sup><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Bond energy of<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1102" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:31.5pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image083.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1102" width="42" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1102"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276512"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> per molecule = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1103" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.75pt;height:31.5pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image084.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image085.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1103" width="73" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1103"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276513"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= 7.24<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1104" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1104" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1104"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276515"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-22</sup> Kj<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Bond energy of 1atom of hydrogen = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1105" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:59.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image088.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image089.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1105" width="79" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1105"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276516"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= 3.62<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1106" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1106" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1106"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276517"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-22</sup> Kj<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Bond energy of<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1107" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image090.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image091.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1107" width="52" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1107"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276518"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= 193 Kj mol<sup>-1</sup><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Bond energy of<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1108" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:39pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image092.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image091.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1108" width="52" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1108"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276519"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> per molecule = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1109" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.75pt;height:31.5pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image093.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image094.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1109" width="73" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1109"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276520"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= 3.20<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1110" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1110" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1110"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276521"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-22</sup> Kj<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Bond energy of 1atom of Bromine = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1111" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:59.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image095.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image096.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1111" width="79" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1111"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276522"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= 1.60<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1112" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1112" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1112"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276523"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-22</sup> Kj<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">Bond energy of 1molecule of<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1113" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image097.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image098.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1113" width="48" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1113"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276524"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> = 3.62<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1114" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1114" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1114"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276525"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-22</sup> + 1.60<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1115"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1115" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1115"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276526"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-22</sup> = 5.22<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1116"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1116" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1116"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276527"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-22</sup>Kj<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">Bond energy of <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1117" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:36pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image097.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image098.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1117" width="48" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1117"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276528"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>per mole = 5.22<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1118"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1118" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1118"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276529"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-22</sup> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1119"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1119" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1119"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276530"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> 6.02<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1120" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image086.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1120" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1120"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276531"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>23</sup> = 314.2 Kj mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.15.a Define dipole moment. Give its various units. Find relationship between Debye and mc. How does it help to find out the shapes of molecules?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><b>b. The bond length of H-Br is 1.4<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1121" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1121" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1121"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276532"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-10</sup>m. Its observed dipole moment is 0.79D. Find the percentage ionic character of the bond. Unit positive charge = 1.6022<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1122" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1122" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1122"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276533"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-19 </sup>c and 1D = 3.336<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1123" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1123" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1123"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276534"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>10<sup>-30</sup>mc.<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans: //////////////// (a) ????????????????????</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>b.</b> Bond length of HBr, r = 1.4<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1124"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1124" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1124"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276535"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>10<sup>-10</sup>m, <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1125" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:20.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image100.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image101.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1125" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1125"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276536"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> = 0.79D<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Unit positive charge, q = 1.6022<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1126" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1126" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1126"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276537"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>10<sup>-19</sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> %ionic character = ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1127" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27.75pt;height:20.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image102.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image103.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1127" width="37" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1127"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276538"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= q<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1128" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1128" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1128"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276539"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>r = 1.6022<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1129" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1129" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1129"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276540"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>10<sup>-19</sup><b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1130" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1130" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1130"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276542"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>1.4<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1131" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1131" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1131"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276543"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>10<sup>-10 </sup><b>= </b>2.24<b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1132" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image099.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image087.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1132" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1132"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276544"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></b>10<sup>-29</sup>cm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1133" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:27.75pt;height:20.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image102.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image103.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1133" width="37" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1133"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276545"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1134" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:65.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image104.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image105.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1134" width="87" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1134"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276546"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= 6.72 D</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> %ionic character of H-Br = <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1135" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:54pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image106.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image107.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1135" width="72" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1135"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276547"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 2.25in; text-align: justify;"> = <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1136" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:51.75pt;height:31.5pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image108.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image109.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1136" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1136"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276548"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= 11.7 %</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.16. PF<sub>3</sub> is a polar molecular with dipole moment 1.02 D and thus the P-F bond is polar. Si, is in proximity of P in the periodic table. It is expected that Si-F bond would also be polar, but SiF<sub>4</sub> has no dipole moment. Explain it?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Ans:</b> PF<sub>3</sub> is a Pyramidal molecule like NH<sub>3</sub>. All three P-F bonds are polar. Their polarity is not cancelled. So PF<sub>3</sub> has a net dipole moment of 1.02D. On other hand SiF<sub>4</sub> is a perfect tetrahedral molecule. All four Si<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1137" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:8.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image110.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1137" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1137"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276549"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>F bonds are polar but their polarity is cancelled out. Hence net dipole moment of SiF<sub>4</sub> is zero.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.17. Which of the following molecules will be polar or non-polar, sketch the structures and Justify your answer.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> (i) CCl<sub>4</sub> (ii) SO<sub>3</sub> (iii) SF<sub>4</sub> (iv) NF<sub>3</sub> (v) PF<sub>5</sub><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b> (vi) SO<sub>2</sub> (vii) SF<sub>6</sub> (viii) IF<sub>7</sub><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans:</b> </div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>i.</b> <b><u>CCl<sub>4</sub>:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> The CCl<sub>4</sub> molecule is perfect tetrahedral. All C<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1138" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:8.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image112.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1138" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1138"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276550"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>Cl bonds are polar. Their polarities cancel each other. Thus net dipole moment is zero. So CCl4 is a non-polar molecule.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>ii.</b> <b><u>SO<sub>3</sub>:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> The SO<sub>3</sub> molecule is plane triangular. All bonds are polar but their polarities cancel each other. Thus net dipole moment is zero. So SO<sub>3</sub> is a non-polar.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>iii.</b> <b><u>SF<sub>4</sub>:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> The molecule SF<sub>4</sub> is trigonal bi pyramidal. All four S<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1139" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:8.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image112.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1139" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1139"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276551"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>F bonds are polar. Their bond moments do not cancel each other. Hence net dipole moment of SF<sub>4</sub> is not zero. Therefore SF<sub>4</sub> is a polar molecule.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>iv.</b> <b><u>NF<sub>3</sub>:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> The molecule NF<sub>3</sub> is trigonal pyramidal. All four N<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1140" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:8.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image112.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1140" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1140"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276552"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>F bonds are polar. Their bond moments do not cancel each other. So net dipole moment is not zero. Hence NF<sub>3</sub> is a polar molecule.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>v.</b> <b><u>PF<sub>5</sub>:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> The molecule PF<sub>5</sub> is trigonal bi pyramidal. All P<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1141" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:10.5pt;height:8.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image112.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1141" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1141"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276553"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>F bonds are polar. Their bond moments cancel each other. So net dipole moment is zero. Hence PF<sub>5</sub> is a non polar molecule.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>vi.</b> <b><u>SO<sub>2</sub>:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> The molecule SO<sub>2</sub> is a angular V<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1142" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:10.5pt;height:8.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image112.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image111.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1142" width="14" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1142"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276554"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>shaped. Two bond moments do not cancel each other. Thus net dipole moment is 1.6D. Hence SO<sub>2</sub> is a polar.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>vii.</b> <b><u>SF<sub>6</sub>:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> The molecule SF<sub>6</sub> is octahedral. All bond moments cancel one another. Thus net dipole moment is zero. Hence SF<sub>6</sub> is a non-polar molecule.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -19.05pt; width: 576px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b>viii.</b> <b><u>IF<sub>7</sub>:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.25pt; text-align: justify;"> The molecule IF<sub>7</sub> is Pentagonal bi pyramidal. All I-F bond moments cancel each other. So net dipole moment is zero. Hence IF<sub>7</sub> is a non-polar.</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.18. Classify the statements as true or false. Explain with reasons.<o:p></o:p></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Bond distance is the compromise distance between two atoms.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The distinction between a coordinate covalent bond and a covalent bond vanishes after bond formation in<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1143" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1143" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1143"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276555"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> and<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1144" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:46.5pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image114.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1144" width="62" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1144"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276556"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The bond angles of H<sub>2</sub>O and NH<sub>3</sub> are not 109.5<sup>o</sup> like that of CH<sub>4</sub>. Although, 0-and N-atoms are sp<sup>3</sup> hybridized.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1145" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:42.75pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1145" width="57" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1145"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276557"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>are more diffused than<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1146"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42.75pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image118.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1146" width="57" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1146"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276558"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The abnormality of bond length and bond strength in HI is less prominent than that of HCl.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity, but when electric current is passed through molten sodium chloride or its aqueous solution, Electrolysis takes place.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The melting points, boiling points, heat of vaporization and heats of sublimations of electrovalent compounds are higher as compared with those of covalent compounds.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans.<o:p></o:p></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">When two atoms come close to make a bond, then their attraction increases and P.E decreases. At a certain distance atomic attraction is maximum and energy is minimum. It is compromise distance between two atoms. Here bond formation takes place. It atoms come further closer, then nuclear repulsions takes place and energy of system increases. Here bond formation does not occur. Hence bond distance is the compromise distance between two atoms.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">In a covalent bond two atoms provide shared pair of electrons. In a coordinate covalent bonds and one coordinate bond then there is no difference between their bond length and bond energy. E.g. in<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1147" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:25.5pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image120.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1147" width="34" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1147"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276559"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>ion all four bonds are taken equally. It is the reason that distinction between covalent and coordinate covalent bond vanishes after their formation.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">In NH<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O there is SP<sup>3</sup> hybridization like CH<sub>4</sub>. Four SP<sup>3</sup> hybrid orbitals are formed. The angle between SP<sup>3</sup> orbitals should be 109.5<sup>o</sup>. But we know that NH<sub>3</sub> has one lone pair and H<sub>2</sub>O has two lone pairs of electrons. There is repulsion between lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons. Due to lone pair-bond pair repulsion the bond angles in NH<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O are not 109.5<sup>o</sup> like CH<sub>4</sub> which has no lone pair of electrons.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Sigma bond is formed by head to head (liner) overlap of two partially filled orbitals. Here electron density is symmetrically spread around the bond axis. The Pi-bond formed by parallel overlap of two partially filled P-orbitals. Here electron density is spread above and below the bond axis. It is the reason that<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1148"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:38.25pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image121.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image122.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1148" width="51" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1148"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276560"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>are more diffused than<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1149"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:42.75pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image123.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1149" width="57" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1149"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276561"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Chlorine has smaller size and higher electro negativity than Iodine. Thus HCl has more polarity than HI. Due to this reason abnormality of bond length and bond strength in HI is less prominent than that of HCl.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">In solid sodium chloride, the Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> ions have strong electrostatic attractions. Thus they are tightly held and occupy fixed positions. But in molten or solution form, ions become free and move towards opposite electrodes. It is the reason that sold NaCl does not conduct electricity but in molten or solution form NaCl conducts electricity.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal">In electrovalent compounds, the opposite ions have strong electrostatic attractions. Thus they are tightly held and occupy fixed positions. It is the reason that electrovalent compounds have high melting points, boiling points, heat of vaporization and heat of sublimations as compared with those of covalent compounds.</div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-11686604733035199672011-12-24T10:54:00.000-08:002011-12-24T10:54:49.724-08:00Chapter 5th<b><span style="font-size: large;">CHAPTER 5</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: 24pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;">ATOMIC STRUCTURE</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: 24pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> MCQs</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="W">Q.1 Splitting of spectral lines when atoms are subjected to strong electric field is called</div><div class="I"> (a) Zeeman effect (b) Stark effect</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Photoelectric effect (d) Compton effect</div><div class="W">Q.2 The velocity of photon is</div><div class="I"> (a) independent of its wavelength</div><div class="I"> (b) depends on its wavelength</div><div class="I"> (c) equal to square of its amplitude</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) depends on its source</div><div class="W">Q.3 The nature of positive rays depend on</div><div class="I"> (a) the nature of electrode</div><div class="I"> (b) the nature of discharge tube</div><div class="I"> (c) the nature of residual gas</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) all of the above</div><div class="W">Q.4 The wave number of the light emitted by a certain source is 2 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span> m. The wavelength of this light is</div><div class="I"> (a) 500 nm (b) 500 m</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 200 nm (d) 5 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span> m</div><div class="W">Q.5 <st1:place w:st="on">Rutherford</st1:place>’s model of atom failed because</div><div class="I"> (a) the atom did not have a nucleus and electrons</div><div class="I"> (b) it did not account for the attraction between protons and neutrons</div><div class="I"> (c) it did account for the stability of the atom</div><div class="I"> (d) there is actually no space between the nucleus and the electrons</div><div class="W">Q.6 Bohr’s model of atom is contradicted by </div><div class="I"> (a) Planck’s quantum theory</div><div class="I"> (b) Pauli exclusion principle</div><div class="I"> (c) Heisenberg uncertainty principle</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) All of the above</div><div class="W">Q.7 Quantum number value for 2p orbitals are</div><div class="I"> (a) n = 2, <i>l</i> = 1 (b) n = 1, <i>l</i> = 2</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) n = 1, <i>l</i> = 0 (d) n = 2, <i>l</i> = 0</div><div class="W">Q.8 In the ground state of an atom, the electron is present</div><div class="I"> (a) in the nucleus (b) in the second shell</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) nearest to the nucleus (d) farthest from the nucleus</div><div class="W">Q.9 When the 6d orbital is complete the entering electron goes into</div><div class="I"> (a) 7f (b) 7s</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 7p (d) 7d</div><div class="W">Q.10 Orbitals having same energy are called</div><div class="I"> (a) hybrid orbitals (b) valence orbitals</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) degenerate orbitals (d) d–orbitals</div><div class="W">Q.11 The e/m value for the positive rays is maximum for</div><div class="I"> (a) hydrogen (b) helium</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) nitrogen (d) oxygen</div><div class="W">Q.12 Neutron was discovered by Chadwick in</div><div class="I"> (a) 1935 (b) 1930</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1932 (d) 1934</div><div class="W">Q.13 The velocity of photon is</div><div class="I"> (a) equal to square of its amplitude</div><div class="I"> (b) independent of its wavelength</div><div class="I"> (c) Equal to its wave number</div><div class="I"> (d) equal to the velocity of light</div><div class="W">Q.14 Quantum number values for 3p orbitals are</div><div class="I"> (a) n = 0, <i>l</i> = 3 (b) n = 3, <i>l</i> = 1</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) n = 2, <i>l</i> = 1 (d) n = 1, <i>l</i> = 3</div><div class="W">Q.15 The radius of first orbit of hydrogen atom</div><div class="I"> (a) 0.329 A<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o </span></span> (b) 0.429 A<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 0.529 A<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o </span></span> (d) 0.229 A<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span></div><div class="W">Q.16 All atoms are principally composed of few fundamental particles which are in number</div><div class="I"> (a) 2 (b) 3</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 4 (d) 5</div><div class="W">Q.17 Which scientist gave the name of electron to the cathode rays</div><div class="I"> (a) Planck (b) Einstein</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Stoney (d) Bohr</div><div class="W">Q.18 The divisibility of atom was showed by</div><div class="I"> (a) Stoney (b) J.J. Thomson</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Millikan (d) Rutherford</div><div class="W">Q.19 The nature of cathode rays remains the same irrespective of the material used for</div><div class="I"> (a) gas (b) cathode</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) glass (d) electrode</div><div class="W">Q.20 Mass of electron is</div><div class="I"> (a) 9.1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–31</span></span> kg (b) 9.109 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–32</span></span> gm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 8.1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–31</span></span> g (d) 9.1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–31</span></span> mg</div><div class="W">Q.21 The charge on an electron is</div><div class="I"> (a) 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> c (b) 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–18</span></span> c</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> c (d) 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–21</span></span> c</div><div class="W">Q.22 The charge on the proton is</div><div class="I"> (a) + 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> c (b) zero</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) – 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">19</span></span> c (d) 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> c</div><div class="W">Q.23 The charge on the neutron is</div><div class="I"> (a) 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> c (b) zero</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) – 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> c (d) + 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> c</div><div class="W">Q.24 The calculated e/m value of electron is</div><div class="I"> (a) 1.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">19</span></span> c kg<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1 </span></span>(b) 1.7588 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–11</span></span> c kg<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1.7588 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–13</span></span> c kg<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1 </span></span>(d) 1.759 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">9</span></span> c kg</div><div class="W">Q.25 The mass of proton is</div><div class="I"> (a) 9.11 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–31</span></span> kg (b) 1.676 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–27</span></span> kg</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 1.60 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> kg (d) 1.675 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–27</span></span> kg</div><div class="W">Q.26 The mass of neutron is</div><div class="I"> (a) 1.675 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–27</span></span> kg (b) 1.675 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–25</span></span> kg</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 9.11 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–31</span></span> kg (d) 1.60 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–19</span></span> kg</div><div class="W">Q.27 The charge on electron was determined by</div><div class="I"> (a) J.J. Thomson (b) Millikan</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Rutherford (d) Bohr</div><div class="W">Q.28 Alpha particles are identical to</div><div class="I"> (a) hydrogen atoms (b) helium atoms</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) helium nuclei (d) fast moving electrons</div><div class="W">Q.29 Bombardment of Beryllium with alpha particles generates</div><div class="I"> (a) proton (b) neutron</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) electron (d) positron</div><div class="W">Q.30 The colour of the glow produced in the discharge tube depends upon</div><div class="I"> (a) gas (b) electrodes</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) composition of gas (d) pressure</div><div class="W">Q.31 When the pressure of the gas in discharge tube is reduced, which of the following becomes more prominent</div><div class="I"> (a) gas glows (b) gas ionizes</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) a discharge takes place (d) gas conducts electricity</div><div class="W">Q.32 Goldstein discovered that besides the cathode rays, another type of rays are produced in the discharge tube which are called</div><div class="I"> (a) alpha rays (b) beta rays</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) positive rays (d) gamma rays</div><div class="W">Q.33 The e/m value for the positive rays in the discharge tube depends upon</div><div class="I"> (a) nature of electrode use</div><div class="I"> (b) nature of gas used</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) composition of the gas</div><div class="I"> (d) pressure</div><div class="W">Q.34 The distance between the two adjacent crests or troughs is called</div><div class="I"> (a) wave number (b) frequency</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) wavelength (d) amplitude</div><div class="W">Q.35 The value of Planck’s constant “h” is</div><div class="I"> (a) 6.625 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–34</span></span> cal (b) 6.625 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–34</span></span> J sec</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 6.625 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–34</span></span> kJ (d) 6.625 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–34</span></span> k cal</div><div class="W">Q.36 In the Bohr’s model of atom the electron in an energy level emits or absorbs energy only when it</div><div class="I"> (a) remains in the same energy level</div><div class="I"> (b) dies out</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) changes its energy level</div><div class="I"> (d) jumps away</div><div class="W">Q.37 The energy associated with an electron resolving in first orbit is</div><div class="I"> (a) – 2.178 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–18</span></span> k J/mol</div><div class="I"> (b) – 1313.31 k J/mol</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) – 328.32 k J/mol</div><div class="I"> (d) – 82.08 k J/mol</div><div class="W">Q.38 The regions of spectrum are</div><div class="I"> (a) three (b) seven</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) eight (d) five</div><div class="W">Q.39 The dispersion of the components of white light when it is passed through prism is called</div><div class="I"> (a) rainbow (b) light pattern</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) refraction (d) spectrum</div><div class="W">Q.40 Which of the following colours has the shortest wavelength in the visible spectrum of light</div><div class="I"> (a) red (b) blue</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) violet (d) green</div><div class="W">Q.41 Which of the following colours has the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum of light</div><div class="I"> (a) red (b) blue</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) violet (d) green</div><div class="W">Q.42 A spectrum containing wavelength of all wavelengths is called</div><div class="I"> (a) continuous (b) discontinuous</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) line (d) atomic</div><div class="W">Q.43 A spectrum showing only certain colours of light is called</div><div class="I"> (a) continuous (b) line</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) discontinuous (d) band</div><div class="W">Q.44 The wavelength range of visible spectrum is</div><div class="I"> (a) 400–750 nm (b) 300–400 nm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 350–600 nm (d) 200–400 nm</div><div class="W">Q.45 The spectral lines of Lyman series (uv region) are produced when electron jumps from higher orbit to</div><div class="I"> (a) 1st orbit (b) 2nd orbit</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 3rd orbit (d) 4th orbit</div><div class="W">Q.46 The spectral lines of Balmer series (visible region) are produced when electron jumps from higher orbit to</div><div class="I"> (a) 1st orbit (b) 2nd orbit</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 3rd orbit (d) 4th orbit</div><div class="W">Q.47 The spectral lines of Paschen series (visible region) are produced when electron jumps from higher orbit to</div><div class="I"> (a) 1st orbit (b) 2nd orbit</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 3rd orbit (d) 4th orbit</div><div class="W">Q.48 The spectral lines of Bracket series (visible region) are produced when electron jumps from higher orbit to</div><div class="I"> (a) 1st orbit (b) 2nd orbit</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 3rd orbit (d) 4th orbit</div><div class="W">Q.49 A dual character of matter particles in motion was postulated by</div><div class="I"> (a) De–Broglie (b) Planck</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Einstein (d) Schrodinger</div><div class="W">Q.50 If an electron is moving with a velocity of 2.188 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span> m/s then its wavelength will be</div><div class="I"> (a) 0.33 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span> nm (b) 0.33 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–2</span></span> nm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 0.33 nm (d) 0.22 nm</div><div class="W">Q.51 If a stone of 1gm is many with a velocity of 10m/s then its wavelength will be</div><div class="I"> (a) 6.65 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–30</span></span> m (b) 6.65 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–25</span></span> m</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 6.65 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–28</span></span> m (d) 6.65 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–12</span></span> m</div><div class="W">Q.52 The space around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electron is maximum is called</div><div class="I"> (a) an orbital (b) an orbit</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) energy level (d) a shell</div><div class="W">Q.53 Which orbital has dumb–bell shape</div><div class="I"> (a) s–orbital (b) p–orbital</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) d–orbital (d) f–orbital</div><div class="W">Q.54 Which of the following quantum numbers describes energy of an electron in an atom</div><div class="I"> (a) principal quantum (b) azimuthal quantum</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) magnetic quantum (d) spin quantum</div><div class="W">Q.55 Which of the following quantum numbers describes shape of an electron in an atom </div><div class="I"> (a) principal quantum (b) azimuthal quantum</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) magnetic quantum (d) spin quantum</div><div class="W">Q.56 The degenerate orbital in p–subshell is</div><div class="I"> (a) 2 (b) 3</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 5 (d) 7</div><div class="W">Q.57 When 4p orbital is complete the entering electron goes into</div><div class="I"> (a) 4d (b) 4f</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 5s (d) 5p</div><div class="W">Q.58 x + <i>l</i> value for 3d will be</div><div class="I"> (a) 3 (b) 4</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 5 (d) 6</div><div class="W">Q.59 Maximum number of electrons in 3f orbitals is</div><div class="I"> (a) 2 (b) zero</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 6 (d) 14</div><div class="W">Q.60 Maximum number of electrons in M–shell is</div><div class="I"> (a) 2 (b) 8</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 18 (d) 32</div><div class="W">Q.61 An orbital can have maximum electrons</div><div class="I"> (a) 2 (b) 8</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 18 (d) 6</div><div class="W">Q.62 n + <i>l</i> value for 4f will</div><div class="I"> (a) 2 (b) 5</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) 7 (d) 9</div><div class="W">Q.63 When a spectrum of light is formed by the radiation given off by a substance it is called</div><div class="I"> (a) line spectrum (b) continuous spectrum</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) emission spectrum (d) absorption spectrum</div><div class="W">Q.64 Neutron was discovered by</div><div class="I"> (a) Chadwick (b) Bohr</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) J.J. Thomson (d) Einstein</div><div class="W">Q.65 Cathode rays can drive a small paddle wheel which shows that they</div><div class="I"> (a) are positively charged </div><div class="I"> (b) possess momentum</div><div class="I"> (c) do not possess momentum</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.66 Slow neutrons are generally more effective than fastness for the purpose of</div><div class="I"> (a) effusion (b) fission</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) penetration (d) absorption</div><div class="W">Q.67 The wavelength associated with the moving stone</div><div class="I"> (a) can be measured by many methods</div><div class="I"> (b) cannot be measured by any method</div><div class="I"> (c) can be measure by some method</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.68 Radius of orbit of an electron and velocity of electron are</div><div class="I"> (a) directly proportional to each other</div><div class="I"> (b) inversely proportional to each other</div><div class="I"> (c) independent to each other</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.69 The values of magnetic quantum number give us information about the number of orbitals in a</div><div class="I"> (a) small shell (b) orbit</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) subshell (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.70 Which of the following terms are used for the number of positive charges on the nucleus of an atom</div><div class="I"> (a) atomic number (b) atomic mass</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) nuclear charge (d) atomic charge</div><div class="W">Q.71 The uncertainty principle was stated by</div><div class="I"> (a) de Broglie (b) Heinsenberg</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Einstein (d) Schrodinger</div><div class="W">Q.72 When a pressure in a discharge tube is reduced, which of the following phenomenon becomes very prominent</div><div class="I"> (a) gas conducts electricity</div><div class="I"> (b) a discharge takes place</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) gas ionizes</div><div class="I"> (d) gas glows</div><div class="W">Q.73 Atom bomb is based on the principle of</div><div class="I"> (a) nuclear fusion</div><div class="I"> (b) nuclear fission</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) fusion and fission both</div><div class="I"> (d) radioactivity</div><div class="W">Q.74 A spinning electron creates</div><div class="I"> (a) magnetic field (b) electric field</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) quantum field (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.75 The volume of space in which there is 95% chance of finding an electron is</div><div class="I"> (a) orbit (b) atomic orbital</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) degenerate orbital (d) quantized orbital</div><div class="W">Q.76 Planck’s equation is</div><div class="I"> (a) E = mc<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (b) E = hv</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) E = hv<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2 </span></span> (d) E = mc</div><div class="W">Q.77 In an atom, the electrons</div><div class="I"> (a) are stationary in various energy levels</div><div class="I"> (b) are distributed in three dimensional charge cloud around the nucleus</div><div class="I"> (c) embedded in space around the nucleus</div><div class="I"> (d) revolve around the nucleus at random</div><div class="W">Q.78 The mass number of an element is equal to</div><div class="I"> (a) number of electrons in an atom</div><div class="I"> (b) number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus</div><div class="I"> (c) number of protons in the nucleus</div><div class="I"> (d) number of neutrons in the nucleus</div><div class="W">Q.79 The energy of bounded electron in H atom is</div><div class="I"> (a) positive (b) negative</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) zero (d) none of these</div><div class="W">Q.80 Quantum number which has symbol “n” is called</div><div class="I"> (a) principal quantum (b) Azimuthal quantum</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (c) Spin quantum (d) Magnetic quantum</div><div class="W"><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="W"><o:p> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">ANSWERS</span></b></o:p></div><div class="W"><o:p></o:p></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">1<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">2<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">8<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">9<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">11<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">12<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">13<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">14<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">15<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">16<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">17<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">18<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">19<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">20<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">21<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">22<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">23<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">24<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">25<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">26<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">27<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">28<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">29<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">30<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">31<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">32<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">33<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">34<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">35<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">36<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">37<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">38<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">39<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">40<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">41<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">42<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">43<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">44<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">45<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">46<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">47<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">48<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">49<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">50<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">51<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">52<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">53<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">54<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">55<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">56<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">57<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">58<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">59<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">60<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">61<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">62<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">63<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">64<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">65<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">66<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">67<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">68<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">69<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">70<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">71<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">72<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">73<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">74<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">75<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">76<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">77<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">78<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">79<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">80<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"> <div align="left" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"> <div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<br />
<div class="W"><o:p> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS</span></b></o:p></div><div class="W"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Q.1 Why it is necessary to decrease the pressure in the discharge tube to get the cathode rays?</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="line-height: 99%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The current does not flow through the gas at ordinary pressure even at high voltage about 500 volts. However when the pressure inside the tube is decreased, the gas in the tube begins to conduct electricity at low pressure. Therefore it is necessary to decrease the pressure in the discharge tube to get the cathode rays.</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Q.2 Which ever gas is used in the discharge tube the nature of the cathode rays remains the same why?</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="line-height: 99%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A cathode ray consists of beam of electrons and electrons are constituents of all matter so, cathode rays do not depend upon the nature of the gas. Therefore, whichever gas is used in the discharge tube, the nature of cathode rays remains the same.</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Q.3 Why e/m value of cathode rays is just equal to that of electrons?</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="line-height: 99%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A cathode ray consists of beam of electrons, so cathode rays are actually electrons. Therefore e/m value of cathode ray is just equal to that of electron.</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Q.4 The bending of the cathode rays in the electric and magnetic field show that they are negatively charged.</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="line-height: 99%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The cathode ray beam travels in a straight line from the cathode to anode. The beam bends toward the south pole of the magnet when it passes through the magnetic field, which shows the cathode rays are negatively charged.</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Q.5 Why positive rays are also called canal rays?</div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 99%;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Since positive rays produced in the discharge tube passed through the canals or holes of cathode, therefore positive rays are also called canal rays.</div><div class="Q">Q.6 The e/m values of positive rays for different gases are different but those for cathode rays, the e/m value is the same.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The e/m value of positive rays depends upon the nature of gas used in the discharge tube. The characteristic of the gas varies from gas to gas, but for cathode rays e/m value is independent of the nature of the gas. Therefore, e/m values of positive rays for different gases are different but those for cathode rays the e/m value is the same.</div><div class="Q">Q.7 The e/m value for positive rays obtained from hydrogen gas 1836 times more than that of an electron?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The mass of hydrogen gas is 1836 times more than that of an electron. Cathode rays consist of beam of electrons. The e/m value for positive rays depends upon the gas used in the tube, and e/m value for cathode rays is independent of the nature of the gas. Therefore e/m value for positive rays obtained from H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> gas is 1836 times less than that of cathode rays. Heavier the gas, the smaller the e/m value for positive rays.</div><div class="Q">Q.8 Justify, that cathode rays are material particles.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Cathode rays drive a small paddle, wheel which shows that these rays posses momentum. From this observation, it is inferred that cathode rays are not rays but particles having a definite mass and velocity. Therefore cathode rays are material particles.</div><div class="Q">Q.9 How neutrons are produced?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When a stream of <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">a</span>–particles from a polonium source is directed at beryllium <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq <span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>(</span> \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>9,4</span>)<sub> </sub>Be <span style='font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>)</span> <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> target, penetrating radiations are produced, which are called neutrons.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>4,2</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->He + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>9,4</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->Be <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>12,6</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->C + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>1,0</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->n</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Q.10 Why the neutrons are used as projectile?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Ans: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">The particles, which hit the nucleus and can change its nature are called projectile. A projectile must be chargeless otherwise it will be captured or repelled by the nucleus. The slow moving neutrons cause nuclear reactions like fission and are used in artificial radioactivity. They are chargeless; therefore they can be used as projectile in nuclear research.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \a\co1(<span style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>1,0</span>)<![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->n<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> + <span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="35" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="21" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15.75pt;height:26.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="35" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="21" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275900"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>Cu<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> + hv (γ- radiations)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:13.5pt;height:27pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="36" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="18" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275901"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>Cu<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> → </span><span style="mso-text-raise: -13.0pt; position: relative; top: 13.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:27.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="37" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275902"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->Zn<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> +</span><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="12" /><!--[endif]--></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275903"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><sub>-1</sub>e<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;"> (β-particle)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="margin-top: 6.0pt;">Q.10 How are x–rays produced?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> X–rays are produced when fast moving electrons collide with heavy metal anode in the discharge tube.</div><div class="Q">Q.11 why the potential energy of bounded electron is negative in Bohr’s model?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The potential energy of bounded electron is negative, because the energy of separated nucleus and electron is taken to be zero. As electron is brought from infinity towards the nucleus to form a stable state of the atom, energy is released because of attractive forces and the energy becomes less than zero, or negative. Therefore, the energy of the bounded electron is negative.</div><div class="Q">Q.12 Why the total energy of bounded electron in negative in Bohr’s model?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The total energy of bounded electron is negative because the electron is under the force of attraction of the nucleus to have a stable state of the atom. More over when we calculate the total energy of the bounded electron, which is the sum of K.E. and P. E comes <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(Z e<span class=K><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span></span>,8 <span style='font-family:
Symbol;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-char-type:
symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>p</span></span> <span style='font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>0</span></span><span
class=M><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>0</span></span> r) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> which is also negative.</div><div class="Q">Q.13 Explain that energy of an electron is inversely proportional to n<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, but energy of higher orbits are always greater than those of the lower orbits in Bohr’s model.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The energy of an electron in the nth orbit is</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n</span></span> = – <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(me<span class=K><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>4</span></span>,8 <span style='font-family:
"Lucida Bright Math Italic";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'><span
style='mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:"Lucida Bright Math Italic"'>0</span></span>\a\co1(<span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2,0</span>) h<span class=K><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \b( \f(1,n<span
class=K><span style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span></span>) ) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> where e, m, <span style="font-family: "Lucida Bright Math Italic"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: "Lucida Bright Math Italic";">0</span><span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">0</span></span> and h are all constants, thus E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">n</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">µ</span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,n<span class=K><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The more negative the energy is the more stable will be the atom. The energy becomes successively less negative, therefore the energy values of higher orbits are always greater than those of the lower orbits.</div><div class="Q">Q.14 Explain the energy difference between adjacent levels goes on decreasing sharply in Bohr’s model.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The energy difference between adjacent levels goes on decreasing, because the distance between the adjacent orbits increases.</div><div class="Q">Q.15 why does cathode rays produce shadow of an opaque object placed in their path.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Any object which is material in nature, produces its shadow. Since cathode rays are material in nature, therefore, they produce shadow of an opaque object placed in their path.</div><div class="Q">Q.16 Give the main points of quantum theory of radiation.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1. Energy is emitted or absorbed by atoms only in the form of packets called quantum.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">2. The amount of energy associated with a quantum of radiation is proportional to the frequency (<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">u</span>) of the radiation.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> E <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">µ</span><span class="J"> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">u</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> or E = h<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">u</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">3. A body can emit or absorb energy only in terms of integral multiples of quantum.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> E = nh<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">u</span> (where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……..)</div><div class="Q">Q.17 Define frequency, wavelength and wave number.</div><div class="Q">Ans. Frequency (<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">u</span>):</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The number of waves passing through a point per second is called frequency (<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">u</span>). Its units are cycles s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span>.</div><div class="Q">Wavelength (<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">l</span>):</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The distance between two successive crests or troughs is called wavelength “<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">l</span>” and is expressed in A<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">o</span></span> or nm.</div><div class="Q">Wave number: <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='position:relative;
top:-6.0pt;mso-text-raise:6.0pt'>–</span>,v) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The number of waves per unit length is called wave number and is reciprocal of wave length.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \o(<span style='position:relative;
top:-6.0pt;mso-text-raise:6.0pt'>–</span>,v) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,<span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-char-type:
symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>l</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The wave number is expressed (m<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">–1</span></span>) or per meter.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.18 What is spectrum? Differentiate between continuous spectrum and line spectrum.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The dispersion of the components of white light, when it is passed through prism is called spectrum. The distribution among various wavelengths of the radiant energy emitted or absorbed by an object is also called spectrum.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Continuous spectrum:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A spectrum containing light of all wavelengths is called continuous spectrum.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> In this type of spectrum, the boundary line between the colours cannot be marked. The colours diffuse into each other. One colour merges into another without any dark space. The best example of continuous spectrum is rainbow.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Line spectrum:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When an element or its compound is volatilized on a flame and the light emitted is seen through, a spectrometer. We see distinct lines separated by dark spaces. This type of spectrum is called line spectrum. This is the characteristic of an atom.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.19 Describe briefly <st1:place w:st="on">Rutherford</st1:place>’s atomic model.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to <st1:place w:st="on">Rutherford</st1:place>’s model most of the mass of the atom (99.95%) is concentrated in a positively charged centre, called nucleus around which the negatively charged electrons move.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.20 On which experiment <st1:place w:st="on">Rutherford</st1:place>’s atomic model is based on, describe it briefly?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <st1:place w:st="on">Rutherford</st1:place>’s atomic model is based on the scattering of <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">a</span>–particles emitted from radioactive substances pass through the metal atoms of the foil undeflected by the light weight electrons. When an <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">a</span>–particle does happen to hit a metal–atom nucleus. However, it is scattered at a wide angle because it is repelled by the massive positively charged nucleus.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.21 Define orbit and orbital.</div><div class="Q">Ans. Orbit:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A definite circular path at a definite distance from the nucleus in which the electrons revolve around the nucleus is called an orbit.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> K, L, M, N are orbits.</div><div class="Q">Orbital:</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> A three dimensional region or space around the nucleus, within which the probability of finding an electron is maximum called an orbital, s, p, d and f are atomic orbitals.</div><div class="Q">Q.22 What do you understand by wave particle duality and what is the de Broglei relation?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to de Broglei, all matter particles in motion have a dual character. It means that electrons, protons, neutrons, atoms, and molecules, possess the characteristics of both the material particle and a wave. This is called wave particle duality in matter.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> De Broglei derived a mathematical equation which relates the wavelength (<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">l</span>) of the electron to the momentum of electron (mv)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">l</span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(h,mv) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Where <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">l</span> = wavelength v = velocity of electron</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> M = mass of electron and h is Planck’s constant.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> This equation <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">l</span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(h,mv) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->is called de Broglie relation.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Q.23 What is Heisenberg’s uncertainty principles?</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt;">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Heisenberg showed that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and momentum of an electron. Suppose that <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>x is the uncertainty in the measurement of the position and <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>p is the uncertainty in the measurement of momentum of an electron.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>x . <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span>p <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">³</span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(h,<span style='font-family:Symbol;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-char-type:
symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>p</span></span>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> This relationship is called uncertainty principle.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Q.24 What are quantum numbers?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The dimensionless numbers, rise naturally when the Schrodinger wave equation is solved for electron wave patterns and their energies are called quantum numbers.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> These numbers describe the behaviour of electron in an atom completely.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> There are four quantum numbers.</div><div class="Q">1. Principal quantum number “n”</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> It describes the energy of an electron in an atom. The value of n represents the shell or energy level in which the electron revolves around the nucleus. These shells are named as K, L, M, N, O, P, having the values of n, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. The greater the value of n, the greater will be the distance from the nucleus and greater will be the energy of electron in the shell.</div><div class="Q">2. Azimuthal quantum number “<i>l</i>”</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> It determines the shape of orbital, it can have any integer value from 0 to n–<i>l</i>. this quantum number is used to represent the sub–shells, and these value are <i>l</i> = 0, 1, 2, 3. These values represent different sub–shells which are designated as s, p, d, and f, with values of <i>l</i> = 0, 1, 2, 3 respectively.</div><div class="Q">3. Magnetic quantum number (m)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> It describes the orientation of the orbital in space. It can have all the integral values between + <i>l</i> and – <i>l</i> through zero i.e. + <i>l</i> …….. 0 …….. – <i>l</i>. For each value of <i>l</i>, there will be <br />
(2<i>l</i> + 1) values of m. actually the values of m gives us the information of degeneracy of orbitals in space.</div><div class="Q"><br />
</div><div class="Q"><br />
</div><div class="Q"><br />
</div><div class="Q">4. Spin quantum number (s)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> It describes the spin of electron in atom. Since an electron can spin clockwise or anti clockwise, thus two possible values are + <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->and – <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--> depending upon the spin of electron.</div><div class="Q">Q.25 What is n + <i>l</i> rule?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> This rule says that sub–shells are arranged in the increasing order of (n + l) values and if any two sub–shells have the same (n + l) values, then the sub–shell is filled first whose n values is smaller.</div><div class="Q">Q.26 What is the origin of line spectrum?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to Bohr’s theory each bright line in a line spectrum results from the downward jump of electron from a higher energy E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> to lower energy E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span>. This difference in energy (E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> – E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span>) is emitted as radiation of definite frequency in the form of spectral line.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> According to the quantum theory of radiation,</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span> – E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> = h<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">u</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Or <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">u</span> = <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(E<span class=M><span style='font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>1</span></span> – E<span class=M><span
style='font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>2</span></span>,h) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="Q">Q.27 When is Zeeman effect?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When the excited atoms of hydrogen are placed in a magnetic field, its spectral line are further split up in to closely spaced lines. This type of splitting of spectral lines is called Zeeman effect.</div><div class="Q">Q.28 What is stark effect?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When the excited hydrogen atom are placed in an electric field, its spectral lines are further split up into closely spaced lines. This type of splitting of spectral lines is called stark effect.</div><div class="Q">Q.29 What is Mosely’s Law?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Mosely’s law states that the frequency of spectral line in <br />
x–ray spectrum varies as the square of atomic number of an element emitting it. This law convinces us that it is the atomic number and not the atomic mass of the element which determines its characteristic properties, both physical and chemical.</div><div class="Q">Q.30 Describe Summerfield’s modification of Bohr’s model atom.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Summerfield suggested that the moving electron revolves in elliptical orbits in addition to circular orbit, with the nucleus situated at one of the foci of the ellipse. The elliptical paths of the moving electron go on changing their position in space, and the nucleus is buried by the electronic cloud from all the sides.</div><div class="Q">Q.31 Which of these orbitals, 3d or 4s has higher energy level?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> For 3d, n + l = 3 + 2 = 5 and for 4s, n + l = 4 + 0 = 4. Therefore 3d orbital has higher energy, than 4s orbital.</div><div class="Q">Q.32 How many maximum number of electron can have an orbital and a shell?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> An orbital can have maximum two electrons with opposite spins. A shell can have maximum of 2n<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> electrons, where “n” is the principal quantum number. First shell can have maximum 2 electrons, 2nd shell have 8 electrons 3rd shell have 18 electrons etc.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-top: 3.0pt;">Q.33 Distribute electrons in orbitals of <span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">19</span></span>K, <span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">29</span></span>Cu, <span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">24</span></span>Cr, <span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">53</span></span>I.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">19</span></span>K <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 1s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 2s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 2p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 3s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 3p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 4s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">29</span></span>Cu <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 1s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 2s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 2p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 3s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> 3p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 3d<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">10</span></span>, 4s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">24</span></span>Cr <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 1s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 2s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 2p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 3s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span> 3p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 3d<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span>, 4s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">53</span></span>I <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 1s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 2s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 2p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 3s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 3p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 3d<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">10</span></span>, 4s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 4p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span></span>, 4d<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">10</span></span>, 5s<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">2</span></span>, 5p<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">5</span></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-top: 3.0pt;">Q.34 What does it mean, when we say energy is quantized?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Quantization means that energy can only be absorbed or emitted in specific amounts or multiples of these amounts. This minimum amount of energy is equal to a constant times the frequency of the radiation absorbed or emitted E = hv.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-top: 3.0pt;">Q.35 Why do not we notice the quantization of energy in every day activities?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> In everyday activities, macroscopic objects such as our bodies gain or lose total amounts of energy much larger than a single quantum, hv. The gain or loss of the relatively minuscule quantum of energy in unnoticed.</div><div class="Q">Q.36 Explain the existence of line spectra is consistent with Bohr’s theory of quantized energies for the electron in the hydrogen atom.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> When applied to atoms, the notion of quantized energies means that only certain values of <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span> E are allowed. These are represented by the lines in the emission spectra of excited atoms.</div><div class="Q">Q.37 In what ways does de Broglie’s hypothesis require revision of our picture of the H–atom based on Bohr’s model?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> De Broglie’s hypothesis not electrons have a characteristic wavelength requires, revision of Bohr’s particle only model. For example the idea of a fixed orbit for the electron in hydrogen is hard, to reconcile with the wave properties of electron.</div><div class="Q">Q.38 (a) For n = 4 what are possible values of l?</div><div class="Q">(b) For l = 2 what are the possible values of m.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) n = 4 <i>l</i> = 3, 2, 1, 0</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) <i>l</i> = 2 m = – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2</div><div class="Q">Q.39 Which of the following are permissible sets of quantum numbers for an electron in a hydrogen atom?</div><div class="Q">(a) n = 2 <i>l</i> = 1 m = 1</div><div class="Q">(b) n = 1 <i>l</i> = 0 m = – 1</div><div class="Q">(c) n = 4 <i>l</i> = 2 m = – 2</div><div class="Q">(d) n = 3 <i>l</i> = 3 m = 0</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) permissible 2p (b) not permissible</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) Permissible 4d (d) not permissible</div><div class="Q">Q.40 (a) What are the possible values of the electron spin quantum numbers?</div><div class="Q">(b) What piece of experimental equipment can be used to distinguish electrons that have different values of the electron spin quantum number?</div><div class="Q">(c) Two electrons in an atom both occupy the Is orbital. What quantity must be different for the two electrons? What principle governs the answer to this question?</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) + <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->, – <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) A magnet with a strong inhomogeneous magnetic field.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) They must have different spin quantum number values. The Pauli exclusion principle.</div><div class="Q">Q.41 Give region of different spectral lines.</div><div class="Q">Ans.</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1. Lyman series (U. V. region)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">2. Balmer series (visible region)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">3. Paschen series (I. R. region)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">4. Bracket series (I. R. region)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">5. Pfund series (I. R. region)</div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">TEXT BOOK EXERCISE</span></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q1. Select the most suitable answer for the given one.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">i. The nature of the positive rays depends on<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (a) The nature of the electrode <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (b) The nature of the discharge tube<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (c) The nature of the residual gas<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (d) all of the above<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">ii. The velocity of photon is <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (a) Independent of its wavelength <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (b) Depends on its wavelength <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (c) Equal to square of its amplitude <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (d) Depends on its source<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">iii. The wave number of the light emitted by a certain source is 2 x 10<sup>6 </sup>m. the wavelength of this light will be<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) 500nm (b) 500m<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) 200nm (d) 5 x 10<sup>7 </sup>m<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">iv. <st1:place w:st="on">Rutherford</st1:place>’s model of an atom failed because <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) The atom did not have a nucleus an electron<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) It did not account for the attraction between protons and neutrons<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) It did not account for the stablility of the atom <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(d) There is actually no space between the nucleus and the electrons<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">v. Bohr model of atom is contradicted by <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Planck quantum theory <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Pauli’s exclusion principle <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(d) all of the above <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">vi. Splitting of spectral lines when atoms are subjected to strong electric field is called.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Zeeman effect (b) Stark effect<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) Photoelectric effect (d) Compton Effect<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">vii. In the ground state of an atom, the electron is present <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) In the nucleus (b) in the second shell<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) Nearest to the nucleus <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(d) farthest from the nucleus<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->viii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Quantum number values for 2p orbitals are<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">(a) n=2, <i>l</i>=l (b) n=1, <i>l</i>=2<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">(c) n=1, <i>l</i>=0 (d) n=2, <i>l</i>=0<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">ix. Orbitals having same energy are called<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (a) Hybrid orbitals (b) valence orbitals<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (c) Degenerate orbitals (d) d-orbitals<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">x. when 6d orbitals is complete, the entering electron goes into<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (a) 7f (b) 7s (c) 7p (d) 7d<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans.</b> (i)c (ii)a (iii)a (iv)c (v)c<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> (vi)b (vii)c (viii)a (ix)c (x)c<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.2 Fill in the blanks with suitable words<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(i) <i>B</i>-particles are nothing but _______moving with a very high speed.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(ii) The charge on one mole of electrons is ________coulombs.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The mass of hydrogen atom is _________grams.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The mass of one mole of electron is _________.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Energy is ________when electron jumps from higher to a lower orbit.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vi)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The ionization energy of hydrogen atom can be given by formula ________.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->For d sub-shell, the azimuthal quantum number has a value of ________.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(viii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The number of electrons in a given sub-shell is given by formula ________.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ix)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The electronic configuration of H<sup>- </sup>is ________. <o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans.</b> i)electrons ii)96500 iii)1066x10<sup>-24 </sup> iv)5.<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">484x10-<sup>7</sup>kg </span> v)emitted vi) Bohr vii)2 viii)2(2<i>l</i>+1) ix) 1s<sup>2 </sup><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Q.3 Indicate true or false as the case may be. <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(i) A neutron is slightly lighter particle than a proton.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(ii) A photon is the massless bundle of energy but has momentum.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The unit of Rydberg constant is the reciprocal of unit of length.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The actual isotopic mass is a whole number.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is applicable to macroscopic bodies.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vi)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The nodal plane in an orbital is the plane of zero electron density.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->The number of orbitals present in a sublevel is given by the formula (2<i>l</i>_1)<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(viii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Magnetic quantum number was introduced to explain Zeeman and stark effects.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ix)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Spin quantum number tells us the direction of spin of electron around the nucleus.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans.</b> i)False ii)True iii)True iv)False v)False vi)True vii)True viii)True ix)Ture<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.4</b> <b>Keeping in mind the discharge tube experiment , answer the following questions.</b><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(a)</b> <i>Why is it necessary to decrease the pressure in the discharge tube to get the cathode rays?</i><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> There will be no flow of current through the gas when the pressure in the discharge tube is high. In the presence of high pressure, the cathode rays will not flow from the cathode surface.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(b)</b> <i>Which ever gas is used in the discharge tube the nature of the cathode rays remains the same. Why?</i><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles (electrons). They are constituents of all gases. So, cathode rays are independent of the nature of the gas in the discharge tube.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(c)</b><i> Why e/m value of the cathode rays is equal to that of electron?<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Cathode rays are composed of electrons, so their e/m value is just equal to that of electron.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(d) </b><i>How the bending of the cathode rays in the electric and magnetic fields shows that they are negatively charged?</i><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> when cathode rays are passed through an electric field created by two charged metal plates, they are deflected towards the positively charged plate. This shows that they are negatively charged.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> When cathode rays are passed between the poles of a magnet, the magnet neither attracts nor repels but cause them to move in a curved path perpendicular to the line drawn between the poles of the magnet. This shows that they are negatively charged.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(e)</b> <i>Why positive rays are also called canal rays?<o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Ans. Positive rays pass through canals or holes in the cathode, so they are called canal rays.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(f)</b> <i>The e/m value of positive rays for different gases are different but those for cathode rays the e/m values is the same Justify it.</i><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> The e/m value for positive rays are different for different gases because they differ in mass. the mass of the positive particles is the same as that of the atom or molecule form which it is created. Heavier the gas, smaller the e/m value.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> The e/m value for cathode rays is the same because cathode rays are composed of electrons which have constant mass.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i>(g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></b><!--[endif]--><i>The e/m value for positive rays obtained from hydrogen gas is 1836 time less than that of cathode rays. Justify it. <o:p></o:p></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> The e/m value for positive rays obtained form hydrogen gas is 1836 time less than that of cathode rays. This is because the mass of proton which is created from H-atom is 1836 time more than that of an electron (cathode rays particle).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b>Q.5</b> (a) Explain Milliken’s oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) What is J.J Thomson’s experiment for determining e/m value of electron?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> (c) Evaluate mass of electron from the above two experiments.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.6</b> (a) Discuss Chadwick’s experiment for the discovery of neutrons. Compare the properties of electron, proton, and neutron.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) <st1:place w:st="on">Rutherford</st1:place>’s atomic model is based on the scattering of <i>a</i>-particles from a thin gold foil. Discuss it and explain the conclusions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q.7</b> (a) Give the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model. Which postulate tell us that orbits are stationary and energy is quantized?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Derive the equation for the radius of nth orbit of hydrogen atom using Bohr’s model.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) How does the above equation tell you that? </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(i) Radius is directly proportional to the square of the number of orbit.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) Radius is inversely proportional to the number of proton in the nucleus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans. </b> The equation for the radius of nth orbit is:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> r= <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:48.75pt;
height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="65" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275989"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Since, <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275990"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:14.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275992"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, h,<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:11.25pt;height:11.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275993"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> ,m and e are constant , therefore , the factor<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:48.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="65" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275994"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>is constant.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, r=constant x <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(n<sup>2</sup> ,z) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Or </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> r =<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1030"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275995"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(n<sup>2</sup> ,z) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Hence, we can say:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">(i) Radius is directly proportional to the square of the number of orbit.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(ii) Radius is inversely proportional to the number of protons in the nucleus</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(d) How do you come to know that the velocities of electrons in higher orbits are less than those in lower orbits of hydrogen atom?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Ans. According to Bohr, since the electron keeps on revolving around the nucleus:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Therefore, centrifugal force=Electrostatic force of attraction </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(mv<sup>2 </sup>, r) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45.75pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="61" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1031"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275996"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">or r=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.75pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="73" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1032"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275997"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">For H-atom,Z=1</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:9.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1033"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275998"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> r=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:54.75pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="73" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1034"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275999"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Since, e,<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:11.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1035"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276000"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>,<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:14.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1036"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276001"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>and m are constant, therefore, the factor <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:45pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="60" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1037"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276002"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>is constant.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Therefore, r=constant x <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15.75pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="21" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1038"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276003"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:26.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="35" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1039"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276004"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Hence, the radius of a moving electron is inversely proportional to the square of its velocity. The smaller the radius of the orbit, the higher is the velocity of electron. Hence, the velocities of electrons in higher orbits are less than those in lower orbits of hydrogen atom. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(e) Justify that the distance gaps between different orbits go on increasing form the lower.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Ans. We know that: r=0.529 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1040"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1040"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276005"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x[n<sup>2</sup>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> When n=1 r<sub>1</sub>=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1041"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276006"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> When n=2 r<sub>2</sub>=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1042"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1042"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276007"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x4=2.11<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1043"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276008"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> When n=3 r<sub>3</sub>=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1044"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1044"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276009"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x9=4.75<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1045"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276010"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> When n=4 r<sub>4</sub>=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1046"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1046"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276011"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x16=8.4<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1047"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276012"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> When n=5 r<sub>5</sub>=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1048"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1048"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276013"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x25=13.22<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1049" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1049"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276014"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Distance between orbits are:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>2 </sub>–r<sub>1</sub>=(2.11 – 0.529) <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1050"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276015"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.581<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1051"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276016"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>3 </sub>–r<sub>2=</sub>(4.75 – 2.11) <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1052"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276018"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=2.64<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1053" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1053"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276019"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sub> </sub>r<sub>4 </sub>–r<sub>3=</sub>(8.4 – 4.75) <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1054" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1054"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276020"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=3.65<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1055" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1055"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276021"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sub> </sub>r<sub>5 </sub>–r<sub>4</sub>=(13.22 – 8.4) <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1056" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1056"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276022"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=4.82<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1057" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1057"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276023"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> From the data of radius difference, it is clear that the distance gaps between different orbits go on increasing from the lower to the higher orbits.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Q8. Derive the formula for calculating the energy of an electron in nth orbit using Bohr’s model. Keeping in view this formula explain the following:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) The potential energy of the bounded electron is negative.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Ans. According to Bohr, the energy of electron is calculated from the equation:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E<sub>n</sub>=- 2.178 x 10-18[<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(1,n<sup>2 </sup>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> When n=<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1058"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:9.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1058"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276024"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>, then E<sub>n</sub>=0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Consider that an electron is present at an infinite distance from the nucleus, so there is no interaction between the two. The energy of this electron is zero.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Now, suppose that the electron moves closer and closer to the nucleus. Since electron is negatively charged and nucleus is positively charged, no work needs to be done on the electron. The electron can move towards the nucleus by itself due to electrical attraction. Thus, work is done by the electron itself as it moves towards the nucleus. As a result, the potential energy falls, i.e. it become less than zero. Any value less than zero is negative. Hence, the potential energy of electron becomes more and more negative as the electron moves closer and closer towards the nucleus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>(b)</b> Total energy of the bounded electron is negative.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ans.</b> When the electron is at infinite distance from the nucleus, there is no electrostatic interaction between the two. Therefore, the energy of the system in this state is assumed to be zero. As the electron moves closer to the nucleus, it does some work and energy is of the electron becomes negative. The negative value of energy would keep increasing as the electron moves to the energy levels nearer to the nucleus. the negative value of total energy shows that electron is bound by the nucleus i.e, electron is under the force of attraction of the nucleus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(c)</b> Energy of an electron is inversely proportional to n<sup>2 </sup>, but energy of higher orbits are always greater than those of the lower orbits.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. Energy of electron:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> The energy of electron in different orbits can be calculated by using the following equation:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E<sub>n </sub>= - <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1312.36,n<sup>2 </sup>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->kJmol<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Energy of an electron is inversely proportional to n<sup>2</sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> When n =1 E<sub>1</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:83.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059" width="111" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1059"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276025"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> =1312.36kJ mol<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>When n =2 E<sub>2</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1060"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:83.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060" width="111" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1060"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276026"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> =328.09kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>When n =3 E<sub>3</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1061"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:83.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061" width="111" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1061"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276027"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> =145.82kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>When n =4 E<sub>4</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1062"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:83.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062" width="111" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1062"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276028"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> =82.023kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>When n =5 E<sub>1</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1063"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:83.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063" width="111" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1063"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276029"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> =52.49kJ mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> The energy of an electron is inversely proportional to n<sup>2 </sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> As the value of ‘n’ increases, the value of energy increases. The energy of higher orbits are always greater than those of the lower orbits.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E<sub>5 </sub>>E<sub>4 </sub>>E<sub>3</sub>> E<sub>2 </sub>>E<sub>1</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(d)</b> The energy difference between adjacent levels goes on decreasing sharply. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. </b> The energy difference between adjacent levels can be found as:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1064"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1064"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276030"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E=E<sub>2 </sub>– E<sub>1 </sub>=(- 328.09) – (-1312.36) =984.27kJmol<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1065"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1065"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276031"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E=E<sub>3 </sub>– E<sub>2 </sub>=(- 145.82) – (- 328.09) =182.27kJmol<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1066"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1066"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276032"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E=E<sub>4 </sub>– E<sub>3 </sub>=(- 82.023) – (- 145.82) =63.797kJmol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1067"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1067"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276033"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>E=E<sub>5 </sub>– E<sub>4 </sub>=(- 52.49) – (- 82.023) =29.533kJmol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> From the data of energy difference, it is found that the energy difference between adjacent levels goes on decreasing sharply. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b>Q9.</b> (a) Derive the following equation for hydrogen atom which are related to:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Energy difference between two levels, n<sub>1 </sub>and n<sub>2 </sub>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Frequency of photon emitted when an electron jumps from n<sub>2 </sub>to n<sub>1 </sub>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Wave number of the photon when the electron jumps from n<sub>2 </sub>to n<sub>1 </sub>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Justify that Bohr’s equation for the wave number can explain the spectral lines of Lyman, Blamer and paschen series. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b>Q10.</b> (a) What is spectrum? Differentiate between continuous spectrum, and line spectrum.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Comparison between line emission and line absorption spectra.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. <o:p></o:p></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.6pt;" valign="top" width="247"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Line emission spectrum<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.65pt;" valign="top" width="248"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Line absorption spectrum<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.6pt;" valign="top" width="247"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><i>1. “An atomic spectrum which consists of bright lines against a dark background is called line emission spectrum. “<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>2. it is produced when radiations emitted by an excited substance are analysed in a spectroscope.<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 185.65pt;" valign="top" width="248"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><i>1. “An atomic spectrum which consists of bright lines against a dark background is called line emission spectrum. “<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>2. it is produced when white is passed through the gaseous element and the transmitted rays are analysed in a spectroscope.<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> (c) What is the origin of the line spectrum?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q11</b>. (a) Hydrogen atom and He<sup>+ </sup>are monoelectronic system, but the size of He<sup>+ </sup>is much smaller than H<sup>+ </sup>, why?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> H-atom and He<sup>+ </sup>are monoelectronic system. It means both H-atom and He<sup>+ </sup>have one electron in the valence shell. H-atom has one proton in the nucleus whereas He<sup>+ </sup>has two proton in the nucleus. So, the force of attraction between two protons and one electron is greater than one proton and one electron. Hence, the size of He<sup>+ </sup>is much smaller than H-atom.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"> Also, we know that: r=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1068"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276034"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1069" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:51.75pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="69" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1069"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276035"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"> The size of H-atom: r=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1070" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1070"
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style='width:50.25pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="67" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1071"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276037"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.2645 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1072" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1072"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276038"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"> The size of He<sup>+ </sup>ion: r=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1073" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1073"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276039"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1074" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:50.25pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="67" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1074"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276041"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.529 x <!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(1,2) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->=0.2645 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1075" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1075"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276042"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Hence, the size of He<sup>+ </sup>is much smaller than H-atom. This is because the nucleus of He<sup>+ </sup>has greater attraction for the electron as compared to H-atom which contains one proton in the nucleus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><!--[endif]-->Do you think that the size of li<sup>-2+ </sup>is even smaller than HE<sup>+ </sup>? Justify with calculation.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -9.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;"><b>Ans</b>. The size of He<sup>+ </sup>ion: r=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1076"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1076"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276043"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1077" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:50.25pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image046.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1077" width="67" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1077"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276044"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.2645 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1078" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1078" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1078"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276045"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -9.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> The size of li<sup>-2+ </sup>ion: r=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1079"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1079" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1079"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276046"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-text-raise: -16.0pt; position: relative; top: 16.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1080" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:50.25pt;height:38.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="51" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1080" width="67" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1080"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276047"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.1763 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1081" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1081" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1081"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276048"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -9.0pt; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> The size of li<sup>-2+ </sup>ion is much smaller than the size of He<sup>+ </sup>ion:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q12</b>. (a) What are X-rays? What is their origin? How was the idea of atomic number derived from the discovery of X-rays?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 45.0pt list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->How does the Bohr’s model Justify the Moseley‘s equation?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q13.</b> Point out the defects of Bohr’s model. How these defects are partially covered by dual nature of electron and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q14</b>. (a) Briefly discuss the wave mechanical model of atom. How has it given the idea of orbital. Compare orbit and orbital.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans. Comparison between orbit and orbital:<o:p></o:p></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.15pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Orbit<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.15pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Orbital<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.15pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>1. <i>“A circular path around the nucleus in which the electron revolves is called an orbit.”</i><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>2. It is circular in Shape.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>3. It represents that an electron moves around the nucleus in one plane, i.e., in a flat surface.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>4. It is against Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>5. The maximum number of electrons in an orbit is 2n<sup>2</sup>, where ‘n’ is the number of the orbit.<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.15pt;" valign="top" width="294"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><i>1. “The volume of space within an atom in which there is 95% chance of finding an electron is called orbital.”<o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>2. It may be spherical, dumbbell or double dumbbell in shape.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>3. It represent that an electron can move around the nucleus in three dimensional space.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>4. It is in accordance with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>5. The maximum number of electrons in an orbital is two.<o:p></o:p></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> (b) What are quantum number? Discuss their significance. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> (c) When azimuthal quantum number has a value 3, then there are seven value of magnetic quantum number. Give reasons.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q15.</b> Discuss rules for the distribution of electrons in energy sub-shells and in orbitals. (a) What is (n+ <i>l </i>) rule. Arrange the orbitals according to this rule. Do you think that this rule is applicable to degenerate orbitals?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 45.0pt list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Distribute electrons in orbitals of <sub>57</sub>La, <sub>29</sub>Cu, <sub>79</sub>Au, <sub>24</sub>Cr, <sub>53</sub>I, <sub>86</sub>Rn.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Ans</b>. Electronic configurations: </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sub>57</sub>La=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>4s<sup>2 </sup>3d<sup>10 </sup>4p<sup>6 </sup>5s<sup>2 </sup>4d<sup>10 </sup>5p<sup>6 </sup>6s<sup>2 </sup>4f<sup>4 </sup>(Actual configuration)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>4s<sup>2 </sup>3d<sup>10 </sup>4p<sup>6 </sup>5s<sup>2 </sup>4d<sup>10 </sup>5s<sup>2 </sup>5p<sup>6 </sup>5d<sup>1</sup>(Expected configuration)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sub>29</sub>Cu =1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>9 </sup>4s<sup>2 </sup>(Actual configuration)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>4s<sup>2 </sup>3d<sup>10 </sup>4s<sup>1</sup> (Expected configuration)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sub>79</sub>Au=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>4s<sup>2 </sup>3d<sup>10 </sup>4p<sup>6 </sup>5s<sup>2 </sup>4d<sup>10 </sup>4f<sup>14</sup>5s<sup>2 </sup>5p<sup>6 </sup>5d<sup>10 </sup>gs<sup>1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sup>24</sup>Cr=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3s<sup>2 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>4 </sup>4s<sup>2 </sup>(Actual configuration)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3s<sup>2 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>4 </sup>4s<sup>1 </sup>(Expected configuration)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sub>53</sub>I=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3s<sup>2 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>10 </sup>4s<sup>2 </sup>4p<sup>6 </sup>4d<sup>10 </sup>5s<sup>2 </sup>5p<sup>5<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sup> 86</sup>Rn==1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3s<sup>2 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>4 </sup>4s<sup>2 </sup>4p<sup>6 </sup>4d<sup>10 </sup>4f<sup>14 </sup>5s<sup>2 </sup>5p<sup>6 </sup>5d<sup>10 </sup>6s<sup>2 </sup>6p<sup>6 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">From the above configuration, it is important to note that there are three irregularities in the general trend. The electronic configuration of Cr and Cu show deviation from the expected configuration.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i>Expected Configurations:</i> Cr=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3s<sup>2 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>4 </sup>4s<sup>1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sup> </sup>Cu=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3s<sup>2 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>4 </sup>4s<sup>1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i>Actual Configurations:</i> Cr=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3s<sup>2 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>4 </sup>4s<sup>2<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sup> </sup>Cu=1s<sup>2 </sup>2s<sup>2 </sup>2p<sup>6 </sup>3s<sup>2 </sup>3p<sup>6 </sup>3d<sup>4 </sup>4s<sup>2<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sup> </sup>This is because the half filled and fully filled configurations (i.e.,d<sup>5</sup>,d<sup>10</sup>,f<sup>7</sup>,f<sup>14 </sup>)have lower energy ot more stability. Thus, in order to become more stable, one of 4s electrons goes into 3d orbitals so that 3d orbitals get half filled or fully filled configuration in Cr and Cu respectively.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Reasons for stability of Half filled and fully filled orbitals:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>1.</b> <i>Exchange energy; </i>All the orbitals in a given sub-shell have equal energies. The electrons present in different orbitals of the same sub-shell can exchange their positions. Such an exchange of electrons results in release of energy called exchange energy . Greater the exchange energy, more is the stability associated with the orbitals. It has been observed that in case of exactly half-filled and fully filled orbitals the electrons can exchange their positions more readily as compared to other configurations. As a result, half-filled and fully filled configurations are more stable.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>2.</b> <i>Symmetry:</i> If removal or addition of an electron results in the symmetrical distribution of electrons in an orbital, the electronic configuration becomes more stable. Therefore, half-filled and fully filled configurations in which each orbital contains one and two electrons respectively , are more stable.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">Irregular Structure of La: The electronic configuration of La is irregular and does no t follow the general trend. This is because strong nuclear attraction and less shielding effect caused by d and f electrons. In this case remember before adding any electron in the 4f orbital, a single electron is added to a 5d orbital. The remaining nine electrons enter the 5d sub-shell after the 4f sub-shell has been completely filled with fourteen electrons. Similarly, one electron enters the 6d sub-shell before any electron enters the 5f sub-shell.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q16.</b> Draw the shapes of s, p and d-orbitals. Justify these by keeping in view the azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q17.</b> A photon of light with energy 10<sup>-19 </sup>j is emitted by a source of light/</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> (a) Convert this energy into the wavelength, frequency and wave number of the photon in terms of meters, hertz and m<sup>-1 </sup>respectively. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E=10<sup>-19 </sup>J h=6.625 x <sup>10-34 </sup>js</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Formula used: E=hv</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> V=<!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(h, E) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> V=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1082" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:80.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1082" width="107" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1082"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276049"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> V=1.51 x 1014 s<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> V=1.51 x 1014 Hz [CPS=s<sup>-1 </sup>=Hz]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Now, <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1083"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1083" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1083"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276050"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> eq \f(hc, E) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E=10<sup>-19 </sup>J=10<sup>-19 </sup>kg m<sup>2 </sup>s<sup>-2 </sup>[1 J=1 kf m<sup>2 </sup>s<sup>-2 </sup>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> h =6.625 x 10<sup>-34 </sup>kg m<sup>2 </sup>s<sup>-2 </sup>s</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> =6.625 x 10<sup>-34 </sup>kg m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1084" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1084" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1084"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276051"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1085"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:171.75pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1085" width="229" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1085"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276052"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1086" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1086" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1086"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276053"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=19.875x 10<sup>-7 </sup>m</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1087" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1087" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1087"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276054"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.9875 x 10<sup>-6 </sup>m=1.9875 x 10<sup>-4 </sup>cm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Now, <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1088" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:30pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1088" width="40" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1088"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276055"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1089" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:90pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image058.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1089" width="120" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1089"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276056"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1090" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1090" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1090"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276057"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.51 x 10<sup>6 </sup>m<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1091" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1091" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1091"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276058"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=5.1 x 10<sup>5 </sup>m-1 =5.1 x 10<sup>3 </sup>cm<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Convert this energy of the photon into ergs and calculate the wave length in cm, frequency in Hz and wave number in cm<sup>-1 </sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> h=6.625x 10<sup>-34 </sup>js or 6.625 x 10<sup>-27 </sup>ergs. C=3 x 10<sup>8 </sup>ms<sup>-1 </sup>or 3x 10 <sup>+10 </sup>cms<sup>-1 </sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E= 10<sup>-19 </sup>J =10<sup>-19 </sup>x 10<sup>7 </sup>erg [1 j =10<sup>7 </sup>erg]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> =10<sup>-12 </sup>erg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1092" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1092" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1092"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276059"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.98 x 10<sup>-6 </sup>m=1.98 x10<sup>-6 </sup>x 10<sup>2 </sup>cm=1.98 x 10<sup>-4 </sup>cm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1093" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1093" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1093"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276060"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=5x10<sup>5 </sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>=5 x 10<sup>5 </sup>x 10<sup>-2 </sup>cm<sup>-1 </sup>=5x 10<sup>3 </sup>cm<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q18.</b> The formula for calculating the energy of an electron in hydrogen atom gives by Bohr, s model</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E<sub>n </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1094" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:59.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image062.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1094" width="79" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1094"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276062"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Calculate the energy of the electron in first orbit of hydrogen atom. The values of various parameters are same as provided in Q.19.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> n = E=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Formula: En =-2.178 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1095" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image064.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image065.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1095" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1095"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276063"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]J</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> En=-2.178 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1096"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image066.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image067.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1096" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1096"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276064"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]J</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E=-2.178 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>J</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E=-2.18 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>J</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q19.</b> Bohr’s equation for the radius of nth orbit of electron in hydrogen atom is</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>n </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1097" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:50.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image068.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1097" width="67" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1097"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276065"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) When the electron moves from n=1 to n=2, how much does the radius of the orbit increases.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1098" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image070.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1098" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1098"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276066"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=8.85 x10<sup>-12 </sup>C<sup>2 </sup>J<sup>-1 </sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>; m=9.108 x 10<sup>-31 </sup>kg</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> h=6.624 x 10-34 js ; e=1.602 x 10<sup>-19 </sup>C ;<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1099"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:11.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image071.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1099" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1099"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276067"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=3.14</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Form n=1 to n=2 : J=kg m2 s-2 : C=<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1100" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:21pt;height:26.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image072.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="35" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image073.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1100" width="28" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1100"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276068"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1101" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:24pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image074.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="32" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image075.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1101" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1101"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276069"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </sup>s<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Formula: r<sub>n </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1102" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:50.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image068.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image069.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1102" width="67" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1102"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276070"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>1</sub>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1103" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:204.75pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image076.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image077.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1103" width="273" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1103"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276071"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>1</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1104" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:203.25pt;height:35.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image078.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image079.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1104" width="271" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1104"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276072"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>1</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1105" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:153.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image080.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image081.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1105" width="205" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1105"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276073"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>1</sub>= 5.29 x 10<sup>-11 </sup>jm<sup>-1 </sup>s<sup>2 </sup>kg<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>r<sub>1</sub>= 5.29 x 10<sup>-11 </sup>kg<sup> </sup>m<sup>2 </sup>s<sup>2</sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>s<sup>2 </sup>kg<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>r<sub>1</sub>= 5.29 x 10<sup>-11 </sup>m<sup> </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>1</sub>= 5.29 x 10<sup>-1<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1106" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1106" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1106"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276074"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> r<sub>1</sub>= 0.529 <sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1107" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1107" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1107"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276075"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Also<sup> </sup>r<sub>2</sub>= 0.529 <sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1108" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1108" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1108"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276076"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sup>[2<sup>2</sup>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> R<sub>2</sub>= 0.529 <sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1109" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1109" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1109"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276077"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sup>x 4 =2.116<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1110"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1110" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1110"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276078"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Increase in radius, (r<sub>2 </sub>- r<sub>1</sub>) =2.116<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1111" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1111" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1111"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276079"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sup>- 0.529<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1112"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1112" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1112"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276080"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>=1.587<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1113" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1113" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1113"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276081"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 27.0pt left 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->What is the distance traveled by th electron when it goes from n=2 to n =3and n =9 to n=10?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1114"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image083.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1114" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1114"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276082"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=8.85x 10<sup>-12 </sup>C<sup>2 </sup>J<sup>-1 </sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>, h=6.24x10<sup>-34 </sup>js, <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1115" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:11.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image084.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1115" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1115"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276083"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=3.14,</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> m=9.108 x10<sup>-31 </sup>kg , C=1.602 x 10<sup>-19 </sup>C</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> While doing calculations take care of units of energy parameter.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> J=kgm2 s<sup>-2 </sup>, c=kg<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1116" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image085.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image086.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1116" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1116"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276085"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> m<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1117" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:15.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image087.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image088.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1117" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1117"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276086"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> s<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Solution:</b> r=0.529<sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1118"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1118" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1118"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276087"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>(n<sup>2</sup>)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> For n=2 r<sub>2 </sub>=0.529<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1119" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1119" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1119"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276088"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></sup>(2<sup>2</sup>) =2.116<sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1120" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1120" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1120"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276089"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> n =3 r<sub>3</sub>=0.529<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1121"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1121" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1121"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276090"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>(3<sup>2</sup>) =4.761<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1122" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1122" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1122"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276091"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Distance traveled by the electron when it goes from n=9 to n =3</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <b>r<sub>3 </sub>– r<sub>2 </sub>=4.761 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1123" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1123" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1123"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276092"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> - 2.116 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1124" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1124" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1124"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276093"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">For n=9 r<sub>9 </sub>=0529(9<sup>2</sup>)=42.849<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1125" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1125" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1125"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276094"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> n =10 r<sub>10</sub>=0.529 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1126"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1126" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1126"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276095"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>(10<sup>2</sup>)=52.9<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1127"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1127" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1127"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276096"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">Distance traveled by the electron when it goes grom n=9 to n=10</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> r<sub>10</sub> – r<sub>9 </sub>=52.9<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1128" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1128" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1128"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276097"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> - 42.849<span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1129" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1129" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1129"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276098"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> <b>=10.051 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1130"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image082.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1130" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1130"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276099"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Q20.</b> Answer the following questions, by performing the calculation s.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Calculate the energy of first five orbits of hydrogen atom an determine the energy differences between them.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]--> Justify that energy difference between second and third orbits is approximately five times smaller than that between first and second orbits.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Calculate the energy of electron in He<sup>+ </sup>in first five orbits and justify that the energy differences are different from those of hydrogen atom.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Do you think that group of the spectral lines of He<sup>+ </sup>are at different places than those for hydrogen atom? Give reasons.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q21.</b> Calculate the value of principal quantum number if an electron in hydrogen atom revolves in an orbit of energy - 0.242 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>j. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E= - 242 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>j ; n=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Formula: E=- 2.178 x 10<sup>-18 </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1131" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image089.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image065.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1131" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1131"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276100"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> n<sup>2</sup>= - 2.178 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1132" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:14.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image090.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image091.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1132" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1132"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276101"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> n<sup>2</sup>=- 2.178 x 10-<sup>18</sup>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1133" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:75.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image092.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image093.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1133" width="101" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1133"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276102"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> n<sup>2</sup>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1134" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:32.25pt;height:30.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image094.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image095.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1134" width="43" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1134"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276103"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> n<sup>2</sup>=9</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b>n= 3 Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q22.</b> Bohr’s formula for the energy levels of hydrogen atom for any system say H, He<sup>+, </sup>Li<sup>-2+ </sup>, etc is</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E<sub>n</sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1135" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:50.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image096.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image097.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1135" width="67" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1135"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276104"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Or</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> E<sub>n</sub>= - k [<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1136" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image098.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image099.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1136" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1136"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276105"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> For hydrogen Z=1 and for He<sup>+ </sup>, Z=2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Draw an energy level diagram for hydrogen atom and He<sup>+ </sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Thinking that k = 2.18 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>j, calculate the energy needed to remove the electron from hydrogen atom and from He<sup>+ </sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> For H; Z=1 ; n=1 ; k=2.18 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>j</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Formula E<sub>n </sub>=-k[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1137" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image100.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image099.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1137" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1137"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276106"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> E<sub>1 </sub>= -2.18 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1138" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:14.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image101.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image102.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1138" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1138"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276107"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> E<sub>1</sub>=-2.18 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>j</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1139" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image103.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image104.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1139" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1139"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276109"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=-2.18 x 10-18 [<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1140"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image105.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image106.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1140" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1140"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276110"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>] J</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1141" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image103.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image104.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1141" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1141"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276111"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=-2.18 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>0j=0</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Now energy required to remove an electron from the orbit:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1142" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1142" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1142"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276112"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1143" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:17.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image103.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image104.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1143" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1143"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276113"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> - E<sub>1</sub><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1144" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1144" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1144"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276114"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0 – (-8.72 x10<sup>-18 </sup>J)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1145" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1145" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1145"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276115"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=8.72 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>J Answer</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>(c)</b> How do you justify that the energies calculated in (b) are the ionization energies of H and He<sup>+ </sup>?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> The energy difference between first and infinite levels of energy for H atom is 2.18x 10<sup>-21 </sup>kJ and for He<sup>+ </sup>ion is 8.72x10<sup>-21 </sup>kJ are the ionization energies of H and He<sup>+ </sup>respectively. These values are the same as determined experimentally. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Use Avogadro’s number to convert ionization energy values in kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>or H and He<sup>+ </sup>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> For H: <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1146" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1146" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1146"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276116"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=2.18 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>J</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> The value of energy obtained for the electron is in J/atom. If this quantity is multiplied by Avogadro’s number and divided by 1000, the value of E will become. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1147" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1147" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1147"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276117"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1148" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:162.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image109.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image110.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1148" width="217" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1148"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276118"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1149" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1149" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1149"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276119"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=13.1236 x 10<sup>2 </sup>kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1150" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1150" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1150"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276120"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1312.36 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer</b> For He<sup>+ </sup>; <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1151" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1151" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1151"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276121"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=8.72 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>J/atom</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1152" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1152" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1152"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276122"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=8.72 x 10<sup>-18 </sup>x<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1153"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:98.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image111.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image112.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1153" width="131" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1153"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276123"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1154" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1154" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1154"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276124"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=52.4944 x 10<sup>2 </sup>kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1155" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:18.75pt;height:12.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image107.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="17" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image108.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1155" width="25" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1155"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276125"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=5249.44 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(e) The experimental values of ionization energy of H and He<sup>+ </sup>are 1331 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>and 5250 kJ mol<sup>-1 </sup>respectively. How do you compare your values with experimental values ? </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q23.</b> Calculate the wave number of the photon when the electron jumps from </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> i. n=5 to n=2.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> ii. n=5 to n=1.]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> In which series of spectral lines and spectral regions these photons will appear.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(i) n=5 to n =1 . <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1156"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1156" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1156"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276126"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Formula : <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1157" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1157" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1157"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276127"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1158"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image114.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1158" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1158"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276128"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1159" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1159" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1159"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276129"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1160" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1160" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1160"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276130"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678x 10<sup>7</sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1161"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1161" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1161"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276131"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1162" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:17.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image120.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image121.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1162" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1162"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276132"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1163" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1163" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1163"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276134"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678x 10<sup>7</sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1164"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image123.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1164" width="45" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1164"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276135"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1165" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1165" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1165"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276136"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678x 10<sup>7</sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1166"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:21.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image124.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image125.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1166" width="29" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1166"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276137"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1167" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1167" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1167"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276138"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678x 10<sup>7</sup>m<sup>-1</sup> <b>=2.3x10<sup>6 </sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> The photon will appear in the Balmer series</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 45.0pt list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->n =5 to n= 1 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> n = 5 to n=1 ; <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1168" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1168" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1168"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276139"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> Formula: <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1169" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1169" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1169"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276140"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1170"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image114.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1170" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1170"
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style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1171" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1171"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276142"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1172" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1172"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image127.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1173" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1173"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image129.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1174" width="21" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1174"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1175" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1175"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image131.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1176" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1176"
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style='width:17.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image132.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image121.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1177" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1177"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276148"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1178" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1178" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1178"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276149"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1179"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:18pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image133.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image134.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1179" width="24" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1179"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276150"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><sup> </sup><b><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1180" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1180" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1180"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276151"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> The photon will appear in the Lyman series.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q24.</b> A photon of a wave number 102.70 x 10<sup>5 </sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>is emitted when electron jumps form higher to n=1.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Determine the number of that orbit from where the electron falls. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1181" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1181" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1181"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276152"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=102.70 x 10<sup>5 </sup>; n<sup>2</sup>=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">Formula used: <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1182" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1182" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1182"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276153"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1183"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image114.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1183" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1183"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276154"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1184" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1184" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1184"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276155"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>102.70x 10<sup>5 </sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1185" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:33.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image114.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1185" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1185"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276156"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1186" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1186" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1186"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276157"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>eq \f(102.70x10<sup>5 </sup>,1.09678 x10<sup>7 </sup>) <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->=[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1187" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image135.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image131.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1187" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1187"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276158"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1188" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image136.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1188" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1188"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276159"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> 0.936=1-<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1189" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image136.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1189" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1189"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276160"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1190" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image136.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1190" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1190"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276162"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1-0.936</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1191" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image136.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1191" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1191"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276163"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.064</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1192" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image137.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image138.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1192" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1192"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276164"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1193" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:32.25pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image139.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image140.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1193" width="43" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1193"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276165"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; position: relative; top: 6.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1194" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:14.25pt;height:18.75pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image137.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image138.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1194" width="19" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1194"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276166"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=16</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> n<sub>2 </sub>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; position: relative; top: 4.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1195" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:23.25pt;height:18pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image141.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image142.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1195" width="31" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1195"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276167"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> <b>=4 Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Indicate the name of the series to which this photon belongs.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Ans.</b> Since the electron falls from n=4 to n=1, therefore, the name of the series is Lyman series</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 45.0pt list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->If the electron will fall from higher orbit to n=2, then calculate the wave number of the photon emitted. Why this energy difference is so small as compared to that in part (a)?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> n<sub>1 </sub>=2 ; n<sub>2</sub>=4</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1196" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1196" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1196"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276168"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Formula: <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1197"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1197" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1197"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276169"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1198"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:33.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image114.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image115.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1198" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1198"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276170"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-<span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1199" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:17.25pt;height:36pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image116.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image117.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1199" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1199"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276171"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1200" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1200" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1200"
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image143.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image144.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1201" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1201"
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image146.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1202" width="23" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1202"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276174"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1203" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1203"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276175"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1204"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image147.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image119.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1204" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1204"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276176"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>-<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1205" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:15.75pt;height:33pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image148.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image149.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1205" width="21" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1205"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276177"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1206" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1206" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1206"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276178"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=1.09678 x 10<sup>7 </sup>[<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1207"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15.75pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image150.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image151.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1207" width="21" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1207"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276179"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>]m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1208" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1208" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1208"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276180"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.20565x 10<sup>7 </sup>m<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup><b><span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1209" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:9pt;height:17.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image113.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="23" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1209" width="12" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1209"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276181"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.20565x 10<sup>5</sup>m<sup>-1 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Q25. </b>(a) What is de Broglie’s wavelength of an electron in meters traveling at half a speed of light ?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"> m =9.109 x 10<sup>-31 </sup>kg , c=3x 10<sup>8 </sup>ms<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> M=9.109 x 10-31 kg : v=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1210" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image152.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image153.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1210" width="16" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1210"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276182"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>x3x 10<sup>8 </sup>ms<sup>-1 </sup> =1.5x 10<sup>8 </sup>ms<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup> </sup>h =6.624 x 10<sup>-34 </sup>js =6.624 x 10<sup>-34 </sup>kg m<sup>2 </sup>s<sup>-1 </sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> Formula: <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1211"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1211" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1211"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276183"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1212" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:20.25pt;height:30.75pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image155.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image156.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1212" width="27" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1212"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276185"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1213" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1213" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1213"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276186"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=<span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1214" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:162pt;height:35.25pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image157.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="47" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image158.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1214" width="216" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1214"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276187"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1215" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1215" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1215"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276188"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.485 x 10<sup>-11 </sup>m</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1216" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1216" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1216"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276189"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.485 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>m</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1217" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1217" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1217"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276190"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.485 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>x 10<sup>10</sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1218" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image159.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1218" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1218"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276191"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1219" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1219" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1219"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276192"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.485 x 10<sup>-2 </sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1220"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image159.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1220" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1220"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276193"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> <b>=0.0485 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1221"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image159.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1221" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1221"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276194"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Convert the mass of electron into grams and velocity of light into cms<sup>-1 </sup>, and then calculate the wavelength of an electron in cm.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> m=9.109 x 10<sup>-31 </sup>kg =9.109 x 10<sup>-31 </sup>x 103 g =9.109 x 10<sup>-28 </sup>g</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> c =3 x 10<sup>-8 </sup>ms<sup>-1 </sup>=3 x 10<sup>-8 </sup>x 10<sup>2 </sup>cms<sup>-1 </sup>=3 x 10<sup>8 </sup>cms<sup>-1</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1222" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1222" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1222"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276195"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=4.85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>m=4.85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>x10<sup>2 </sup>cm =4.85 x 10<sup>-10 </sup>cm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"> <b>=0.048 x 10<sup>-8 </sup>cm Answer<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in left 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Convert the wavelength of electron from meters to </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"> i) nm ii) <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1223"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image159.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1223" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1223"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276196"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> iii) pm</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b>Solution:<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">i) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1224" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1224" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1224"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276197"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=4.85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>m=4.85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>x10<sup>9 </sup>cm =4.85 x 10<sup>-3 </sup><b>nm=0.048nm</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">ii) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1225" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1225" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1225"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276198"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=4.85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>m=4.85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>x10<sup>10</sup><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1226" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image159.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1226" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1226"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276199"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=4.85 x 10<sup>-2 </sup><b><span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1227" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image159.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1227" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1227"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276200"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=0.0485 <span style="mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1228" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:12.75pt;height:21pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image159.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="28" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1228" width="17" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1228"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276201"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span> Ans.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">iii) <span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1229" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:11.25pt;height:14.25pt'
o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image154.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1229" width="15" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1229"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386276202"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>=4.85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>m=4.85 x 10<sup>-12 </sup>x10<sup>-12 </sup>pm =4.485 x 10<sup>-24 </sup>pm <b>Ans.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="W"><o:p><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></o:p></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-53489778729502524102011-12-24T04:05:00.000-08:002011-12-24T10:45:05.000-08:00Chapter 4rth<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Chapter 4rth</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; text-align: center;">LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> </span><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">MCQs</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;"><br />
</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Q.1</span></b> <b style="font-size: x-large;"> </b><span style="color: blue;">Ionic solids are characterized by</span><br />
(a) low melting points<br />
(b) good conductivity in solid state<br />
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) high vapour pressure</span><br />
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) solubility in polar solvents</span><br />
<div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.2 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Amorphous solids.</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) have sharp melting points</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) undergo clean cleavage when cut with knife</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) have perfect arrangements of atoms</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) can presses small regions of orderly arrangements of atoms</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.3</span><span style="color: cyan;"> </span></b> <span style="color: blue;">The force of attraction between the atoms of helium is</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) hydrogen bonding</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) coordinate covalent bond</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) covalent bond </div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) london dispersion force</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.4</span></b> <b><span style="color: blue;"> Which of the following is a pseudo-solid</span></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) CaF<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2 </span></span> (b) Glass</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) NaCl (d) All</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.5 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Diamond is a bad conductor because</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> (a) It has a tight structure (b) It has a high density</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) There is no free electron present in the crystal of diamond to conduct electricity</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) None of the above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.6</b></span> <span style="color: blue;">The weakest intermolecular for a</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) dipole–dipole force</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) electrostatic force between ions</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) ion–dipole force</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) dipole–induced dipole force</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.7 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;">In liquids intermolecular forces are</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) very weak (b) very strong</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) reasonably strong (d) ion–dipole force</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.8</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Values of heat of vaporization for liquids, with strong dipole–dipole forces will be</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) very high (b) very low</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) reasonably high (d) negligible</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.9</b> </span> <b style="font-size: x-large;"> </b><span style="color: blue;">Instantaneous dipole–induced dipole force is also called</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) dipole force (b) london dispersion</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) hydrogen bonding (d) none of the above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.10 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Down the group polarizability generally</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) increases (b) decreases</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) remains constant (d) do not follow a regular trend</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.11</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Trend of boiling points of halogens from fluorine to iodine is that it.</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) decreases (b) increases</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) remains constant (d) negligible</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.12</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Molecules of hydro carbons with large chain lengths experience</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) repulsive forces (b) strong attractive force</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) weaker attractive forces</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) no attractive force</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.13 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Hydrocarbons which generally have high molecular masses exist is.</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) solid form (b) liquid form</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) vapour form (d) gaseous form</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.14</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Exceptionally low acidic strength of HF is due to</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) strong polar bond (b) small size of fluorine</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) strong hydrogen bonding <span style="text-indent: 0in;">(d) Vander Waal’s forces</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.15</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Long chain of amino acids are coiled about one another into spiral by.</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) covalent bond (b) ionic bond</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) hydrogen bond (d) Vander Waal’s forces</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.16</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Evaporation of water is possible at</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 100<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C (b) 0<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) at all temperatures (d) above 100<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.17</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Boiling point is low for liquid with</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) high vapour pressure at given temperature</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) low vapour pressure at a given temperature</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) very high vapour pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) very low vapour pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.18</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">At equilibrium rate of evaporation and rate of condensation</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) become very high (b) become very low</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) can never be equal (d) become equal</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.19</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> In an open system vapour pressure of water at 100<span class="K">o</span>C at sea level is</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 700 mm of Hg (b) 760 mm of Hg</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 670 mm of Hg (d) 1000 mm of Hg</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.20 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Molar heat of vaporization of water is</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 140.6 kJ/mol (b) 14.06 kJ/mol</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 18 kJ/mol (d) 40.6 kJ/mol</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.21</span></b> <b><span style="color: blue;">When external pressure is 23.7 torr boiling point of water is</span></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 100<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C (b) 200<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 98<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C (d) 25<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.22 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Distillation under very reduced pressure is called</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) fractional distillation (b) distillation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) vacuum destructive distillation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) destructive distillation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.23 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Water may boil at 120<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C when external pressure is</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 760 torr (b) 100 torr</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 1489 torr (d) 700 torr</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.24</b></span> <span style="color: blue;"> Amount of heat absorbed when one mole of solid melts into liquid form at its melting point is called</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) molar heat of sublimation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) heat of vaporization</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) latent heat of fusion</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) molar heat of fusion</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.25 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Ethanol is much more soluble in water than ethyl ethanuate which one of the following statement correctly account for this</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) ethanol is polar molecule but ethyl ethanoate is non–polar</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) ethanol is non polar molecule but ethyl ethanoate is polar</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) a hydrogen bond is formed between H–atom of the OH group in ethanol and O–atom of water molecule</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) a hydrogen bond is formed between the H–atom of the OH group in ethanol and hydrogen of the water molecule</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.26 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> The boiling point of a liquid will be</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) lower at high altitude</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) higher at high altitude</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) same at sea level and high altitudes</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) equal to atmospheric pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.27</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">The process in which liquids can be made to boil at low temperature is called</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) vacuum distillation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) destructive distillation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) distillation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) vacuum destructive distillation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.28 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Why is the boiling point of methane greater than that of neon</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) a molecule of methane has a greater mass</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) a molecule of methane has more electrons than a molecule of neon</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) the molecules of methane have stronger intermolecular forces than those of neon</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) the molecule of methane is polar but that of neon is not</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.29</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">The amount of heat required to vaporize one mole of a liquid at its boiling point is called</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) molar heat of vaporization</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) molar heat of fusion</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) latent heat of fusion</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) molar heat of sublimation</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.30</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Which of the elements in its crystalline form will have the lowest enthalpy change of vaporizations</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) chlorine (b) argon</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) phosphorous (d) silicon</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.31</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Crystals</st1:place></st1:city> show variation in physical properties depending upon the direction. The property is called</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) isomorphism (b) polymorphism</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) anisotropy (d) isotropy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.32</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Certain melt to a turbid liquid phase with properties of liquids as well as some degree of order like solid. Such turbid liquids are called</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) anorphous solid (b) vitreous solid</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) crystalline solid (d) liquid crystal</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.33 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Isomorphous crystals show</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) same chemical properties</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) same physical properties</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) same crystalline form</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) same melting point</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.34</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Existence of an element in more than form is known as</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) allotropy (b) isomorphism</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) isotropy (d) none of these</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.35</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Crystalline forms of the same, substance can coexist in equilibrium with each other at its</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) melting point (b) transition temperature</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) boiling point (d) none of these</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.36</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Crystal lattice of substance can be catagorised into</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) five types (b) seven types</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) six types (d) none of these</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.37</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Covalent solids are composed of</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) ions (b) different molecules</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) neutral atoms (d) any of the above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.38</b></span> <span style="color: blue;"> Carbon atoms of diamond are</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) sp hybridized (b) sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> hybridized</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) sp<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> hybridized (d) unhybridized</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.39 </span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> Molecular crystals are generally</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) hard (b) soft</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) unstable (d) stable</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.40</span></b> <span style="color: blue;">Ionic crystals are</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) hard (b) soft</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) brittle (d) amorphous</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;"><b>ANSWER</b></span></span></div></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">1</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">2</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">3</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">4</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">5</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">6</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">7</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">8</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">9</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">10</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">11</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">12</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">13</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">14</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">15</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">16</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">17</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">18</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">19</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">20</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">21</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">22</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">23</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">24</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">25</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">26</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">27</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">28</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">29</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">30</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">31</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">32</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">33</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">34</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">35</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">36</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">37</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">38</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">39</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">40</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div><br />
</div><div> <b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">SHORT QUESTION WITH ANSWERS</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.1</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"><b>what is difference between</b></span></div><div>(i) Intermolecular forces and intermolecular forces</div><div>(ii) Polar molecules and non–polar molecules</div><div>(iii) Induce and dipole and instantaneous dipole</div><div>(iv) Dipole</div><div><br />
</div><div><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans</span></b>. (i) Intermolecular Forces:</div><div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> The forces of attraction between two different atoms ions and molecules are<b> called intermolecular</b> forces.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> For example H—Cl……H--Cl…….H--Cl</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;">Intermolecular Forces:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The forces of attraction between two atoms or group of atoms present with in the same molecule, <b>are called intermolecular forces</b>.e.g covalent bond ,ionic bond etc</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;">(ii) Polar molecules:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> A molecule which has partial +ve and partial –ve charges on it due to difference of electro negativity between bonded atoms <b>is called polar molecules.</b> For example H8<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> – Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8–</span></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;">Non–polar molecules:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> A molecule in which bonded atoms have zero or negligible electro negativity difference <b>is called non–polar molecules.</b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> For example</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: .5in 1.5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: .5in 1.5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> |</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: .5in 1.5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> Cl–Cl, H–H, H–C–H</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: .5in 1.5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> |</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: .5in 1.5in; text-indent: -.5in;"> H</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: .5in 1.5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>Important point to remember:</b> All molecules having same atoms(Homoatomic) are non polar</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;">(iii) Induced Dipole:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> A molecule in which polarity is created due to other polar molecule is <b>called induced dipole</b>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;">Instantaneous Dipole:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The temporary dipole (polarity) produced in a non–polar molecule at a certain instant is<b> called instantaneous dipole.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;">(iv) Dipole</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> A molecule which has two poles i.e. two charges partial +ve and partial –ve <b>is known as</b> <b>dipole</b>.e.g H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8+</span></span> – Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8–</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.2</span></b> <span style="font-size: large;"> </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Define intermolecular forces, and the types of intermolecular forces?</span></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans</span>. Intermolecular Forces:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The forces of attraction that exist between all kinds of atoms, molecules, when they are sufficiently close to each other <b>are called</b> intermolecular forces.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;">Types of intermolecular forces:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> There are four types of intermolecular forces.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Dipole–dipole forces</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Ion–dipole forces</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;">(c) Dipole–induced dipole forces (Debye forces)</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;">(d) Instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces or (<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city> dispersion forces).</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;">(a) Dipole–dipole forces:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The forces of attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of other polar molecule <b>are known as dipole–dipole forces.</b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> Example is of HCl.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8+</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8–</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8+</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8–</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8+</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8–</span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;">(b) Ion–Dipole forces:</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> The forces of attraction in which the negative ends of polar molecules are attracted towards the cation (+ve ion) and positive ends towards anion (– ion) are called ion–dipole forces. Ionic compounds like Mx are normally soluble in polar solvent like water. Water molecules break the crystal lattice and the ions are set free. These positive and negative ions are then surrounded by water molecules. The negative ends of the dipole of the water are attracted towards the cation (M<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span>) while the positive ends are attracted towards the anion (X<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–</span></span>). The dissolution of most of the ionic compounds in water is due to this reason. The forces of attraction between ions and water molecules <b>are known as Ion–dipole forces.</b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">(c) The forces of attraction that exist between already polar molecules and the molecule having induced dipole forces. The forces are<b> also called Debye forces.</b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">(d) </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Instantaneous Dipole–Induced Dipole forces. (</span><st1:city style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><b>London</b></st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b> dispersion forces</b>).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The momentary forces of attraction that exist between instantaneous dipole and the induced dipole<b> are</b> <b>called instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces.</b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">The momentary force of attraction between instantaneous dipole and the induced dipole<b> is known as</b> <b>instantaneous–induced dipole forces</b>.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.3</span></b></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Explain the factors affecting the </span><st1:city style="text-indent: -0.5in;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> forces.</span></b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Ans.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The strength of these forces depends upon the following two factors.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Size of electronic cloud:</b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> As the size of electronic cloud of atoms or molecules increases, dispersion becomes easier and these forces are more permanent.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The elements of zero group are monoatomic gases due to their complete outermost shells, they do not form covalent bonds. Their boiling points increase from top to bottom in a group.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> <b> </b></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Polarizability:</b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The quantitative measurement of the extent to which the electronic cloud can be polarized or distorted<span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">is called polarizability.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The boiling points of halogens increase from top to bottom i.e. from fluorine to iodine.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><b>3. Number of atoms:</b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> As the number of atoms in non–polar molecule increases polarizability of the molecule</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> increases and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city> forces become stronger.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"> The boiling points of saturated hydrocarbons increase as the number of atoms increases.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Q.4</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Define and explain hydrogen bonding./</b><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> What is the origin of intermolecular forces in water?</span></b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="color: blue; text-indent: -0.5in;">Ans.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span> <b> </b></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Hydrogen bonding:</b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>“The electrostatic force of attraction between electronegative atom and partial positive hydrogen atom is called hydrogen bonding.”</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">Explanation</b><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">:</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Consider water molecules to understand hydrogen bonding oxygen is more electronegative than</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"> hydrogen. So water is polar molecule. There will be dipole–dipole forces of attraction between water</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"> molecules. The electrostatic force of attraction between electronegative oxygen of one molecule and</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"> partial positive hydrogen of other molecule is called hydrogen bonding.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Strength of H–Bonding:</b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Hydrogen bonding is stronger than simple dipole–dipole forces.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"> This is due to the following reasons.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">There are two lone pairs on oxygen atom. Oxygen forms coordinate covalent bond with hydrogen.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;">2. There is sufficient partial positive charge on hydrogen. Both positively charged hydrogen of water molecules produce strong electric field due to their small size.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Hydrogen bonding in water molecules acts like a bridge between two electronegative oxygen atoms.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Generally, the strength of H–bonding is twenty times less than that of covalent bond.</div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.5</b></span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span> <span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Give the properties of compounds containing hydrogen bonding.</b></span></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Ans.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">There are dynamic properties of covalent compounds.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Solubility of Hydrogen bonded molecules.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Cleansing action.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">4.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Application of hydrogen bonding in biological compounds.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">5.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Surface tension.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">6.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Effect of hydrogen bonding on viscosity.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">7.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Hydrogen bonding in paints and dyes.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">8.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Clothing.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">9.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Food material.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">10.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Structure of ice.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.6</span></b></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> <b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Explain the following with reasons.</span></b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">In the hydrogen bonded structure of H–F, which is stronger bond, the shorter covalent bond or the longer hydrogen between different molecules?</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(b)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">In a very cold winter fish in garden ponds owe their lives to hydrogen bonding.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(c)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Water and ethanol can mix easily and in all proportions.</span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">There is sufficient hydrogen bonding in H–F molecules and it gives zig zag structure. Fluorine atom is present at the end while H atoms are entrapped between two strong electronegative atoms. The covalent bond between H and F is stronger because it is produced by the overlapping of orbital’s and two electrons have been shared to give sigma bond.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"> The bond which is shown by the dotted line is the hydrogen bond due to electrostatic forces of attraction so, it is a weaker bond.</span></div><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">(b)</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">When water is frozen at 0</span><span class="K" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">C, then it expands. This is due to the fact that due to H-bonding in ice the</span></div><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> molecules become arranged density of ice is decreased. That’s why ice floats on water.</span></div><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">(c)</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">Water (H-OH) and ethanol (C</span><sub style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">2</sub><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">5</sub><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">OH) have both are polar solvents and having OH groups. So, they</span></div><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> can do the hydrogen bonding extensively. That is they can mix with each other in all proportions.</span></div><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.7</span></b></span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b> <b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></span><b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Why H<sub>2</sub>S is a gas while H<sub>2</sub>O is liquid at room temperature?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></b></div></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This is due to high electro negativity of oxygen as compared to sulphur. Water has hydrogen bonding, but H<sub>2</sub>S does not have. Due to absence of hydrogen bonding in H<sub>2</sub>S at room temperature, it is a gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.8</span></b> <b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Earthen ware vessels keep water cool?</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">: </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Earthen were vessels are porous- water molecules come out from these pores and evaporate. Heat of the atmosphere can not enter into the liquid. So temperature of the liquid in earthenware's remains less.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.9</span></b> <span style="color: blue;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">one feels sense of cooling under the fan after bath?</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 2.25pt;"><b> </b>When one takes bath and sits in front of a fan, water on the surface of body evaporates with greater rate.The high energy molecules escape from surface of the body and one feels sense of cooling.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="color: blue;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Q.10</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Why the heat of vapourization of water is greater than that of CH<sub>4</sub>?</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 2.25pt;"><b> </b>Water is a polar liquid and due to strong hydrogen bonding high energy is required to separate the molecules from each other at its boiling point. CH</span><sub style="text-indent: 2.25pt;">4 </sub><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 2.25pt;">is a non-polar and has weak </span><st1:city style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 2.25pt;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 2.25pt;"> dispersion forces.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.11 Define and explain evaporation is a cooling process. Give reason.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="color: blue; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><b>Evaporation: </b></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">The spontaneous change of liquid into its vapours is called evaporation. It continues at all temperature. Evaporation increases with the increase of temperature.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Explanation: </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">The molecules of liquid are not motionless. The energy of the molecules is not equally distributed.The </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">molecules which have low kinetic energy move slowly while others with high kinetic energy move </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">faster. If one of the higher speed molecules reaches the surface, it may escape the attractions of its </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">neighboring molecules and leaves the bulk of the liquid. This spontaneous change of liquid into its </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">vapours is called </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">evaporation</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Evaporation causes cooling:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The reason is that when high energy molecules leave the liquid and low energy molecules are left </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> behind, the temperature of the liquid falls and heat moves from the surrounding to </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">the liquid and </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> the </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">temperature of the surrounding also falls. So evaporation is a cooling process.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.12 H-bonding is present in chloroform and acetone-justify it?</b></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 2.25pt;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>Chloroform is a polar compound. Acetone is also a polar compound. When chloroform and acetone are mixed with each other, than they create the forces of attractions due to hydrogen bonding.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b style="font-size: 11pt;">Q.13 </b><b>Evaporation of a liquid takes place at all temperatures give reason?</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Evaporation takes place due to the K.E of the molecules since the K.E of the molecules can not be zero at any temperature therefore evaporation takes place at all temperatures</span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">. </b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.14 What are the factors that affect the rate of evaporation?</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1. <b>Surface Area:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Evaporation takes place from liquid surface. If area of the surface of liquid increases the rate of evaporation will also increase.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2. <b>Temperature:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Temperature also affects rate of evaporation Higher the temperature faster will be the rate of evaporation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3. <b>Intermolecular forces</b>:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Stronger the intermolecular attractive forces slower is the value of evaporation and vice versa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.15 Define and explain the vapour pressure.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans. </span></b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> <b>Vapour Pressure:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The pressure exerted by the vapours on the surface of liquid at equilibrium state at a given temperature is called vapour pressure.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Explanation:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Consider a liquid closed in container at a certain temperature. High energy molecules leave the </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">surface </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">of liquid and gather above the surface in the empty space in the form of vapours. These molecules </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">collide with the walls of container as well as with the surface of liquid. In this way they lose some their </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">kinetic energy and there is a chance that these molecules are recaptured by the liquid surface. This </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">process is known as condensation. Both the process i.e. condensation and evaporation continue, till </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">rates of both processes become equal. This state is called dynamic equilibrium, and the pressure </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">exerted by the vapours at this state on the liquid surface at particular temperature is called vapour </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">pressure. Vapour pressure does not depend upon amount or volume of liquid and surface area.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Q.16 What are the factors affecting </span><i style="text-indent: -0.5in;">vapour</i><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> pressure.</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1. Nature of liquid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2. Strength of intermolecular forces</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3. Size of molecules</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">4. Temperature.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.17 Define boiling point.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>The temperature at which the vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to the external atmospheric pressure is called boiling point of liquid.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.18 Give variation of vapour pressure and boiling point.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>Vapour pressure is closely related to boiling point. Variation in vapour pressure depends upon the following factors.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1. <b> Temperature:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>vapour pressure of a liquid increases by increasing temperature. Higher the temperature more will be the vapour pressure and vice versa. </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Liquids boil at that temperature when their vapour pressures are equal to 760 torr at sea level. By increasing external pressure boiling point can be increased.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2. <b> Strength of intermolecular forces:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Stronger the intermolecular forces lower will be vapour pressure and higher will be the boiling point.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.19 What is the effect of external pressure on boiling point?</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>A liquid boils when its internal pressure becomes equal to external atmospheric pressure so, by changing external pressure, a liquid can be boiled at any temperature. If external pressure is greater, the liquid needs more heat to equalize the internal pressure to external atmospheric pressure. Similarly if external pressure is lower, liquid needs less amount of heat to equalize its vapour pressure, the external pressure. under 700 torr (at Murree hills) water boils at 98</span><span class="K" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">C.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.20 Why boiling point of water is 98<sup>0</sup>C at Murree?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>At high altitudes the atmospheric pressure becomes low therefore B.P of water at Murree is 98<sup>0</sup>C</span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.21 Why boiling point of water is 120<sup>0</sup>C at 1489 torr why?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The normal B.P of H</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2</sub><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">O is 100</span><sup style="text-indent: -0.5in;">0</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">C at 760 torr since B.P increases by increasing pressure therefore B.P of H</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2</sub><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">O is 120</span><sup style="text-indent: -0.5in;">0</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">C at 1489 torr.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.22 Why the boiling points of the hydrides of second period in group IV-A,V-A,VI-A and VII-A are greater than the B.P of hydrides of third period?</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans: </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> The elements of second period are more electronegative than the respective element third period. So,the polarities of the bonds with hydrogen are greater than the third period elements.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> H</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sub><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> O > H</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">2 </sub><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">S; NH</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">3 </sub><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">> P H</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">3 ;</sub><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">HF > HCI; CH</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">4</sub><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> < SiH</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">4</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.23 Define molar heat of vapourization?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>The amount of heat required to vapourize one mole of liquid at its boiling point is called molar heat of vapourization.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.24 What is vacuum distillation? Explain.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Definition:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The process in which liquid is heated under reduced pressure, to convert it into its vapours at low temperature and then to condense these vapours into liquid is known as vacuum distillation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> <b>Explanation:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>In vacuum distillation boiling point of liquid decreases by reducing the pressure. This is done by connecting the distillation apparatus to the vacuum pump. In this way liquids with high boiling points can be boiled at low temperature.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.25 Define enthalpy change.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>If physical or chemical change occurs at constant pressure then it is known as enthalpy change.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.26 What are types of enthalpy changes?</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="color: blue; text-indent: -0.5in;">Ans.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>There are three types of enthalpy changes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1. <b>Molar Heat of Fusion (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.5in;">D</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">f</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">):</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The amount of heat absorbed by one mole of a solid to melt it into liquids at its melting point at atmospheric pressure is called molar heat of fusion. It is denoted by </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.5in;">D</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> H</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">f</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2. <b>Molar Heat of vapourization (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.5in;">D</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> H</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">v</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">):</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The amount of heat absorbed by one mole of a liquid to convert it into one mole of vapours at its boiling point at 1 atmospheric pressure is called molar heat of vapourization. It is denoted by </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.5in;">D</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> H</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">v</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3. <b> Molar Heat of sublimation (</b></span><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.5in;">D</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> H</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">s</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">):</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The amount of heat absorbed by one mole of a solid to convert it directly into one mole of its vapours at particular temperature at 1 atmospheric pressure is called molar heat of sublimation. It is denoted by </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.5in;">D</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> H</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">s</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.27 What are liquid crystals? Give their types.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="color: blue; text-indent: -0.5in;">Ans.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>The molecules which are large somewhat rigid and linear having some of structures of solids showing optical properties and some of the freedom of motion of liquids are called liquid crystals.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Types of liquid crystals:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a) Smectic liquid crystals.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(b) Nematic liquid crystals.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(c) Cholesteric liquid crystals.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.28 What are solids?</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><b style="color: blue; text-indent: -0.5in;">An</b><span style="color: blue; text-indent: -0.5in;">s.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: -48px;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span>Solids are those substances which are rigid, hard, have definite shape and definite volume. The atoms, ions, and molecules, that make up a solid are close packed. They are held together by strong cohesive forces.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.29 <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Crystals</st1:place></st1:city> have their own habits justify it?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> The shape of a crystal in which it usually grows called habit of a crystal. The shape of the crystal remains same if its conditions remain same. For example When 10%urea is added in NaCl then needle like crystals are formed instead of cubic crystals</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.30 Justify that solids are rigid?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> The solids are very rigid. This rigidity is due to the fixed positions of the particles. The presence of strong cohesive forces makes particles unable to change their positions. This rigidity of solids can be changed under stress</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.31 Give types of solids?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">There are two types of solids:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(i) Crystalline solids</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(ii) Amorphous solids</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Crystalline solids:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Those solids in which atoms, ions or molecules are arranged to a definite three dimensional pattern,are called crystalline solids.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Amorphous solids:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Those solids whose constituent atoms, ions or molecules do not possess a regular orderly arrangement are called amorphous solids.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">The best examples are glass, plaster and rubber, glue, etc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.32 Define the following:</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(i) Cleavage planes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(ii) Anisotropy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(iii) Symmetry</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(iv) Habit of a crystal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(i) </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Cleavage planes:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>whenever the crystalline solids are broken they do so along definite planes. These planes are called the cleavage planes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(ii) </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Anisotropy</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Some of the crystals show variation in physical properties depending upon the direction; such properties are called anisotrophic properties and the phenomenon is called anisotropy.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(iii) </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Symmetry:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The repetition of faces angles or edges when a crystal is rotated by 360</span><span class="K" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> along its axis is called symmetry.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(v) </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Habit of a crystal</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The shape of a crystal in which it usually grows is called habit of crystal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.32 Define the following:</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(i) Isomorphism</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(ii) Polymorphism</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(iii) Allotropy</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(iv) Transition temperature</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(v) Crystal lattice</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(vi) Unit cell</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(i) <b> Isomorphism:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Isomorphism is the phenomenon in which two different substances exist in the same crystalline form. These different substance are called isomorphs of each other.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Examples of ismorphs are NaNO</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">, CaCO</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3,</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">K</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">SO</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">, K</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">CrO</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(ii) <b>Polymorphism:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Polymorphism is a phenomenon in which a substance exists in more than one crystalline forms. The substance which exists in more than one crystalline forms is called polymorphic, and these forms are called polymorphs of each other. Polymorphs have same chemical properties but they differ in the physical properties</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">AgNO</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">, CaCO</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> are polymorphs.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(iii) <b>Allotropy</b>: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The existence of an element in more than one crystalline form is known as allotropy and these forms of the element are called allotropes or allotropic forms.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Element Crystalline forms</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Carbon Cubic (Diamond)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Hexagonal (Graphite).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(iv) <b>Transition Temperature:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>It is that temperature at which two crystalline forms of the same substance can coexist in equilibrium with each other. At this temperature one crystalline form of substance changes to one another.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">95.50</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Sulphur S</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> (rhombic) </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> sulphur S</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> (monoclinic)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(v) <b>Crystal lattice:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>A crystal lattice is defined as an array of points representing atoms, ions or molecules of a crystal arranged at different sites in three dimensional space.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(vi) <b> Unit cell:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The smallest part of crystal lattice has all the characteristic features of the entire crystal is called unit cell.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The simplest unit cell is a cubic unit cell.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.33 Name the crystal systems.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans</span></b><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">. (Cu T Or T He Mo Tri)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">1. Cubic system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">2. Tetragonal system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">3. Orthorhombic or Rhombic system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">4. Monoclinic system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">5. Hexagonal system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">6. Trigonal system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">7. Triclinic system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.34 Define lattice energy.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>The energy released when one mole of the ionic crystal is formed from the gaseous ions.</span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">It is also defined as the energy required to break one mole of solid into isolated ions in the gas phase. It is expressed in </span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">kJ mol</span><span class="K" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">–1</span></span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Na</span><span class="K" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">+</span></span><span class="M" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">(g)</span></span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> + Cl</span><span class="K" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">–</span></span><span class="M" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">(g)</span></span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">®</span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> NaCl</span><span class="M" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">(s)</span></span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">D</span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> H – 792 kJ mol</span><span class="K" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">–1</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 16px; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> NaCl</span><span class="M" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">(3)</span></span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">®</span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Na</span><span class="K" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">+</span></span><span class="M" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">(g)</span></span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"> + Cl</span><span class="K" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">–</span></span><span class="M" style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 97%;">(g)</span></span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.35 Describe the types of crystalline solids.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">There are four types of crystalline solids, depending upon the type of bond present in them.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">1. Ionic solids.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">2. Covalent solids.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">3. Metallic solids.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">4. Molecular solids.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">1. <b>Ionic Solids:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Crystalline solids in which the particles forming the crystals are positively and negatively charged ions are called ionic solids.</span><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">These ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. These attractive forces are also called i<b>onic bonds</b>. The crystals of NaCl, KBr etc. are ionic solids.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;">2. <b>Covalent solids:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="line-height: 97%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The crystalline solids in which atoms of similar or different elements are held together by covalent bonds are known as <b>covalent solids</b>. They are also called atomic solids.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">There are two types of covalent solids.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Type 1:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>When covalent bonds give joint molecules like diamond, silicon carbide or Aluminum nitride.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Type 2:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>When atoms join to form the covalent bonds and separate layers are produced like that of graphite, cadmium</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> iodide and boron nitride.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3. <b><span style="color: blue;"> Molecular solids:</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>The solid substance in which the particles forming the crystals are polar or non–polar molecules or atoms, are called molecular solids. In solidified noble gases, there are non–polar atoms. Two types of intermolecular forces hold them together.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1. Dipole–dipole interactions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2. Vander Waal’s forces</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> These intermolecular forces are much weaker then the forces of attraction between the cations and the anions in ionic </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">crystals and between the atoms in the covalent crystals. Ice and the sugar are the best example of crystals having polar molecules, whereas iodine sulphur and carbon dioxide form crystals containing non–polar molecules.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">4. <b>Metallic solids:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The crystalline solids in which the metal atoms are held together by metallic bonds are known as metallic solids.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Metallic Bond:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>The force of attraction that binds positive metal ion to the number of electrons with in its sphere of influence is called <b>metallic bond.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>Theories of metallic bond:</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">1. Electron gas theory</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2. </span><st1:city style="text-indent: -0.5in;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Valence</st1:place></st1:city><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> bond theory</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3. Molecular orbital theory</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.36 Iodine dissolves readily in tetrachloromethane. Give reason.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans.</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>We know that “like dissolve like”. Iodine is a non–polar substance. So it becomes solvable in non–polar solvent CCl</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.37 Justify molecular solids are soft and compressible?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 2.25pt;"> The forces which hold the molecules together in molecular structure are weak so, they are soft and compressible</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.38 What is crystallite?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The small regions in amorphous solids where particles have a regular arrangement are called crystallites</span><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.39 Why diamond is bad conductor of electricity?</b><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In diamond each carbon is SP<sup>3</sup> hybridized there is no free electron to conduct electricity therefore it is bad conductor</span><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.40 Why metals have shiny surface?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 2.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">When light falls on the surface of metals then the electrons are excited after de-exictation they emit energy in the form of light therefore they show shiny surface.</span><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.41 Why Na is soft while Cu is hard?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .25in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In sodium only one mobile electron is present while in copper two mobile electrons are present due to strong metallic bond in copper it is hard.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.42 Why ionic crystals are brittle?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b> </b>Because ionic solids are composed of parallel layers which contain cations & anions in alternate positions, so that the opposite ions in the various parallel layers lie over each other. When an external force is applied one layer of the ions slide pass over other layer. In this way due to repulsion of similar ions the crystals show brittleness.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.43 Electrical conductivity of metals decreases by increasing temperature?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> With the increases in temperature the positive ions of metals also vibrate which hinders the motion of mobile electrons due to this hindrance electrical conductivity also decreases.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.44 What is coordination no. of an ion? What is the coordination no of the cation in (a)NaCl, and(b)CsCl?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The no. of positive ions which surround the anion called coordination no. of anion (a) Coordination no. Na in NaCl is 6 (b) Coordination no of Cs in CsCl is 8 (due to the greater size of Cs)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: -.75in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: -.75in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> </span><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> TEXT BOOK EXERCISE</span></b></div></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.1. Multiple choice questions.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:city style="text-indent: -0.5in;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> dispersion forces are the only forces present among the:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">molecules of water in liquid state</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(b)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">atoms of helium in gaseous state at high temperature</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(c)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">molecules of solid iodine</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(d)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">molecules of hydrogen chloride gas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Acetone and chloroform are soluble in each other due to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">intermolecular hydrogen bonding</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(b)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">ion-dipole interaction</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(c)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">instantaneous dipole</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(d)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">all of the above</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">NH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> shows a maximum boiling point among the hydrides of Vth group elements due to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">very small size of nitrogen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(b)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">I one pair of electrons present on nitrogen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(c)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">enhanced electronegative character of nitrogen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(d)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">pyramidal structure of NH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">When water freezes at 0</span><sup style="text-indent: -0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">C, its density decreases due to</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">cubic structure of ice</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(b)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">empty spaces present in the structure of ice</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(c)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">change of bond lengths</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(d)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">change of bond angles</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">In order to mention the boiling point of water at 110</span><sup style="text-indent: -0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">C, the external pressure should be</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">between 760 torr and 1200 torr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(b)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">between 200 torr and 760 torr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(c)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">765 torr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(d)</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">any value of pressure</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans: (i) c (ii) a (iii) c (iv) b (v) a</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.2. Fill in the blanks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">i </span>The polarizability of noble gases ________ down the group and results in the increase in their</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">ii </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">________</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">boiling points</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> is developed in acetone and chloroform when they are mixed together.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">iii Exceptionally weak ________ of HF is due to strong hydrogen bonding present in it.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">iv The concept of dynamic equilibrium is the ultimate ________ of all reversible systems.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">v </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">V</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> of C</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">6</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">14</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> should be ________ than that of C</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">6</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">vi </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">During the formation of ice from liquid water there is a ________ % increase in volume.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">vii </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">The rate of increase of vapour pressure of water ________ at high temperatures</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">viii </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">A layer of ice on the surface of water ________ the water underneath for further heat loss.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">ix </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Evaporation is a ________ process.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">x </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">Liquid crystals are used in the display of ________ devices.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Ans: (i) increases (ii) H-bonding (iii) acidic strength (iv) result / goal (v) greater (vi) 9 (vii) increases (viii) insulates or prevents (ix) cooling (x) electrical.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Q.4. (a) </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">What type of intermolecular forces will dominate in the following liquids.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(i) Ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub> (ii) Octane, C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub> (iii) Argon, Ar (iv) Propanone, CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub> (v) Methanol, CH<sub>3</sub>OH</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>(b) </b>Propanone (CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>), propanol (C<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH) and butane have very similar relative molecular masses. List them in the expected order of increasing boiling point. Explain your answer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Answers:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> In ammonia (NH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">) hydrogen bonding will dominate. It is due to high E.N of Nitrogen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Octane (C</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">8</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">18</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">) has weak Vander Waal’s Forces but no hydrogen bonding.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Argon has wear </span><st1:city style="text-indent: -0.5in;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> dispersion forces.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Propanone (acetone, CH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">COCH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">) has dipole-dipole interactions. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Methanol (CH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">OH) has hydrogen bonding. It is due to high E.N of oxygen</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">The increasing order of boiling points is Butane < Propanone < Propanol</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The propanol (CH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">3</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">-CH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">-CH</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">-OH) has hydrogen bonding. So it has maximum boiling point.Propanone has dipole-dipole interaction while butane has no such forces.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Q.5. Explain the following with reasons.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> In the hydrogen bonded structure of HF, which is the stronger bond: the shorter covalent bond</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> or the longer </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">hydrogen bond between different molecules.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> In a very cold winter the fish in garden ponds owe their lives to hydrogen bonding?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Water and ethanol can mix easily and in all proportions.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The origin of the intermolecular forces in water.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> The hydrogen bonded structure of HF is shown in figure. The fluorine has maximum electro negativity.The shorter covalent bond. H-F is shorter than longer hydrogen bond H---F.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">When winter comes, then temperature falls down. The water at 4</span><sup style="text-indent: -0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">C has maximum density. So it goes to the bottom of pond. The surface water freezes into ice. During ice formation the water molecules get regular arrangements due to H-bonds. In these arrangements there are many empty spaces and ice occupies 9% more volume than liquid water. Thus ice has less density and floats on water. Moreover ice is an insulator of heat. So it prevents underneath water from freezing. Therefore fish and other aquatic animals live (survive) under thick blanket of ice.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Both water and Ethanol (C</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">2</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">5</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">OH) show H-bonding with each other. It is the reason that they can mix easily in all proportions.</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">The oxygen atom has small size and high electro negativity. There is high electro negativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen. This high E.N difference between O-atom and H-atom is the origin of intermolecular forces in water.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Q.6. (a) </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Briefly consider some of the effects on our lives if water has only a very weak hydrogen bonding present among its molecules.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> (b) </b>All gases have a characteristic critical temperature. Above the critical temperature it is impossible to liquefy a gas. The critical temperatures of carbon dioxide and methane are 31.14<sup>o</sup>C and -81.9<sup>o</sup>C, respectively. Which gas has the stronger intermolecular forces? Briefly explain your choice?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(a)</span></b><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> If water had only very weak hydrogen bonding, then its freezing point would be less than 0</span><sup style="text-indent: 0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">C of ice would not have been less than liquid water. These facts would create problems for human beings and aquatic animals.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">(b) </span></b><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Because critical temperature of CO</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sub><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> is higher than that of CH</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">4</sub><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">, SO, SO</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">2</sub><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> has stronger intermolecular forces and CH</span><sub style="text-indent: 0.5in;">4</sub><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> has very weak intermolecular forces.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.7. Three liquids have the properties mentioned against their names.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue;"><b> NO water propanone pentane</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>i <span style="color: blue;"> </span> <span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Molecular formul </b></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">2</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">O </span></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">C</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">3</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">6</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">O </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">C</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">5</sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">12</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ii </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="color: blue;">Relative molecular mass (amu) <b>18 58 72</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">iii <span style="color: blue;"> <b> </b></span></span><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">Enthalpy change of vaporization (KJ mol</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">-1</sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">) 14.1 31.9 27.7</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">iv<span style="color: blue;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">Boiling Point (</span><sup style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5in;">o</sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">C) 100 56 36</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">(a)</span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">What type of intermolecular force predominates in each liquid </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">(i)<span style="color: blue;"> In water</span></span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">(ii) </span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">In propanone</span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">(iii)</span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"> In Pentane</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(b)</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">What do you deduce about the relative strength of these forces in the liquids? Justify your conclusions</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(c)</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">If the liquids are shaken together in pairs</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">,</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(i)</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="color: blue;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Which pair would be unlikely to mix </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">?</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">(ii)</span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: blue; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Explain this immiscibility in terms of the forces between the molecules</span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><b>(iii)</b></span><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Choose one of the pairs that mix and say whether the enthalpy change on mixing would be positive or negative.</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u>Answer:</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(a) </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Water has hydrogen bonding, propanone has dipole-dipole interactions and pentane (C</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">5</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">H</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">12</sub><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">) has London dispersion fores.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(b) </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">From boiling points and enthalpy of vaporizations of three liquids we deduce that</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> H-bonding in water is very strong</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> Dipole-dipole interactions in propanone are weak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><st1:city style="text-indent: -0.5in;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"> London</st1:place></st1:city><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"> dispersion forces in pentane are very weak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>(c)<o:p></o:p></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">The pair (water + pentane) would be unlikely to mix.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Water is polar molecule and pentane is non-polar molecule or water has H-bonding and pentane has very weak <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city> dispersion forces so this pair of liquids is immiscible.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Water and Propanone mix into each other because both liquids are polar. The process of mixing is an exothermic process and some heat will evolve. Therefore enthalpy change will be negative.<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.8. Describe the various forces responsible for keeping the particles together in the following elements and compounds and their effect on physical properties making use of the data below:</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.25pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Substances</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">Formula</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.9pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Molar Mass (a.m.u)</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.75pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">M.P (<sup>o</sup>C)</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.25pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Neon</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ne</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.9pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">20</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.75pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">-248</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.25pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Argon</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Ar</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.9pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">40</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.75pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">-189</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.25pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Water</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">H<sub>2</sub>O</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.9pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">18</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.75pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">0</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.25pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Sodium fluoride</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">NaF</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.9pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">42</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.75pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">993</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.25pt;" valign="top" width="130"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Diamond</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.65pt;" valign="top" width="125"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">C</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.9pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">12</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.75pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3350</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color: blue;"><b>Answer:</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Neon:<u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Neon is a noble gas. It has very weak <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city> dispersion Forces. Thus it has the least melting point (-248<sup>o</sup>C).</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Argon:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> Argon is also a noble gas. It has very weak </span><st1:city style="text-indent: 0.5in;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> dispersion Forces. But it has high polarizability</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> than that of Neon. So its melting point is higher (-189</span><sup style="text-indent: 0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">C) than neon (-248</span><sup style="text-indent: 0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">C).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Water:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b> </b>Water has hydrogen bonding. Due to strong intermolecular forces melting point of ice (water) is high.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Sodium Fluoride:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b> </b>Sodium fluoride has ionic bond. The positive (Na</span><sup style="text-indent: 0.5in;">+</sup><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">) and negative (F</span><sup style="text-indent: 0.5in;">-</sup><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">) ions are strongly held by electrostatic forces. It is the reason that melting point of NaF is very high.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Diamond:</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b> </b>In diamond there is SP</span><sup style="text-indent: 0.5in;">3</sup><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> hybridization. Each carbon atom is bonded with four other carbon atoms. A huge network structure is formed. From this network structure a single unit can not be removed. It is the reason diamond has very high melting point (3350</span><sup style="text-indent: 0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">C).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.9. The boiling and molar masses of hydrides of some first row elements are tabulated below:</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span></b></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Substance</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Boiling Point (K)</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Molar Mass (g mol<sup>-1</sup>)</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">CH<sub>4</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">109</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">16</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">NH<sub>3</sub></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">240</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">17</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">H<sub>2</sub>O</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">373</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 147.85pt;" valign="top" width="197"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">18</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"> Suggest reasons for the difference in their boiling points in terms of the type of molecules involved and the nature of the forces present between them.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>CH<sub>4</sub>:<u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b> </b>CH<sub>4</sub> is non polar molecule. It has only weak <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city> dispersion Forces. It the reason that CH<sub>4</sub> has very low boiling point (109 K or -164<sup>o</sup>C).</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>NH<sub>3</sub>:<u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b> </b>NH<sub>3</sub> is a polar molecule. It has hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions. It is the reason that boiling point of NH<sub>3</sub> is high (240 K or -33<sup>o</sup>C).</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>H<sub>2</sub>O:<u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b> </b>H<sub>2</sub>O is a polar molecule. It has hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interaction. Because oxygen is more electronegative than Nitrogen. So wager has greater hydrogen bonding than ammonia. It is the reason H<sub>2</sub>O has higher boiling point (373 K or 100<sup>o</sup>C).</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.10. Explain the term saturated vapour pressure. Arrange in order of increasing vapour pressure: 1dm<sup>3</sup> water, 1dm<sup>3</sup> ethanol, 50cm<sup>3</sup> water, 50cm<sup>3</sup> ethanol and 50cm<sup>3</sup> of ether.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b>See page No.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> 50cm<sup>3</sup> ether > 50cm<sup>3</sup> ethanol = 1dm<sup>3</sup> ethanol > 1dm<sup>3</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O = 50cm<sup>3</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.11. While a volatile liquid standing in a breaker evaporates, the temperature of the liquid remains the same as that of its surrounding. It the same liquid is allowed to vapourize into atmosphere in an insulated vessel, its temperature falls below that of its surrounding. Explain the difference in behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Answer:</span><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"> When a liquid evaporates in a beaker, it causes cooling. Now heat from surrounding enters into the liquid. It is the reason temperature remains same. But when a liquid is present in an insulated vessel, then evaporation of liquid causes cooling. But heat can not enter into liquid from surrounding due to insulated vessel. It is the reason that the temperature of liquid falls below that of surrounding.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.12. How does hydrogen bonding explain the following indicated properties of the substances?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(i) Structure of DNA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(ii) Hydrogen bonding in proteins<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(iii) Formation of ice and its lesser density than liquid water<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(iv) Solubilities of compounds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Ans: </span> ////////// ??????????</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.13. What are liquid crystals? Give their uses in daily life.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Ans:</b> </span> The turbid liquids with some degree of order are called liquid crystals. The liquid like crystals which exist between melting temperature and clearing temperature are called liquid crystals.<span style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;">First of all liquid crystals were discovered in 1888 by Frederick Reinitzer an Austrain botanist. He was studying an organic compound cholesteryl benzoate. This compound turns milky liquid at 145</span><sup style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;">C and becomes a clear liquid at 179</span><sup style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;">o</sup><span style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;">C. By cooling, the reverse process occurs and liquid crystals are formed. The liquid crystals are composed of long rod like molecules. They have some degree of order. On the basis of ordering, the liquid crystals are of three types.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"> <b>(i) Nematic (ii) Smectic (iii) Cholestric</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Properties:<u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Liquid crystals are always isotropic.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->They have optical properties.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->They have fluidity, surface tension, viscosity etc.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Their properties are in between liquids and crystals.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Uses of Liquid Crystals:<u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Liquid crystals are used as solvents in chromatography.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Liquid crystal screens are used in oscillographic and TV displays.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Liquid crystals are used in thermometers.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(iv)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Liquid crystals are used in electrical circuits to find out potential failure.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(v)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Liquid crystals are used in the display of digital watches, calculators and laptop computers.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vi)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Liquid crystals are used as temperature sensors. When white light is reflected from liquid crystal then its colour changes. When temperature changes, the colour of reflected light also changes. Thus temperature is accurately measured.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->(vii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Liquid crystals are used to locate infection, tumors and breast cancer. They are also used to detect blockage of veins and arteries. These parts are warmer than other tissues. When liquid crystal is painted on them, they produce blue coloured spots. Thus indication of any problem is easy.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Q.14. Explain the following with reasons.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>(i) Evaporation causes cooling.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>(ii) Evaporation takes place at all temperatures.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>(iii) Boiling needs a constant supply of heat.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>(iv) Earthenware vessels keep water cool.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b>(v) One feels sense of cooling under the fan after bath.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(vi) Dynamic equilibrium is established during evaporation of a liquid in a closed vessel at constant temperature.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(vii) The boiling point of water is different at Murree hills and at <st1:place w:st="on">Mount Everest</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(viii) Vacuum distillation can be used to avoid decomposition of sensitive liquid.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(ix) Heat of sublimation of a substance is greater than that of heat of vaporization.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b>(x) Heat of sublimation of iodine is very high as compared to other halogens.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Answer:<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>(i)</b> The reason is that during evaporation first of all high energy molecules leave the liquid and low energy molecules are left behind. So temperature of the liquid falls and cooling is produced. To continue the evaporation heat moves from surrounding to the liquid. Thus temperature of surrounding also falls. For example when we put spirit on our hands then spirit evaporates and hand feels cooling.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b> (ii)</b> Evaporation is a surface process. It takes place at all temperatures. When high energy molecules come at the surface of liquid, they escape out of surface. However by increasing temperature, the average K.E of molecules increases. Hence rate of evaporation increases by increasing the temperature.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>(iii)</b> When we supply heat to a liquid, then K.E of molecules and rate of evaporation increase. At boiling point the K.E of molecules becomes maximum. Thus heat supplied at boiling point is used to break intermolecular forces. So there is no increase in K.E of molecules. Hence temperature remains constant at boiling point. It is the reason that boiling needs a constant supply of heat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>(iv)</b> Earthenware vessels have pores in them. Water evaporates from these pores and causes cooling. During evaporation, the escaping molecules get energy from neighbours to overcome intermolecular forces. Thus temperature of remaining water decreases. In the old earthenware’s pores are blocked with dust. So water can not evaporate. Thus they do not keep water cool.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>(v)</b> One feels sense of cooling under the fan after bath. It is due to evaporation process. After a bath some water molecules are present on the body. These molecules get heat from the body and evaporate. Thus body feels cooling.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>(vi)</b> See page No. 139</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>(vii)</b> Atmospheric pressure is different at Murree hills and at <st1:place w:st="on">Mount Everest</st1:place>. Due to different atmospheric pressure boiling point of water is different at two places. At Murree hills atmospheric pressure is 700 torr and boiling point of water is 98<sup>o</sup>C. At <st1:place w:st="on">Mount Everest</st1:place> the atmospheric pressure is further reduced and boiling point of water is 69<sup>o</sup>C.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>(viii)</b> The distillation which is carried out at low pressure is called Vacuum distillation. It has many advantages.</div><div class="MsoNormal">(i) It decreases the time for distillation.</div><div class="MsoNormal">(ii) It decreases fuel cost for distillation.</div><div class="MsoNormal">(iii) It prevents decomposition of compounds</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"> For example B.P of glycerine is 290<sup>o</sup>C. Pressure of 760 torr but at this temperature glycerine decomposes. Hence distillation of glycerine is impossible at 290<sup>o</sup>C. Therefore its vacuum distillation is done at 120<sup>o</sup>C at reduced pressure of 50 torr.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -27pt;"><b>(ix)</b> In sublimation a substance directly changes into vapours. It is two steps process (Solid<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:15pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1026" width="20" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275159"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>liquid<span style="mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; position: relative; top: 3.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:15pt;height:10.5pt' o:ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ABDULR~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027" width="20" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.DSMT4" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1386275160"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span>vapours) on other hand vaporization is single step process. It is the reason heat of sublimation of a substance is greater than that of heat of vaporization.</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">(x)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Iodine has biggest atomic size than other halogens (F<sub>2</sub>, Cl<sub>2</sub>, Br<sub>2</sub>). So I<sub>2</sub> has high polarizability. Due to high polarizability Iodine has greater <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city> dispersion forces. It is the reason that heat of sublimation of Iodine is very high</span><br />
<br />
<br />
</div></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-1263290760496093752011-12-19T02:39:00.000-08:002011-12-24T23:41:54.166-08:00Chapter 3rdChapter 3rd<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">GASES</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> MCQs</span></b><br />
Q.1 The order of the rate of diffusion of gases NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>, SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>, Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> is:<br />
<br />
(a) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> > SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> > Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> > CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span><br />
(b) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> > CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> > SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> > Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span><br />
<br />
<div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>> SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> > CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> > NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) None of these</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.2 Pressure remaining constant at which temperature the volume of gas will become twice of what it is at 0C.</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 546 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C (b) 200 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 546 K (d) 273 K</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.3 Equal masses of methane and oxygen are mixed in an empty container at 25<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C. The fraction of the total pressure exerted by the oxygen is:</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) (b) </div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) (d)</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.4 Which of the following of will have the same number of molecules at STP?</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 280 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and 280 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) 11.2 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and 32 g of O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 44g of CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and 11.2 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of CO</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 2.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;">(d)</span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0in;">28g of N</span><span class="M" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> and 5.6 dm</span><span class="K" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"> of oxygen</span></div><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <br />
<div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;">Q.5 Number of molecules in one dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of water is close to:</div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;">(a) <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (b) <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;">(c) <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (d) 55.6 x 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">Q.6</span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">If absolute temperature of a gas is doubled and the pressure is reduced to one half the volume of gas</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> will. </span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(a)</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%;">remain unchanged</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%;">(b)</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%;">increases four times</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">(c)</span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">reduce to</span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">(d)</span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">be double</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">Q.7</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%;">How should the conditions be changed to prevent the volume of a given mass of gas from expanding when its mass is increased</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">(a)</span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">temperature is lowered and pressure is increased</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(b)</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%;">temperature is increased and the pressure is lowered</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(c)</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%;">temperature and pressure both are lowered</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(d)</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%;">temperature and pressure both are increased</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">Q.8</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 95%;">The molar volume of CO</span><span class="M" style="line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 95%;">2</span></span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> is maximum at</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(a) STP</span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(b) 127 </span><span class="K" style="line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 95%;">o</span></span><span style="line-height: 95%;">C and 1 atm</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 0 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 95%;">o</span></span>C and 2 atm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(d) 273 </span><span class="K" style="line-height: 95%;"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 95%;">o</span></span><span style="line-height: 95%;">C and 2 atm</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;"><br />
</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">Q.9 Gases deviate from ideal behaviour at high pressure. Which of the following is correct for non–ideality?</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(a) At high pressure, the gas molecules move in one direction only</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(b) At high pressure, the collisions between, the gas molecules are increased manifold</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(c) At high pressure, the volume of gas becomes insignificant</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">(d) AT high pressure, the intermolecular attractions, become significant</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="line-height: 95%;"><br />
</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.10 The deviation of a gas from ideal behaviour is maximum at,</div><div align="left" class="I" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) – 10 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C and 5.0 atm (b) – 10 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C and 2.0 atm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 100 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C and 2.0 atm (d) 0 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C and 2.0 atm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.11 At high temperature isotherm moves away from both the axis because of increase in,</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) pressure (b) volume</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) no. of moles (d) all above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.12 Values of Charle’s law constant K depends upon.</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) mass of gas (b) pressure gas</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) no. of moles of gas (d) all above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.13 Equal volumes of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and He are inserted in the same vessel. The pressure exerted by H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and He are in the ratio:</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 1:1 (b) 2:1</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 1:2 (d) all above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.14 Which of the following have same no. of molecules at STP</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 1000 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> and O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) 200 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2O</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 50 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> each of CO and N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) all above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.15 If absolute temperature is doubled and the pressure is increased 4 times. The volume is</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) half (b) double</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) four times (d) remains the changed</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.16 Density of a gas is usually expressed in</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) kg m<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3 </span></span> (b) kg dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) g dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3 </span></span> (d) g cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.17 Units of gas constant R in SI system is:</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 0.0821 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> atm k<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span> mol<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) 82.1 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> atm k<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 8.31 Nm k<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span> mol<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) 1.987 cal k<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span> mol<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.18 Concept of distribution of velocities among the gas molecules was developed by</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) Claudius (b) Maxwell</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) Boltzman (d) Vanderwaal</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.19 Absolute temperature of gas is proportional to</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) translational kinetic energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) rotational kinetic energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) vibrational kinetic energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) potential energy</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.20 Deviation a gas from ideal behaviour is maximum at</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) low temperature, low pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) low temperature, high pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) high temperature, low pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) high temperature high pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.21 Most ideal gas at room temperature is:</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2 </span></span> (b) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2 </span></span> (d) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.22 22.414 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of various ideal gases at STP will have Avogadro’s number of molecules</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (b) 6.02 x 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">24</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 0.602 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (d) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">22</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.23 Gases are ideal at</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) low pressure and high temperature</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) low temperature and high pressure</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) high pressure and high temperature</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) low pressure and low temperature</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.24 The value of compressibility factor for an ideal gas is equal to:</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 1 (b) 1.5</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 2 (d) 2.5</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.25 An ideal gas obeys</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) Boyle’s law (b) Charle’s law</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) Avogadro’s law (d) all above</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.26 A real gas obeying Vander Waal’s equation will resemble ideal gas if:</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are large</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(b) both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are small</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) ‘a’ is small and ‘b’ is large</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(d) ‘a’ is large and ‘b’ is small</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.27 Deep sea divers breath mixture of nitrogen and oxygen in a ratio of:</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 96% N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and 4% O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2 </span></span>(b) 4% and N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and 96% O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 80% N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and 20% O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> (d) 20% N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and 80% O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.28 One mole of any gas at STP occupies volume</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 2.24 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3 </span></span> (b) 22.4 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 44.4 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3 </span></span> (d) 48.4 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.29 K.E. of gas molecules is equal to:</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) (b) m v<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) (d) </div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.30 All gases solidify before reaching at</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 373 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>K (b) 273 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) – 473 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>C (d) 0 <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">o</span></span>K</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.31 Kinetic equation is equal to</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) P V = n R T (b) P V = R T</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) PV = m n c<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2 </span></span> (d) PV = m n c<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.32 Root mean square velocity is equal to</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) (b) </div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) (d) </div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.33 Kinetic energy associated with one molecule of a gas due to translational motion is given by</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">K</span></span> = (b) E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">k</span></span> = m v<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">k</span></span> = m n c<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2 </span></span> (d) E<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">k</span></span> =</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.34 Density of gas is usually expressed as</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) kg m<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3 </span></span> (b) kg dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) g dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3 </span></span> (d) g cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.35 Weight of one dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> at STP is</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(a) 1.4384 gm (b) 1.4394 gm</div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">(c) 1.6384 gm (d) 1.3384 gm<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">ANSWERS</span></b><br />
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<div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">1<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">2<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">8<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">9<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">11<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">12<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">13<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">14<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">15<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">16<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">17<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">18<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">19<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">20<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">21<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">22<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">23<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">24<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">25<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">26<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">27<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">28<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">29<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">30<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">31<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">32<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">33<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">34<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">35<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br />
</span></b></div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-41382105464229405322011-12-18T04:11:00.000-08:002011-12-24T23:44:49.738-08:00Chapter 2nd<div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: none; text-indent: 0in;"><i><b>Chapter No. 2</b></i></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: none; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: none; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN CHEMISTRY</b></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: none; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: none; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif;"><span style="color: blue;">MCQs</span></span></div><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: none; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Q.1</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">Science of the chemical characterization is stand under the heading of </span></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) industrial chemistry (b) experimental chemistry<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) analytical chemistry (d) physical chemistry<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.2 Several types of filter media are used for filtration depending on<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) nature of reaction (b) nature of reactants<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) nature of precipitate (d) nature of filter paper<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.3 Filtration by a glass funnel and filter paper is very<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) time consuming (b) difficult<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) fast (d) accurate<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.4 Date of filtration through conical funnel can be considerably increased by using<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) fine filter paper (b) ordinary filter paper<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) fluted filter (d) under suction crucible<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.5 Gooch crucible is used to filter the solution of<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) K<span class="M">2</span>Cr<span class="M">2</span>O<span class="M">7 </span> (b) KMnO<span class="M">4</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) KOH (d) under suction crucible<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.6 Basic principles of crystallization is that solute should be soluble in a suitable solution at<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) freezing temperature (b) room temperature<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) high temperature (d) low temperature<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.7 Premature crystallization of solution of filter paper or in funnel can be avoided<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) filtering hot saturated solution using hot funnel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) filling warm solution<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) quick filtration<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) filtering cold solution<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.8 Safe and reliable method of drying crystal in through<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) pressing it between folds of filter paper<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) drying it in oven<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) evaporation of solution<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) vacuum desiccator<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.9 In solvent extraction solute can be separated from solution by shaking the solution with solvent which the solute is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) more soluble (b) partially soluble<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) insoluble (d) soluble at high temperature<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.10 Repeated extraction using small portions of solvent are more<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) accurate (b) efficient<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) slow (d) rapid<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.11 To achieve a good separation the two liquids are gently shaken to increase their area of<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) miscibility (b) separation<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) contact (d) solubility<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.12 Chromatography in which stationary phase is solid is called<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) partition chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) paper chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) high pressure<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) adsorption chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.13 Chromatography involves these distribution of a solution between<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) two stationary phase<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) two mobile phase<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) a stationary phase and a mobile phase<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) two stationary and two mobile phase<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.14 Chromatography in which the stationary phase is liquid is called<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) partition chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) descending chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) column chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) Adsorption chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.15 In paper chromatography the rate at which solutes move depends on<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) distribution law (b) distribution coefficients<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) law of partial pressure (d) law of specific proportion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.16 Solvent extraction is an equilibrium process and it is controlled by<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) law of mass action (b) the amount of solvent used<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) distribution law (d) the amount of solute<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.17 The comparative rates at which the solutes move in paper chromatography depend on<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) the size of paper used<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) R<span class="M">f</span> values of solutes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) temperature of the experiment<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) size of the chromatographic tank used<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.18 A filtration process could be very time consuming if it were not aided by the gentle suction, which is developed<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) if the paper covers the funnel up to its circumference<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) if the paper has got small sized pores in it<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) if the stem of the funnel is large so that it dips into the filtrate<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) if the paper fits tightly<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.19 Solvent extraction method is particularly useful technique for separation, when product to be separated is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) non–volatile or thermally unstable<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) volatile or thermally stable<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) non volatile or thermally stable<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) non–volatile or thermally unstable<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.20 During the process of crystallization, the hot saturated solution<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) is cooled very slowly to get large sized crystals<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (b) is cooled at a moderate rate to get medium sized crystals<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) is evaporated to get the pure crystals of the product<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 1.0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (d) is mixed with an immiscible liquid, to get the pure crystals of the product<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: .5in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.21 Aqueous solution of iodine is prepared first by dissolving which compound in water<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) KBr (b) KI<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) KCl (d) NaCl<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.22 The meaning of chromatos<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) colour writing (b) colour writing<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) colour forming (d) colour spreading<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.23 Which is not common way of carrying chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) ascending (b) descending<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) radial/circular (d) spreading irregularly<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.24 In paper chromatography the stationary phase is<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) water (b) organic liquid<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) inorganic liquid (d) none of the above<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.25 In paper chromatography the mobile phase is <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in; mso-para-margin-bottom: .3gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .3gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (a) organic liquid (b) water<span class="M"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (c) inorganic liquid (d) none of the above<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><b><span style="color: blue;"> ANSWERS</span></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Questions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Answers<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">c<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">c<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">c<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Questions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Answers<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">c<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">d<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Questions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Answers<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">c<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">d<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">c<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Questions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">17<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">18<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Answers<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">c<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">d<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">d<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Questions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">23<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="left" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Answers<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">b<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">d<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 52.8pt;" valign="top" width="70"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 50.7pt;" valign="top" width="68"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div align="center"><b><span style="color: blue;">SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><br />
</span></b></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.1</b> <b> Define analytical chemistry ?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The branch of chemistry which deals with the qualitative and quantitative analyses of sample is called analytical chemistry.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.2</b> <b> Define analysis and analyte ?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans. Analysis:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The determination of the composition of a sample is called analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Analyte:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The sample being analyzed is called analyte.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.3 </b> <b>Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative analysis. What is analytical data ?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans. Qualitative analysis:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The analysis which deals with the detection or identification of the elements present in a compound is called qualitative analysis. It includes salt analysis and detection of functional groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Quantitative analysis:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The analysis in which the relative amounts of constituents are estimated is called quantitative analysis. For example combustion analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Analytical data:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The results obtained by qualitative and quantitative analysis are called analytical data.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.4 </b> <b> Name the experimental techniques for purification of substances ?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (1) Filtration.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (2) Crystalization.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (3) Sublimation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (4) Solvent Extraction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (5) Chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.5 </b> <b> Define filtration ?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The process in which the insoluble particles are separated from the liquid by passing through several types of filter media is called filtration.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.6 </b> <b> Define the following.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (i) Filter (ii) Filtrate (iii) Residue <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (iv) Filter Medium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans. Filter:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Any water insoluble porous material having measurable degree of rigidity is called filtrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Filtrate:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The liquid which after passing the mixture through filter medium is collected is called filtrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Residue:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The solid left behind on the filter medium during filtration is called residue.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Filter medium:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The porous material used for filtration is called filter medium. It may be filter paper, cotton, woven wire, cloth etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.7 </b> <b> Give reasons that the funnel in filtration should be several inches long </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The stem of the funnel should be several inches long so that it can extend a few centimeters down into the receiving beaker and tip should touch the side of beaker in order to avoid splashing.<o:p></o:p></span></div><b></b><br />
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<div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.8 </b> <b>Discus the points should be kept in mind during the folding of the filter paper ?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1. Filter paper should be folded twice. The first fold should be along the diameter, and the second fold should be such that edges do not quite match.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2. Folded filter paper should be open slightly on the larger section. This provides a cone with three fold thickness half way and one thickness the other half way round.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. The apex angle is greater than 60<span class="K">o</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4. The paper may be inserted in to 60 degree funnel moistened with water and firmly pressed down.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.9 </b> <b>Rate of filtration through funnel can be increased by using a fluted filter paper why </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> A fluted filter paper is prepared by folding ordinary filter paper in such a way that fan like arrangement with alternate elevation and depression at various folds is formed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.10 </b> <b>Differentiate b/w Gooch crucible and sintered glass crucible.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 50.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -50.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (i) The filtering process can be done of the Gooch crucible is placed in suction filtering apparatus. But in filtration by sintered glass crucible no preparation is needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 50.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -50.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (ii) The reagents which react with paper e.g. HCl, KMnO<span class="M">4</span> etc. Cannot be filtered through Gooch crucible. But reactive solution like HCl, KMnO<span class="M">4</span> can be filtered with out any alteration in the sintered crucible.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 50.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -50.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (iii) Gooch Crucible for filtration of such types of precipitates which need to be heated at high temperature. But in sintered crucible while collecting the residue there is no contamination of filter paper.<o:p></o:p></span></div><b></b><br />
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<div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q</span><span style="font-size: 13px; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">.11</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Define crystallization.</b></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The removal of a solid from solution by increasing its concentration above the saturation point in such a way that the excess solid separates out in the form of crystals is called crystallization.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.12 What is the principle of crystallization?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The basic principle of crystallization is the fact that solute should be soluble in a suitable solvent at high temperature and the excess amount of the solute is thrown out as crystals when it is cooled.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.13 </b> <b>What is the objective of crystallization </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The preparation of chemical compound usually has a crude product and there is a need to purify it by crystallization from a suitable solvent <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.14 </b> <b> Name the solvents commonly used for crystallization.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The solvents which are mostly used for crystallization are, water, rectified spirit, (95% ethanol), absolute ethanol, diethylether acetone, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, acetic acid and petroleum ether.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> If none of the above solvents is found suitable for crystallization, a combination of two or more miscible solvents may be employed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.15 </b> <b>Describe the preparation of saturated solution </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> After selecting a suitable solvent the substance is then dissolved in a minimum amount of solvent and is heated directly or on a water bath with constant stirring. Add more solvent to the boiling solution, if necessary until all the solute has dissolved.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.16</b> <b> What are the safe and reliable methods for drying the crystals </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1. Drying through vacuum desiccator<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> A safe and reliable method of drying crystals is through a vacuum desiccator. In this process the crystals are spread over water glass and kept in a vacuum desiccator for several hours. In the desiccator CaCl<span class="M">2</span>, silica gel or </span><span class="M"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">P2O5 </span></b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">are used as drying agents<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2. Drying in an oven<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The crystals are dried in an oven provided the substance does not melt or decompose on heating at 100<span class="K">0</span>c.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.17 </b> <b> How the undesirable colours are removed in crystals</b> ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Sometimes during the preparation of crude substance, the colouring matter or resinous products affect the appearance of product and it may appear coloured. Such impurities are conveniently removed by boiling the substance in a solvent with the sufficient quantity of finely powdered animal charcoal and the pure decolourized substance crystallizes out from the filtrate on cooling.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.18</b> <b>Define mother liquor? How the crystals can be obtained from mother liquor </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The remaining solution after the formation of crystals is called mother liquor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1. The mixture of crystals and mother liquor is filtered through a Gooch crucible connected with a vacuum pump.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2. After full suction to drain the mother liquor as effectively as possible. When the filter is rigid enough it is pressed carefully but by firmly by means of a cork in order to drain the left over liquid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. The crystals are then washed will small portion of cold solvent repeating this process many times.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4. The crude mother liquor is concentrated by evaporation and it get good crops of crystals.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.19 </b> <b> Define sublimation.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> When substance is heated it goes directly in to vapours without passing through the liquid state and vapours thus formed are condensed back it form the solid on cooling once again with out passing though liquid state is called sublimation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Examples of such solids are iodine, ammonium chloride, naphthalene , benzoic acid and camphor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.20 </b> <b>What is sublimand </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The compound which is sublimed is called sublimand.e.g In the mixture of benzoic acid in sand, benzoic acid is sublimand. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.21 </b> <b> What is the main function and limitation of sublimation </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> By this process of sublimation certain substance can be purified. It is only suitable for those substances which have high V.P than their melting point.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.23 </b> <b>What is solvent extraction? When it is applicable </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> It is a technique, in which a solute can be separated from a solution by shaking the solution with a solvent in which the solute is more soluble and added solvent does not mix with the solution.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The technique of solvent extraction is mostly applied to separate organic compounds from water.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.24 </b> <b>What is the most common solvent in solvent extraction method? Why we choose ether in solvent extraction?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The common solvent is ether in the solvent extraction we choose ether in the solvent extraction because ether layer is separated and organic product is obtained by evaporating ether repeated extractions using small portions of solvent ether are more efficient than using single but larger volume of solvent.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.25 </b> <b> State distribution law or partition law </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Distribution law:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> This law states that a solute distribute itself between two immiscible liquids in a constant ratio irrespective of the amount of solute added. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The ration of the amounts of solute dissolved in two immiscible liquids at equilibrium is called distribution coefficient. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Distribution coefficient K<span class="M">D</span> = </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.26</b> <b> Discuss the importance of solvent extraction method</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Separation can be carried out on macro as well as micro level.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2. There is no need of any instrumentation except separating funnel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It can be used for preparation, purification and analysis on all scales of working.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.27 Define chromatography? What is the principle of chromatography?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Chromatography is a technique used for separating the components of a mixture. These components are separated due to the relative affinity for stationary phase and mobile phase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.28</b> <b>Define and explain, stationary phase and mobile phase</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Stationary phase:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The phase over which mobile phase flows in chromatography is called stationary phase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The stationary phase may be a solid or liquid supported on a solid. It adsorbs the mixture under separation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Examples of stationary phase are silica gel, alumina and filter paper etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mobile phase:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The solvent or mixture of solvents for this separation of components is called mobile phase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The mobile phase may be liquid or gas and while passing one the stationary phase, competes with it for the constituents of mixture. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Examples of mobile phase are, water, ethanol, ethanoic acid and propanone (acetone) etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div><b></b><br />
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<div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.29 </b> <b>What is the principle of chromatography </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The principle involved in the chromatography depends upon the relative solubilities of the components, between the two phases. The distribution of the components mixture between the two phases is governed by the distribution coefficient K<span class="M">D</span>, which is ratio of component in mobile phase to the concentration of component in stationary phase.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> K<span class="M">D</span> = </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.30 </b> <b> What is the importance of distribution coefficient </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(i) The component of a mixture with a small value of K<span class="M">D</span> mostly remains in the stationary phase as moving phase flows over it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The component with a greater value of K<span class="M">D</span> remains largely dissolved in the mobile phase and passes over the stationary phase quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.31 </b> <b> Differentiate between adsorption chromatography and partition chromatography </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans. Adsorption chromatography:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Type of Chromatography in which the stationary phase is solid, is called adsorption chromatography. Example of this chromatography is Thin layer chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.32 </b> <b>What is partition chromatography </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans. Partition chromatography:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Type of Chromatography in which the stationary phase is liquid is called partition chromatography. Example of this chromatography is paper chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.33 </b> <b> Define and explain paper chromatography </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> It is a technique of partition chromatography in which the stationary phase is water adsorbed on a paper. The mobile phase is usually an organic liquid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> In paper chromatography the adsorbed water behaves as an immiscible liquid towards the mobile phase, which passes over the paper.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.34 </b> <b>Name the different ways of paper chromatography.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> There are three ways of carrying out paper chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(i) Ascending chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(ii) Descending chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(iii) Radial/Circular chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.35</b> <b> What do you mean by R<span class="M">f</span> value?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Each component has specific retardation factor called R<span class="M">f</span> value. R<span class="M">f</span> value is related to distribution coefficient and is given by<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">R<span class="M">f</span> = </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.37 </b> <b>What is chromatogram </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Finished or Devolped paper obtained after Chromatography is called Chromatogram:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.38 </b> <b>Name the types of chromatography on the basis of phase.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> There are four types of chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (i) Liquid–liquid chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (ii) Liquid–solid chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (iii) Gas–liquid chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (iv) Gas–solid chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b>Q.39 </b> <b>Give uses of chromatography.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The techniques of chromatography is very useful in organic synthesis for separation, isolation, and purification of the products.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mostly used for the separation of amino acids. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 95%;"><b>Q.40 </b> <b>Why is there a need to crystallize the crude products </b>?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="Q" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 95%;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="line-height: 95%; margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 95%;"> When a chemical compound is synthesised, it is crude product. Therefore, there is need to purify the compound. This is done by crystallizing the compound.</span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;">Q.41</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 95%; text-indent: 0in;"> <b> </b></span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 95%;">A water soluble organic compound aspirin is prepared by the reaction of </span><span style="line-height: 12px;">salicylic</span><span style="line-height: 95%;"> acid with a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride. How will you separate the product from the reaction mixture ?</span></span></b></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> During the preparation of aspirin, it is obtained as only liquid which can be separated by solvent extraction technique using a non–polar solvent like CCl<span class="M">4</span> and mixture is transferred to separating funnel where only layer is separated.</span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">Q.42</b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"> <b> </b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b>A solid compound is soluble in water as well as in chloroform. During its preparation it remains in aqueous layer. Describe a method to obtain it from the layer.</b></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The compound can be extracted by solvent extraction technique. As it is mentioned that compound is soluble in polar solvents (water, chloroform). If a non–polar solvent is mixed and the mixture is transferred to a separating funnel, where two layers are formed. By separating water layer and evaporating it, organic compound is obtained.</span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">Q.43</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">why repeated extractions using small portions of solvent are more efficient than using a single but larger volume of solvent?</span></b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> It has been observed that repeated extractions using small portions of solvent are more efficient than using a single but larger volume of solvent. Because more product is extracted with more extractions using small portions of solvent.</span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">Q.44</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">Write down the main characteristics of a solvent selected for the crystallization of compound.</span></b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> A solvent should have the following characteristics<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1. It should dissolve a large amount of solute in its boiling part.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2. It should have not reaction with the solute.</span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">It should neither dissolve the impurities, nor crystallize them with the solute.</span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4. It should be perfectly safe to use.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5. It should be easily removable.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6. It should be inexpensive.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b> TEXT BOOK </b><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><b>EXERCISE</b></span></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: .1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .1in; mso-list: none; mso-para-margin-bottom: .6gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .6gd; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.1. Multiple choice questions.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Filtration process could be very time consuming if it were not aided by a gentle suction which is developed:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(a) if the paper covers the funnel upto its circumference.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(b) if the paper has got small sized pores in it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(c) if the stem of the funnel is large so that it dips into the filtrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(d) if the paper fits tightly.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">During the process of crystallization, the hot saturated solution:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(a) is cooled very slowly to get large sized crystals<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(b) is cooled at a moderate rate to get medium sized crystals<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(c) is evaporated to get the crystals of the product.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(d) is mixed with an immiscible liquid to get the pure crystals of the product.<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Solvent extraction is an equilibrium process and it is controlled by.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(a) law of mass action<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(b) the amount of solvent used<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(c) distribution law<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(d) the amount of solute<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Solvent extraction method is a particularly useful technique for separation when the product to be separated is:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(a) non-volatile or thermally unstable<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(b) volatile or thermally stable<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(c) non-volatile or thermally stable<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(d) volatile or thermally unstable<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The comparative rates at which the solutes move in paper chromatography depend on:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(a) the size of paper<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(b) R<sub>f</sub>-value of solutes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(c) temperature of the experiment<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(d) size of the chromatographic tank used<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: (i) d (ii) b (iii) c (iv) d (v) b<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.2. Fill in the blanks.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A complete chemical characterization of a compound must include ________.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">During filtration the tip of the stem of the funnel should touch the side of the beaker to avoid ________.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A fluted fuller paper is used to ________ the process of filtration.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A solvent used for crystallization is required to dissolve ________ of the substance at its boiling point and _________ at the room temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Repeated solvent extractions using small portions of solvent are ________.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: (i) qualitative & quantitative analysis (ii) splashing (iii) increase (iv) large amount, small amount (v) more efficient<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.3. Tick the correct sentences. If the sentence is incorrect, write the correct statements.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A qualitative analysis involves the identification of elements present in a compound.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">If the process of filtration is to run smoothly, the stem of the funnel should remain empty.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">If none of the solvents is found suitable for crystallization, a combination of two or more immiscible solvents may be used.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A solute distributes itself between two immiscible liquids in a constant ratio of concentrations depending upon the amount of solvent added.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Paper chromatography is a technique of partition chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: (i) true (ii) false (iii) true (iv) false (v) true<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.4. Why is there a need to crystallize the crude product?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: When a compound is prepared in laboratory, it may contain impurities. This impure and un-refined compound is called crude product. It is necessary to purify the crude product. So there is a need to crystallize the crude product.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.5. A water insoluble organic compound aspirin is prepared by the reaction of salicylic acid with a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride. How will you separate the product from the reaction mixture?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: Aspirin is separated from reaction mixture is added to cold water. The aspirin forms crystals and other products remain in solution. Finally aspirin is filtered from water by sintered glass crucible.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.6. A solid organic compound is soluble in water as well as in chloroform. During its preparation, it remains in aqueous layer. Describe a method to obtain it from this layer.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: The organic compound can be extracted by solvent extraction. The aqueous solution of compound is mixed with carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>). The mixture is put into the separating funnel. Here two layers are formed. The water layer is separated and evaporated to get the compound.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.7. The following figure shows a developed chromatogram on paper with five spots. (i) Unknown mixture X (ii) Sample A (iii) Sample B (iv) Sample C (v) Sample D<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Find out (i) the composition of mixture X (ii) which sample is impure & what is its composition. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: The unknown mixture X contains the components B and C. The sample D is impure. It contains components A and C. We should know that a pure sample give only one spot. The samples A and C are pure.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.8. In solvent extraction technique, why repeated extraction using small portions of solvent are more efficient than using a single extraction but larger volume of solvent?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: The solvent extraction technique is based upon distribution coefficient. The ratio of concentration of a solute dissolved in two immiscible solvents is a constant. It is called distribution coefficient. <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="42" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="214" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In repeated extractions, we can get maximum amount of solute from the other solvent. It is the reason that repeated extractions using small portions of solvent are more efficient than using a single extraction but larger volume of solvent.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.9. Write down the main characteristics of a solvent selected for crystallization of a compound.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: The process of crystals formation is called crystallization. When a hot saturated solution of a substance is cooled, then crystals of solid substance separate out. It is called crystallization. This process is used for purification of solid compounds. E.g. Purification of Naphthalene. The process of crystallization involves the following steps.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">i. <u>Choice of Solvent:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A suitable solvent is choosen by hit and trial method. An ideal solvent has following properties<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="i"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It should dissolve maximum amount of solute.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It should not react with solute.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It should not dissolve the impurities.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">On cooling, it should form pure crystals<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It should be cheap (in-expensive)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It should be easily removable.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Its use should be safe<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">An inflammable solvent should be heated on water bath. The most common solvents are water, rectified spirit, absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, carbon tetra chloride.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ii. <u>Preparation of Saturated Solution:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The substance is dissolved in minimum amount of solvent. To dissolve more and more solute, the solution should be heated directly or on water bath. The stirring of solution is necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">iii. <u>Filtration:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The hot saturated solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities. Sometimes premature crystals can form. It can be prevented by using hot water funnel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">iv. <u>Cooling:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The hot filtered solution is cooled. The moderate cooling gives the medium sized crystals and slow cooling gives bigger crystals. Sometimes a few crystals of pure solid are added in solution to start the crystallization process.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">v. <u>Collecting the Crystals:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">When the crystallization is complete, then mixture of crystals and mother liquor is filtered through Gooch crucible using a vacuum pump. The mother liquor is removed completely by full suction. Then the filter cake is pressed to remove the rest mother liquor. Finally the crystals are washed with small amount of cold solvent. This process is repeated many times till pure crystals are formed. By evaporation of the mother liquor we can get a fresh crop of crystals.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">vi. <u>Drying of Crystals:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> There are three methods for drying the crystals.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Press the crystals between the folds of filter paper. Repeat this process many times method crystals are crushed and fibers of filter paper mix with them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dry the crystals at 100<sup>o</sup>C in an oven. Here solid should not melt or decompose at 100<sup>o</sup>C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Spread the crystals over watch glass and keep in a vacuum desiccators for many hours. The drying agents used in desiccators are CaCl<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Silica gel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">vii. <u>Decolourization of Undersirable Colours:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sometimes crystals become coloured due to impurities. To prevent it, the substance is boiled with animal charcoal. Animal charcoal absorbs the coloured impurity. The pure colourless crystals are formed by cooling the filtrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Q.10. Write down the procedure to separate the mixture of three inks with the help of paper chromatography.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ans: Take a 20cm strip of whatman filter paper No 1. The strip is 2.5cm wide. Mark a pencil line 2.5cm from lower end. A spot of mixture inks is placed on pencil line. The separate spots of three pure inks are also placed on the pencil line. Then filter paper is suspended into the tank containing solvent. The lower end of filter paper dips 5-6mm into the <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">solvent. When mobile phase (solvent front) rises 3/4 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; position: relative; text-indent: 0in; top: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0in;">the paper, then remove it. Every ink gives a coloured band. But the mixture </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.5in;">gives three bands. The R</span><sub style="text-indent: -0.5in;">f</sub><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.5in;"> values of all bands are calculated. In this way we can separate mixture of three inks.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
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</div>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2987534249307940496.post-86099162109919130122011-12-18T01:33:00.000-08:002011-12-24T11:53:53.337-08:00F.S.C part1 Chap 1st<div align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 8.0pt; tab-stops: 72.9pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 27px;"><b><i></i></b></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 8pt;"></div><div align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 8pt;"><i><i><span style="color: blue; font-size: 20pt;"><b>Chapter No. 1</b></span></i><b style="font-weight: bold;"><i><span style="font-size: 30pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></i></div><b><i> </i></b><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 8.0pt; tab-stops: 72.9pt;"><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif; font-size: 25pt;"> BASIC CONCEPTS</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Benguiat Bk BT', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 25pt;">MCQs</span></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 8.0pt; tab-stops: 72.9pt;"></div><div class="W"><i><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.1 </span></b> <b> Smallest particle of an element which may or may not have independent existence</b></i></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) a molecule (b) an atom</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) an ion (d) an electron</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.2</span> Swedish chemist J. Berzelius determined the </i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) atomic no. (b) atomic volume</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) atomic mass (d) atomic density</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.3 </span> The number of atoms present in a molecule determine its</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) molecularity (b) basicity</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) acidity (d) atomicity</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.4 </span> When an electron is added to a unipositive ion we get</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) anion (b) cation</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) neutral atom (d) molecule</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.5</span> CO<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> is an example of:</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) free radical (b) cationic molecular ion</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) an ionic molecular ion</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (d) stable molecule</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.6 </span> Relative atomic mass is the mass of an atom of an element as compared to the mass of</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) oxygen (b) hydrogen</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) nitrogen (d) carbon</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.7 </span> Isotopes are the sister atoms of the same element with similar chemical properties and different</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) atomic number (b) atomic mass</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) atomic volume (d) atomic structure</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.8 </span> The instrument which is used to measure the exact masses of different isotopes of an element called</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) I.R. Spectrophotometer (b) U.V. Spectrophotometer</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) Mass Spectrometer (d) Colourimeter</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.9 </span> Mass spectrometer separates different positive isotopic ions on the basis of their</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) mass value (b) m/e value</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) e/m value (d) change value</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><br />
</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.10 </span> Simplest formula that gives us information about the simple ratio of atoms in a compound is called</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) structural formula (b) molecular formula</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) empirical formula (d) molar ratio</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.11</span> Percentage of oxygen in H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O is </i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 80% (b) 88.8%</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 8.8% (d) 9.8%</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.12</span> More abundant isotope of an element is one with</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) even atomic no. (b) odd atomic no.</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) Even mass no. (d) odd mass no.</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.13</span> Large no. of isotopes are known for the elements whose masses are multiple of</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) two (b) four</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) six (d) eight</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.14 </span> When <st1:metricconverter productid="0.01 kg" w:st="on">0.01 kg</st1:metricconverter> of CaCO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> is decomposed the CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> produced occupies a volume at S.T.P.</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 2.2414 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3 </span></span> (b) 22.414 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 22414 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3 </span></span>(d) 224014 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.15</span> The no. of covalent bond in 10gm of NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> are</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 6.022 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (b) 1.062 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 10.62 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">24 </span></span> (d) 1.062 x 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">24</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.16</span> No. of molecules present in 10gm of water are</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 3.37 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (b) 33.7 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 3.37 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">24 </span></span>(d) 3.037 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">24</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.17</span> The no. of covalent bonds present in 10gm of water are</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 6.074 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (b) 6.74 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 6.074 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">24 </span></span> (d) 6.74 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">24</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.18</span> The least no. of molecules present in <st1:metricconverter productid="30 gm" w:st="on">30 gm</st1:metricconverter> of</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O (b) NO</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) NO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2 </span></span> (d) N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.19 </span> Which of the following has highest percentage of nitrogen</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) (NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4 </span></span> (b) NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>PO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) (NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>HPO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4 </span></span> (d) (NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span>)<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>PO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.20 </span> 0.1 mole of Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>PO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> completely dissociates in water to produce Na<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> </i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">22 </span></span> (b) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 1.806 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (d) 1.806 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">22</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.21 </span> Efficiency of chemical reaction can be checked by calculating</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) amount of limiting reactant</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (b) amount of the reactant in excess</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) amount of the product formed</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (d) amount of the reactant unused</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.22</span> A limiting reactant is one</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) which is present in least amount</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (b) which produces minimum no. of moles of product</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) which produces maximum no. of moles of product</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (d) does not effect the amount of product</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.23</span> Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of quantitative relationship among the various</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) reactants (b) products</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) Reactants and products (d) all of above</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.24 </span> 500 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> gas at STP contradictions of hydrogen</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23 </span></span> (b) 3.01 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">22</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 2.68 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">22 </span></span> (d) 1.34 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">22</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.25</span> Largest number of H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> ions are produced by complete ionization of</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 0.01 mole of HCl (b) 0.0050 mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 0.000334 moles of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>PO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (d) all above</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.26</span> The Avogadro’s number is</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">24 </span></span> (b) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–24</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–23 </span></span> (d) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.27</span> The largest number of H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> are produced by complete ionization of</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 0.100 2 moles of HCl (b) 0.051 moles of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span></i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 0.0334 moles of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>PO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> (d) All of the above</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.28</span> A sample of pure matter is</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) element (b) compound</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) substance (d) mixture</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.29</span> nm stands for</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Newton</st1:place></st1:city> meter (b) Nanometer</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Newton</st1:place></st1:city> square meter (d) none of the above</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.30</span> One calorie is equal to</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 4.184 J (b) 41.84 J</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 0.4184 J (d) 0.04184 J</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.31</span> The number of moles of CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> which contains <st1:metricconverter productid="8.0 gm" w:st="on">8.0 gm</st1:metricconverter> of oxygen</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 0.25 (b) 0.50</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 1.0 (d) 1.50</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.32 </span> 27 grams of Al will react completely with how much mass of O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> to produce Al<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> </i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) <st1:metricconverter productid="8 gm" w:st="on">8 gm</st1:metricconverter> of oxygen (b) <st1:metricconverter productid="16 gm" w:st="on">16 gm</st1:metricconverter> of oxygen</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) <st1:metricconverter productid="32 gm" w:st="on">32 gm</st1:metricconverter> of oxygen (d) <st1:metricconverter productid="24 gm" w:st="on">24 gm</st1:metricconverter> of oxygen</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.33 </span> Mole of SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> contains</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span> atoms of oxygen</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (b) 18.1 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span> molecules of SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> </i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 6.023 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span> atom of sulphur</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (d) 4 gram of SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.34</span> The largest number of molecules are presenting</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 3.6 gram of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O (b) 4.8 gram of C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5</span></span>OH</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) <st1:metricconverter productid="2.8 gm" w:st="on">2.8 gm</st1:metricconverter> of CO (d) 5.4 gms of N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">5</span></span></i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.35 </span> The mass of one mole of electron is</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 1.008 mg (b) 0.184 mg</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 1.673 mg (d) 0.55 mg</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.36</span> Isotopes differ in</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) properties which depend on mass</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (b) arrangements of electrons in orbital</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) chemical properties</i></b><br />
<b><i> (d) the extent to which they may be affected in electromagnetic field</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.37 </span> The volume occupied by </b><st1:metricconverter productid="1.4 gm" style="font-weight: bold;" w:st="on">1.4 gm</st1:metricconverter><b> of N</b><span class="M" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span><b> at STP is</b></i></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 224 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3 </span></span> (b) 22.4 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 1.12 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3 </span></span> (d) 112 cm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span></i></b><br />
<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.38 </span> Many elements have fractional atomic mass. This is because</b></i></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) the mass atom is itself fractional</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (b) atomic masses are average masses of isobars</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) atomic masses are averages masses of isotopes</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt;"><b><i> (d) atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional to relative abundance</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.39 </span> A limiting reactant is one which</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;"><b><i>(a) is taken in lesser quantity in grams as compared to other reactants</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;"><b><i>(b) is taken in lesser quantity in volume as compared to the other</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;"><b><i>(c) gives the maximum amount of the product which is required</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt;"><b><i>(d) gives the minimum amount of the product under consideration</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-top: 3.0pt;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.40 </span> Isotopes when even atomic masses are a comparatively abundant</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) demper’s spectrograph is superior to that of Aston’s</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-top: 3.0pt;"><b><i> (b) 0.1 mg of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O has greater number of molecules then 0.1 mg of CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span></i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-top: 3.0pt;"><b><i> (c) the number of H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> and PO<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span> ions are not equal but the number of positive and negative charges</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-top: 3.0pt; tab-stops: 36.9pt 72.9pt;"><b><i> (d) are equal when 100 molecules of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>PO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> are thrown in excess of water</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.41</span> A molecule having two atoms is called</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) monoatomic molecules (b) diatomic molecules</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) Polyatomic molecules (d) homoatomic molecule</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.42 </span> An ordinary misoscope is used to measure the object of size</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) upto 500 nm (b) upto 850 nm</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) upto 1000 nm (d) upto 1200 nm</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.43</span> 1 atomic masses unit (amu) is equation</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 1.66 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–27</span></span> kg (b) 1.56 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–27</span></span> kg</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 1.76 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–21</span></span> kg (d) 1.8 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–27</span></span> kg</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.44</span> Nickel has isotopes</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 1 (b) 3</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 5 (d) 7</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.45</span> Cadmium has isotopes</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 3 (b) 5</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 7 (d) 9</i></b></div><div class="W"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.46 </span> The pressure of vapours in the separating isotopes by mass spectrometry is kept at</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–6</span></span> torr (b) 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–4</span></span> torr</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span> torr (d) 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–5</span></span> torr</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.47 </span> Number of gram atoms in <st1:metricconverter productid="0.1 gm" w:st="on">0.1 gm</st1:metricconverter> of Na is</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 0.0043 (b) 0.0403</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 0.403 (d) None of these</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.48 </span> Molecule of haemoglobin contains atoms</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 15,000 (b) 12,000</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 10,000 (d) 8,000</i></b></div><div class="W" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;">Q.49 </span> Haemoglobin is heavier than a hydrogen atom</i></b></div><div class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (a) 65,000 (b) 68,000</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> (c) 62,000 (d) 60,000</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><br />
</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> </i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i><br />
</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i> Answers</i></b></div><div align="left" class="I" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"></div><div align="center"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">1<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">2<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">C<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">8<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">9<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">11<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">12<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">13<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">14<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">15<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">16<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">17<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">18<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">19<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">20<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">21<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">22<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">23<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">24<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">25<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">26<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">27<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">28<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">29<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">30<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">31<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">32<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">33<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">34<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">35<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">36<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">37<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">38<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">39<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">40<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">41<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">42<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">43<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">44<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder;" width="55"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Questions<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">45<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">46<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">47<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">48<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">49<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd;">Answers<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">d<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">a<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.05pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">c<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 40.95pt;" valign="top" width="55"><div align="center" class="W" style="margin-bottom: 4.8pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .4gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0in; mso-para-margin-right: 0in; mso-para-margin-top: .4gd; text-align: center;">b<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
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<div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><b> </b> </span><b style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Short Question With Answer</span></b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.1</b></span> <b> Calculate the grams atoms in <st1:metricconverter productid="0.4 gm" w:st="on">0.4 gm</st1:metricconverter> of potassium.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Gram atoms of potassium =</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = = 0.01 grams atoms</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.2</b> </span> <b> <st1:metricconverter productid="23 grams" w:st="on">23 grams</st1:metricconverter> of sodium and <st1:metricconverter productid="238 gram" w:st="on">238 gram</st1:metricconverter> of uranium have equal number of atoms in them.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Mass of sodium = 23 gms= 1mole=6.02<span class="J"> x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span> atoms</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Mass of uranium = 238g=1 mole=<span class="J"> 6.02x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span> atoms</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.05in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.05in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Both the substances have equal number of atoms because they have same no.of moles.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.3</b> </span> <b>Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">The atomic mass of Mg is 24 which is to twice as mass as compared to the atomic mass of carbon i.e. 12. So Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.4</b></span> <b> <st1:metricconverter productid="180 grams" w:st="on">180 grams</st1:metricconverter> of glucose and <st1:metricconverter productid="342 gram" w:st="on">342 gram</st1:metricconverter> of sucrose have the same number of molecules but different number of atoms present in them.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><st1:metricconverter productid="180 grams" w:st="on">180 grams</st1:metricconverter> of glucose (C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">12</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>) and <st1:metricconverter productid="342 grams" w:st="on">342 grams</st1:metricconverter> of sucrose (C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">12</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">22</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">11</span></span>) are their molar masses indicating one mole of each (glucose and sucrose) one mole of a substance contains equal number of molecules i.e. 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span>.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Mass of glucose (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)=180g=1mole=6.02<span class="J">x</span>10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span>molecules</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">=24N<sub>A</sub>atoms</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Mass of Sucrose (C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub>)=342g=1mole=6.02<span class="J"> x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span> molecules</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">=45N<sub>A</sub>atoms</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.5</b></span> <st1:metricconverter productid="4.9 g" w:st="on">4<b>.9 g</b></st1:metricconverter><b> of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> when completely ionized in water have equal number of positive and negative ions, but the number of positively charged ions are twice the number of negatively charged ions.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>→ 2H<sup>+ </sup>+ SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup><o:p></o:p></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">When one mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> ionizes, it produces 2H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> and<br />
SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–2</span></span> ions. Hydrogen ions contains +1 charge while sulphate ions have – 2 charge. Hydrogen ions are twice in number than that of SO ion. Charges on both ions are equal (with opposite sign). Similarly ions produced by complete ionization of <st1:metricconverter productid="4.9 grams" w:st="on">4.9 grams</st1:metricconverter> of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> in water will have equal +ve and –ve charges but the number of H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> ions are twice than number of negatively charged sulphate ions.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.6</b> </span> <b> One mg of K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>CrO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> has thrice the number of ions than the number of molecules when ionized in excess of water.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4 </sub>→ 2K<sup>+ </sup>+ CrO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–2</span></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">When K<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>CrO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> ionizes in water, its one molecule gives three ions i.e. two K<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> and one CrO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–2</span></span> (chromate) ions. The ratio between the number of molecules and number of ions than the number of molecules when ionized in water.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.7</b></span> <b>Two grams of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>, 16g of CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> and <st1:metricconverter productid="44 gram" w:st="on">44 gram</st1:metricconverter> of CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> occupy separately the volumes of 22.414 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> at STP, although the sizes and masses of molecules of three gases are very different from each other.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">One mole of gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> sizes and masses of molecules of different gas do not affect the volume. Normally it is known that in the gaseous state, the distance between the molecules is 300 times greater that their diameter. Therefore two grams of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>, <st1:metricconverter productid="16 grams" w:st="on">16 grams</st1:metricconverter> of CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> and <st1:metricconverter productid="44 grams" w:st="on">44 grams</st1:metricconverter> of CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> (1 mole of each gas) separately occupy a volume of 22.4 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>. This is called molar volume.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">2gH<sub>2</sub>=1mole, 16gCH<sub>4</sub>=1 mole, 44gCO<sub>2</sub>=1 mole<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">1mole=22.414dm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.8 </span> </b> <b>Define Stoichiometry ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry which gives a quantitative relationship between reactants and products in balanced chemical equation.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.9</b> </span> <b>What is limiting reactant? How does it control the quantity of the product formed? Explain with three examples. /Many chemical reactions taking place in our surroundings involve limiting reactants give examples?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The reactant which controls (limits) the amount of product formed during a chemical reaction is called limiting reactant. <b>In our surrounding many chemical reactions take place which involve limiting reactants some of these reactions are:</b></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> (i) Burning of coal to form CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2---Coal is limiting reactatnt</span></span> C + O<sub>2</sub> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> CO<sub>2</sub></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> (ii) Burning of sui gas to form CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> + 2O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> + 2H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> (iii) Rusting of iron----iron is limiting reactant</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> In above reactions oxygen is always in excess, while other reactants are consumed earlier. So other reactants are limiting reactants.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.10</span> One mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O has two moles of bands, three moles of atoms, ten moles of electron and twenty–eight moles the total fundamental particles present in it.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> One molecule of H–O–H has two bounds between hydrogen and oxygen. There are three atoms i.e. two<br />
H atoms and one O atom, therefore one mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O contains two moles of bonds and three moles of atoms<br />
(2 moles of H atoms and one mole of O atoms).</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Similarly, there are eight elections in oxygen and one electron in each of the two, H atoms one molecule of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O so has 10 electrons, so one mole of water contains 10 moles of electrons. There are 28 moles of all fundamental particles in one mole of water i.e.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 10 moles of electrons.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 10 moles of protons.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 8 moles of neurons (8 neutrons in oxygen and there is no neutron in hydrogen) 28 moles of fundamental particles.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.11</b> </span> <b> One mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> should completely react with two moles of NaOH. How does Avogadro’s number help to explain it?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The balanced chemical equation between H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> and NaOH</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> + 2NaOH <span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> + H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2H<sup>+</sup> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 2NaOH<span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span>2Na<sup>+ </sup>+ 2OH<sup>-</sup></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 2H<sup>+ </sup>+ 2OH<sup>- </sup><span style="font-family: Symbol;">®</span> 2H<sub>2</sub>O</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 2N<sub>A</sub> 2N<sub>A</sub></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">This is an acid base reaction, one mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> releases two moles of H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> ion in solution. It needs two moles of OH ions for complete neutralization. So two moles of NaOH which releases two moles of OH are required to react with one mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span>. One mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> releases twice the Avogadro’s number of H<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span> ions and it will need the Avogadro’s number of OH ions for complete neutralization.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.12</b></span> <b> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and CO have same number of electrons, protons and neutrons.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Both N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> and CO have same number of electrons, protons and neutrons as it is clear from the following explanation.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> For N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> No. of electrons in N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> = 7 + 7 = 14</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of protons in N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span> = 7 + 7 = 14</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of neutrons = 7 + 7 = 14</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> For CO number of electrons</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> in C = 6</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of electrons in O = 8</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Total no. of protons = 6 + 8 = 14</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of neutrons in C = 6</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of neutrons in O = 8</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Total no. of neutrons = 6 + 8 = 14</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.13</b></span> <b> How many molecule, of water are in 12 gram of ice?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Mass of ice (water) = <st1:metricconverter productid="12.0 gm" w:st="on">12.0 gm</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Molar mass of water = 18 g/mol</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of molecules of water</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of molecules of water = 0.66 <span class="J">x</span> 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = 3.97 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.14 </b> </span> <b>Differentiate between limiting and non–limiting reactant ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. Limiting Reactant:</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> A limiting reactant is a reactant and that controls the amount of the product formed in a chemical reaction.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Non–Limiting Reactant:</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The reactant which produces the excess amount of the product is called non–limiting reactant.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.15</b></span> <b>Distinguish between actual yield and theoretical yield ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. Actual Yield:</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The amount of the products obtained in a chemical reaction is called actual yield based on experiment.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Theoretical (Experiment) Yield:</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The amount of the products calculated from the balanced chemical equation is called theoretical yield.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.16 </b> </span> <b>What do you mean by percent yield? Give its significance ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The yield which is obtained by dividing actual yield with theoretical yield and multiplying by 100 is called percent yield.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> % yield = <span class="J">x</span> 100</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Significance:</div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> (i) % yield indicates the efficiency of reaction.</div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> (ii) More is the percent yield higher will be the efficiency of reaction.</div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.17</span><b> Why actual yield is less than the theoretical yield?<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Ans.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: -0.25in;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Side reaction may takes place</div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: -0.25in;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>All the reactant may not be converted into products</div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: -0.25in;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Mecahanical loss may occur like during</div><div class="D" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">e.g Filtration, evaporation, crystallization, distillation etc.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.18</b> </span> <b>Calculate the mass of 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span> moles of MgSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span>.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> MgSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> is an ionic compound. We will consider its formula mass instead of molecular mass.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Number of moles of substance </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Formula mass of MgSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> = 120 gm/ml</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Number of moles of MgSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> = 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span> moles</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Applying formula</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span> = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Mass of MgSO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> = 120 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span> = 0.12 moles</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.19 </b></span> <b>Define Avogadro’s number ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Avogadro’s number is the number of atoms, molecules and ions in one gram atom of an element, one gram molecule of a compound and one gram ion of substance, respectively. It is equal to 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.20</b></span> <b> Define mole ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams is called molecule or gram mole or simply the mole of a substance.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Moles of substance = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 1 mole of water = <st1:metricconverter productid="18.0 g" w:st="on">18.0 g</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 1 mole of H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> = <st1:metricconverter productid="98.0 g" w:st="on">98.0 g</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.21</b></span> <b>Define isotopes ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Atoms of the same element which have different masses but same atomic numbers are called isotopes. For example carbon has three isotopes.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">12</span></span>C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span> <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">13</span></span>C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span> <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">14</span></span>C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span> and expressed as C–12, C–13 and C–14. Similarly hydrogen has three isotopes H H H called protium, deuterium and tritium.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.22</b></span> <b> Define (i) ions (ii) Positive ion (iii) Negative ion.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. Ion</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> As specie having positive or negative charges are called ions. For example Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span>, NO, Na<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span>, Ca<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">++</span></span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Positive Ion (Cation):</div><div class="E" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> A specie has +ve charge is called positive ion and attracted towards Cathode . For example Na<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span>, K<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">++</span></span>, Ca<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">++</span></span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Negative Ion (Anion)</div><div class="E" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> A specie which has negative charge is called negative ion and attracted towards anode . For example F<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span>,Cl<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span>,Br<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span>andS<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–2</span></span>P<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–3</span></span>,C<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–4</span></span>,SO, Cr<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O, CO.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.23 </span></b> <b> Define and explain the molecular ion ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> When a molecule loses or gains an electron, molecular ion is formed. For example CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span>, CO<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span>, N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span><span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">+</span></span>. Cationic molecular, ions are more abundant than anionic ions.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The molecular ions find applications of in calculation of molecular mass of a compound. The molecular ions also help in the determination of structure of macro molecules.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The break down of molecular ions obtained from the natural products can give important information about their structure.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.24</b></span> <b>What do understand by the relative atomic mass ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Relative atomic mass is the mass of an atom of element as compared to the mass of an atom of carbon taken as 12.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">The unit used to express the relative atomic mass is called atomic mass unit (amu). It is th of the mass of one carbon atom. The relative atomic mass of <span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">12</span></span>C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span> is 12.00 amu. The relative atomic mass of H is 1.0078 amu.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.25</b></span> <b>Define Gra<span style="text-indent: 0in;">m atom ?</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called gram atom of an element.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Number of gram atoms of a meter an element</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> For example <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> atom of hydrogen = <st1:metricconverter productid="1.008 gm" w:st="on">1.008 gm</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> atom of carbon = <st1:metricconverter productid="12.00 gm" w:st="on">12.00 gm</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> at of uranium = <st1:metricconverter productid="238 gm" w:st="on">238 gm</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.26 </span></b> <b>Define gram ion ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The ionic mass of an ionic specie expressed in grams is called one gram ion or one mole of ions.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Number of gram ions = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> ion of OH<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span> = <st1:metricconverter productid="17 grams" w:st="on">17 grams</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> ion of SO = <st1:metricconverter productid="96 gram" w:st="on">96 gram</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> ion of CO = <st1:metricconverter productid="60 gram" w:st="on">60 gram</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.27</span></b> <b> Define gram formula and moles ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The formula mass of an ionic compound expressed in grams is called gram formula of the substance.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Number of gram formula or moles of a substance</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> formula of NaCl = 58.50 gms</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> formula of Na<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> = <st1:metricconverter productid="106 gm" w:st="on">106 gm</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <st1:metricconverter productid="1 gram" w:st="on">1 gram</st1:metricconverter> formula of AgNO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> = <st1:metricconverter productid="170 gm" w:st="on">170 gm</st1:metricconverter></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The atomic mass, molecular mass, formula mass or ionic mass of the substance expressed in grams is called moles of those substances.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.28</span></b> <b> Define molar volume ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is called molar volume. The volume is equal to 22.414 dm<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.29 </span></b> <b> Define and explain atomicity ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. <span style="font-family: Symbol;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The number of atoms present in a molecule is called the atomicity. The molecule can be monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic etc. If the molecule contains one atom it is monoatomic, if it contains two atoms it is diatomic, and if it contains three atoms it is triatomic. Molecules of elements may contain one two or more same type of atoms. For example He, Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>, O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>, P<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span>, S<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">8</span></span>. The molecules of compounds consist of different kind of atoms. For example HCl, NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>, H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span>, C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">12</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.30</span></b> <b>Define an atom and molecule ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. Atom:</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Atom is now defined as the smallest particle of an element, which may or may not have independent existence. For example He and Ne atoms have independent existence. While atoms of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen do not exist independently.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Molecule:</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure substance( element or Compound ) which can exist independentally. For example N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>, O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>, Cl<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>, HCl, NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> and H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>SO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">4</span></span> are examples of molecules.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.31 </span></b> <b> What do you mean by empirical formula and molecular formula? How they are related to each other ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. Empirical Formula:</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> It is the simplest formula that gives information about the simple ratio of atoms present in a compound.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> In an empirical formula of a compound A<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">x</span></span> B<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">y</span></span>, there are X atoms of an element A and y atoms of an element B.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Molecular Formula:</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The formula of a substance which is based on the actual molecule is called molecular formula. It gives the usual number of atoms present in the molecule. For example molecular formula of benzene is C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>, while that of glucose is C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">12</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>. The molecular formula and empirical formula are related to each other by the following relationship.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Molecular formula = n <span class="J">x</span> (Empirical formula)</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Where “n” is simple integer.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue;">Q.32</span></span><b style="text-align: left;"> </b><span style="text-align: left;"><b>Is it true many compounds have same empirical and molecular formula </b></span><b style="text-align: left;">? </b></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> There are many compounds, whose empirical formulas and molecular formulas are the same. For example H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>O, CO<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>, NH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span> and C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">12</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">22</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">11</span></span> have the same empirical and molecular formulas. Their simple multiple n is unity. Actually value of “n” is the ratio of molecular mass and empirical formula mass.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">n = </div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.33</b></span> <b> Ethylene glycol is used in automobile antifreeze. It has 38.7% carbon, 9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. Its molar mass is 62 gms mole<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">–1</span></span>. Determine its empirical and molecular formula ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> C = 38.7%, H = 9.7%, O = 51.6%</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Dividing above %ages by atomic mass.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> We get molar ratios</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> C = = 3.225</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> H = = 9.7</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> O = = 3.225</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Dividing above molar ratio by least ratio we get atomic ratio.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> C = = 1</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> H = = 3</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> O = = 1</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Empirical formula is CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>O</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Molar mass = 62</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Empirical formula mass = 12 + 3 + 16 = 31</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Now</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> n = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = = 2</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Molar formula = n <span class="J">x</span> Empirical formula</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = 2 <span class="J">x</span> CH<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>O</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Molecular formula = C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Hence molecular formula of Ethylene glycol = C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.34</span></b> <b>The combustion analysis of an organic compound shows it to contain 65.44% carbon 5.5% hydrogen and 29.06% of oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the compound? If the molecular mass of the compound is 110.15. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> First of all divide the percentage of each element by its atomic mass to get the number of from atoms or moles.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of gram atoms of carbon = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = <st1:metricconverter productid="5.45 gram" w:st="on">5.45 gram</st1:metricconverter> atoms of C</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of gram atoms of hydrogen = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = <st1:metricconverter productid="5.45 gram" w:st="on">5.45 gram</st1:metricconverter> atoms of H</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> No. of gram atoms of oxygen = </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = <st1:metricconverter productid="1.82 gram" w:st="on">1.82 gram</st1:metricconverter> atoms of 0</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Mole ratio C : H : O</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 4.45 5.45 1.82</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Divide number of grams atoms by the smallest number</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> C : H : O</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> : : </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> 3 : 3 : 1</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are present in the given organic compound in ratio of 3 : 3 : 1. So the empirical formula is C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>O.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> In order to calculate the molecular formula first calculate the empirical formula mass.</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Empirical formula mass = 3 <span class="J">x</span> 12 + 3 <span class="J">x</span> 1 + 16</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = 36 + 3 + 16 = 55.05</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Molar mass of the compound = 110.15</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol;">h</span> = = = 2</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Molecular formula = n <span class="J">x</span> empirical formula</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = 2 <span class="J">x</span> C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">3</span></span>O</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = C<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>H<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">6</span></span>O<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">2</span></span></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.35</b> </span> <b> Give relationships, between the amounts of substances and number of particles. There are three useful relationships ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">1. Number of atoms of an element = <span class="J">x</span> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">A</span></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">2. Number of molecules of a compound </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> = <span class="J">x</span> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">A</span></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">3. Number of ions of ionic species = <span class="J">x</span> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">A</span></span></div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> N<span class="M"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">A</span></span> is the Avogadro’s number. The value is 6.02 <span class="J">x</span> 10<span class="K"><span style="font-size: 13pt;">23</span></span>.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Q.36</b> </span><b> What are the types of relationships of stoichiometric calculations ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans. </div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> There are three types of relationships of stoichiometric calculations.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">1. Mass–Mass Relationship</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The relationship in which the mass of one substance is given and the mass of other substance is calculated.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">2. Mass–mole or mole–mass relationship</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The relationship in which mass of one substance is given and moles of other substance is to be calculated or vice versa.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">3. Mass–volume or volume mass relationship</div><div class="E" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> The relationship in which the mass of one substance is given and the volume of other substance is to be calculated or vice versa.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q.37</span></b> <b>Law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during the stoichiometric calculations ?</b></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">Ans.</div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> Stoichiometric calculations are based on balanced chemical equation and equation is balanced on the basis of Law of conservation of mass e.g<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;"> C+O<sub>2</sub>→ CO<o:p></o:p></div><div class="Q" style="margin-bottom: 0.1in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0.1in; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0in;">In this equation stoichiometric calculations are not possible because it is not a balanced equation and it is not obeying Law of coseravtion.</div><br />
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<b style="font-style: italic;"> </b><span style="color: blue;"><b>TEXT BOOK </b></span><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>EXERCISE</b></span></span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Q1. </span> Select the most suitable answer from the given ones in each question.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The mass of one mole of electrons is<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Properties which depend upon mass<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Arrangement of electrons in orbital<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Chemical properties<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l13 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The extent to which they may be affected in electromagnetic field<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ii) Which of the following statements is not true?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">isotopes with even atomic masses are comparatively abundant<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">isotopes with odd atomic masses and even atomic number are comparatively abundant<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">atomic masses are average masses of isotopes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional to their relative abundance<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iii) Many elements have fractional atomic masses, this is because <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The mass of the atom is itself fractional<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Atomic masses are average masses of isobars<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Atomic masses are average masses of isotopes proportional to their relative abundance<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iv) The mass of one mole of electrons is<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) 008mg (b) 0.55mg (c) 0.184mg (d) 1.673mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(v) 27g of Al will react completely with how much mass of O<sub>2 </sub>to produce Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) 8g of oxygen (b) 16g of oxygen <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) 32g of oxygen (d) 24g of oxygen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(vi) The number of moles of CO<sub>2</sub> which contain <st1:metricconverter productid="8.0 g" w:st="on">8.0 g</st1:metricconverter> of oxygen.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) 0.25 (b) 0.50 (c) 1.0 (d) 1.50<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(vii) The largest number of molecules are present in<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) 3.6g of H<sub>2 </sub>O (b) 4.8g of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5 </sub>OH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (c) <st1:metricconverter productid="2.8 g" w:st="on">2.8 g</st1:metricconverter> of CO (d) 5.4g of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(viii) One mole of SO<sub>2 </sub>contains<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of oxygen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">18.1x10<sup>23 </sup>Molecules of SO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">6.02x1023 atoms of sulphur <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><st1:metricconverter productid="4 gram" w:st="on"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">4 gram</span></st1:metricconverter><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> atoms of SO<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ix)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The volume occupied by <st1:metricconverter productid="1.4 g" w:st="on">1.4 g</st1:metricconverter> of N<sub>2</sub>at STP is <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) 2.24 dm<sup>3 </sup><sub> </sub>(b) 22.4dm<sup>3</sup><sub><o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) 1.12 dm<sup>3</sup> (d) 112 cm<sup>3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(x) A limiting reactant is the one which <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) is taken in lesser quantity in grams as compared to other reactants <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) is taken in lesser quantity in volume as compared to the other reactants<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) give the maximum amount of the product which is required <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d) give the minimum amount of the product under consideration<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ans: (i)a (ii)d (iii)d (iv)b (v)d (vi)a (vii)a (viii)c (ix)c (x)d<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q2</span>: Fill in the blanks:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The unit of relative atomic mass is-----------<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The exact masses of isotopes can be determined by ------------spectrograph. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The phenomenon of isotopes was first discovered by --------------<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Empirical formula can be determined by combustion analysis for those compounds which have-----------and -----------in them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A limiting reagent is that which controls the quantities of -------------<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">I mole of glucose has-----------atoms of carbon ---------------of oxygen and ----------of hydrogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(vii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">4g of CH<sub>4 </sub>at O<sup>o</sup>C and I atm pressure has ---------molecules of CH<sub>4</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(viii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Stoichiometry calculations can by performed only when -------------law is obeyed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ans: (i) amu (ii) mass (iii) Soddy (iv) carbon, hydrogen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (v) Products (vi) 6N<sub>A</sub>,6N<sub>A</sub>,12N<sub>A</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (vii) 1.505x10<sup>23</sup> (viii) conservation and multiple proportion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q3: </span> Indicate true or false as the case may be:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Neon has three isotopes and the fourth one with atomic mass 20.18 amu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Empirical formula gives the information about he total number of atoms present in the molecule<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">During combustion analysis Mg(CIO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>is employed to absorb water vapors.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Molecular formula is the integral multiple of empirical formula and the integral multiple can never be unity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The number of atoms in <st1:metricconverter productid="1.79 g" w:st="on">1.79 g</st1:metricconverter> of gold and 0.023g of sodium are equal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> The number of electrons in the molecules of CO an dN<sub>2 </sub>are 14 each, so 1 mg go each gas will have same number of electrons.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(vii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Avogadro’s hypothesis is applicable to all types of gases, i.e., ideal and non-ideal .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(viii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Actual yield of a chemical reaction may by greater than the theoretical yield.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ans.</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (i) False (ii) False (iii) True (iv) False <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (v) False (vi) True (vii) False (viii) False <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q4:</span> What are ions? Under What condition are they produced? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ans</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">: Ions can be produced by the following processes:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">By dissolving ionic compounds in water<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">By X-rays<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In mass spectrometry<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> By removing or adding electron in atom<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q4:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) What are isotopes? How do you deduce the fractional atomic masses of elements form the relative isotopes abundance? Give two examples in support of your answer. ( See detail in Sublime subjective)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) How does a mass spectrograph show the relative aboundace of isotopes of an element? . ( See detail in Sublime subjective)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) What is the justification of two strong peaks in the mass spectrum for bromine; while for iodine only one peak at 127 amu , is indicated?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ans </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> The two strong peak in the mass spectrum for bromine represent two different isotopes of bromine having nearly equal natural abundances. Only one peak at 127 amu in the mass spectrum for iodine indicates that it has only one isotope of atomic mass 127 amu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Remember that!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Height of the peaks </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">∞</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Relative abundance of isotopes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No. of peaks </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">= No. of isotopes</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q5:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Silver has atomic number 47 and has 16 known isotopes but two occur naturally I,e, Ag _____107 . and Ag _____109 . Given the following mass spectrometric data, calculated the average atomic mass of silver, <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Isotopes mass (amu) percentage abundance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="12" /></span></b><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">107</span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ag 106.90509 51.84<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 139.5pt center 213.1pt; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 109</span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Ag 108.90476 48.16<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> The mass contribution for silver are:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Isotopes </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Fractional abundance isotopic mass mass contribution<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">107</span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ag <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8" width="103" /></span> 107 0.5184x107=55.4688<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">109Ag <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="103" /></span> 107 0.4816x109=52.4944<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Fractional atomic mass of silver =107.9632<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Hence the fractional atomic mass of silver is =<u>107.9632</u> Ans.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q6:</span> </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Boron with atomic number 5 has two naturally occurring isotopes. Calculate the percentage abundance of <sup>10</sup>B and <sup>11</sup>B from the following information.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Average atomic mass of boron =10.81 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Isotopic mass of <sup>10</sup>B =10.0129 amu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Isotopic mass of <sup>11</sup>B =11.0093<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Let, the fractional abundance of <sup>10</sup>B =x<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> The fractional abundance of <sup>11</sup>B =1-x<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Remember that </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">the sum of the fractional abundances of isotopes must be equal to one, now, The equation to determine the atomic mass of element is <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 7pt;"><img height="27" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="31" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (fractional abundance) (isotopic mass) (fractional abundance of <sup>10</sup>B)(isotopic mass of <sup>10</sup>B )+(fractional abundance of <sup>11</sup>B) (isotopic mass of <sup>11</sup>B)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =Average atomic mass of Boron<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (x)(10.0129)+(1-x)(11.0093) =10.81<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 10.0129x+11.00093x =10.81<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 10.0129x-11.00093x =10.81-11.0093<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> -0.9964x =-0.1993<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> x =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_11" width="114" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Fractional abundance of <sup>10</sup>B =0.2000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Fractional abundance of <sup>11</sup>B =(1-0.2000)=0.8000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">By percentage the fractional abundance of isotope is <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of <sup>10</sup>B =0.2000x100 =<b>20% Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> % of <sup>11</sup>B =0.8000x100 =<b>80%Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q7: </span> Define the following terms and give three examples of each.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i) Gram atom (ii) Gram molecular mass <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iii) Gram molecular mass (iv) Gram ion (v) molar volume (vi) Avogadro’s number (vii) Stoichiometry (viii) Percentage yield<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q8:</span> Justify the following statements:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) <st1:metricconverter productid="23 g" w:st="on">23 g</st1:metricconverter> of sodium and 238g of uranium have equal number of atoms in the (b) Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) 180g of glucose and <st1:metricconverter productid="342 g" w:st="on">342 g</st1:metricconverter> of sucrose have the same number of molecules but different number of atoms present in them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d) 4.9g of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>when completely ionized in water , have equal number of positive and negative charges but the number of positively charged ions are twice the number of negatively charged ions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(e) One mg of K<sub>2 </sub>C<sub>r </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>has thrice the number of ions than the number of formula units when ionized in water.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(f) Two grams of H<sub>2 </sub>, <st1:metricconverter productid="16 g" w:st="on">16 g</st1:metricconverter> of ch4 and 44g of CO<sub>2 </sub>occupy separately the volumes of 22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>, although the sizes and masses of molecules of three gases are very different from each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) 23g of Na =1 mole of Na =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of Na<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 238g of U =1 mole of U =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of U.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Since equal number of gram atoms(moles) of different elements contain equal number of atoms. Hence, 1 mole (23g ) of sodium and 1 mole (238)g of uranium contain equal number of atoms , i , e ,6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) Since the atomic mass of Mg (24) is twice the atomic mass of carbon (12) therefore, Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon. Or<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass of 1 atom of Mg= </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass of 1 atom of C =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Since the mass of one atom of Mg is twice the mass of one atom of C, therefore, Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) <st1:metricconverter productid="180 g" w:st="on">180 g</st1:metricconverter> of glucose = 1 mole of glucose =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of glucose <st1:metricconverter productid="342 g" w:st="on">342 g</st1:metricconverter> of sucrose=1mole of sucrose =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of sucrose <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Since one mole of different compounds has the same number of molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Therefore 1 mole (180g) of glucose and I mole (342g) of sucrose contain the same number (6.02x10<sup>23</sup>)of molecules. Because one molecule of glucose, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6 </sub>contains 45 atoms whereas one molecules of glucose, C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22 </sub>O<sub>11 </sub>contains 24 atoms. Therefore, 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of glucose contain different atoms as compound to6.02x10<sub>23 </sub>molecules of sucrose. Hence, <st1:metricconverter productid="180 g" w:st="on">180 g</st1:metricconverter> of glucose and 342g og sucrose have the same number of molecules but different number of atoms present in them.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (d) H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_12" width="12" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 8pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="41" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_14" width="12" /></span>2H<sup>+ </sup>+ SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15" width="16" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> When one molecules of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>completely ionizes in water it produces two H<sup>+ </sup>ion and one SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16" width="16" /></span>ion,. Hydrogen ion carries a unit positive charge whereas SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17" width="16" /></span>ion carries a double negative charge. To keep the neutrality, the number of hydrogen are twice than the number of soleplate ions. Similarly the ions produced by complete ionization of 4.8g of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>in water will have equal number of positive and negative but the number of positively charged ions are twice the number of negatively charged ions. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (e) H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_18" width="12" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 8pt;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_19" width="41" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_20" width="12" /></span>2H<sup>+ </sup>+ SO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_21" width="16" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> K<sub>2 </sub>C<sub>r </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>when ionizes in water produces two k<sup>+ </sup>ions one C O<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_22" width="16" /></span> ion. Thus each formula unit of K<sub>2 </sub>C<sub>r </sub>O<sub>4</sub>produces three ions in solution .Hence one mg of K<sub>2 </sub>C<sub>r </sub>O<sub>4</sub> has thrice the number of ion than the number of formula units ionized in water.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(f) 2g of H<sub>2 </sub>=1 mole of H<sub>2 </sub>=6.02x10<sub>23 </sub>molecules of H<sub>2 </sub>at STP =22.414dm<sup>3 </sup>16g of CH<sub>4 </sub>=1mole of CH<sub>4 </sub>=6.02x10<sub>23 </sub>molecules of CH<sub>4 </sub>at STP =22.414dm<sup>3 </sup>144g of CO<sub>2 </sub>=1mole of CO<sub>2 </sub>=6.02x10<sub>23 </sub>molecules of CO<sub>2 </sub>at STP =22.144dm<sup>3 </sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Although H<sub>2 </sub>, CH<sub>4 </sub>and CO<sub>2 </sub>have different masses but they have the same number of moles and molecules . Hence the same number of moles or the same number of molecules of different gases occupy the same volume at STP. Hence <st1:metricconverter productid="2 g" w:st="on">2 g</st1:metricconverter> of H<sub>2 </sub>,16g of CH<sub>4 </sub>and <st1:metricconverter productid="44 g" w:st="on">44 g</st1:metricconverter> of CO<sub>2 </sub>occupy the same volume 22.414 dm<sup>3 </sup>at STP. The masses and the sizes of the molecules do not affect the volumes.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q10:</span> Calculate each of the following quantities <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass in grams of 2.74 moles of KMnO<sub>4 </sub>. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Moles of O atoms in 9.0g of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Number of O atoms in 10.037g of Cu SO<sub>4 </sub>.5H<sub>2 </sub>O.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass in kilograms of 2.6x 10<sup>20 </sup>molecules of SO<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Moles of C1 atoms in 0.822g C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>C1<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(f)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass in grams of 5.136 moles of silver carbonate .<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(g)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass in grams of 2.78x10<sup>21 </sup>molecules of CrO<sub>2 </sub>C1<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(h)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Number of moles and formula units in 100g of KC1O<sub>3 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Number of K<sup>+ </sup>ions C1O<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23" width="11" /></span> ions, C1 atoms, and O atoms in (h)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (a) No of moles of KMnO<sub>4 </sub> =2.74moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> formula mass of KMnO<sub>4 </sub>=39+55+64=158g<sub> </sub>mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of KMnO<sub>4 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>Formula used: <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass of KMnO<sub>4 = </sub>no of mole of KMnO<sub>4 </sub>x formula mass of KMnO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;">=2.74 mol x <st1:metricconverter productid="158 g" w:st="on">158 g</st1:metricconverter> mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b><u>=432.92g Answer<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) Mass of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>=9g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Formula mass of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>=24+28+96=148g mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of O atoms =?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Formula used:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of mole of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub>=<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, I mole of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> contains = 6moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 0..06 moles of Mg (NO3)2contains =6x0.6<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.36 moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>Alternatively,<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 148g of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2 </sub> contains =6moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> g of Mg (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>contains =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_24" width="183" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.36 mole Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (c) Mass of CuSO<sup>4</sup>. 5H<sub>2</sub>O=10.037g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 11pt;"> Formula mass of </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">CuSO<sup>4</sup>. 5H<sub>2</sub>O=63.54+32+64+90<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =249.546g mol <sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">CuSO<sup>4</sup>. 5H<sub>2</sub>O =?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of moles of CuSO<sup>4</sup>. 5H<sub>2</sub>O =<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_25" width="134" /></span><span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;">Now, 1 mole of CuSO<sub>4 </sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O contains 9moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> 0.04 mole of CuSO<sub>4 </sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O contains=9x0.04<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =0.36 moles of O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;">Now, I mole of O atoms contains =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>O atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> 0.36 mole of O atoms contains =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>x0.36 oxygen atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =2.17x10<sup>23 </sup>oxygen atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =2.17x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;">(d) No of molecules of SO<sub>2 </sub>. =2.6x10<sup>20 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> Molecular mass of SO<sub>2 </sub>. =32+32=64 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;">Now, Avogadro’s number , N<sub>A </sub> =6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules of SO<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> Mass of SO<sub>2 </sub>molecules <img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_26" width="290" /><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-family: Times, serif; font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> =27.64x10-<st1:metricconverter productid="3 g" w:st="on">3 g</st1:metricconverter><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =27.64x10<sup>-<st1:metricconverter productid="6 kg" w:st="on">6 <span style="vertical-align: baseline;">kg</span></st1:metricconverter></sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=2.764x10<sup>-<st1:metricconverter productid="3 kg" w:st="on">3 <span style="vertical-align: baseline;">kg</span></st1:metricconverter><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> Answer<o:p></o:p></span></sup></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(e) Mass of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 = 0.822g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molecular mass of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 =24+4+71=99 g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 1 mole of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 contains =2moles of C1 atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 8.3x10-3mole of C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub>C1 contains =2x8.3x10<sup>-3 </sup>mole of atom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =16.6x10<sup>-3<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.0166mole of C1 atom<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=0.017 mole Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(f) No of mole of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3</sub> =5.136moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Formula mass of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3 </sub>=215.736+12+48=275.736 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3</sub>=No of moles of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3</sub>xformula mass of Ag<sub>2 </sub>CO<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =5.136molx275.736 g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =416.18g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=1416.2 g Answer <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(g) Molecular mass of CrO<sub>2</sub>C1<sub>2</sub> =52+32+71=155g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">N<sub>A </sub>=6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molecules of CrO<sub>2</sub>C1<sub>2=</sub></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">=2.78x10<sup>21 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Now, mass of CrO<sub>2</sub>C1<sub>2</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">= =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =71.578x10<sup>-<st1:metricconverter productid="2 g" w:st="on">2 <span style="vertical-align: baseline;">g</span></st1:metricconverter></sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.71578<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=0.716 g Answer <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(h) Mass of KCIO<sub>3</sub> =100g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Formula mass of KCIO<sub>3</sub> =39x35.5+48=122g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of KCIO<sub>3 </sub>=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of KCIO<sub>3 </sub> = <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_28" width="164" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =<span style="position: relative; top: 14pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image027.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_29" width="89" /></span>=0.816mole Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of formula units No of moles x Avogadro,s No<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.816mole x 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i) No of K<sup>+ </sup>ions <b>=4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of CIO </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_30" width="11" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">ions <b>=4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>Answer <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of CIO ions <b>=4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of O atoms = 4.91x10<sup>23 </sup>x3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =14.73x10<sup>23 </sup><b>=1.473x10<sup>24 </sup>Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q 11</span> Aspartame</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> he artificial sweetener, has a molecular formula of C<sub>14 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (a) What is the mass of one mole of aspartame?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (b) How many moles are present in 52g of aspartame?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (c) What is the mass in grams of 10.122 moles of aspartame?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (d) How many hydrogen atoms are present in 2.34g of aspartame?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) Molecular mass of aspartame =168+18+28+80=295g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of 1 mole of aspartame <b>=294g mol<sup>-1 </sup>Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) Mass of aspartame =52g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molecular mass of aspartame =294g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of aspartame =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_31" width="108" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> = </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.1768 mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=0.177 mol Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) No moles of aspartame = 10.122 moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molecular mass of aspartame =294g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of aspartame =No of moles x Molar mass <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =10.122mol x 294g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=2975.87 g Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d) Mass of aspartame =243g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molar mass of aspartame =294g mol <sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of molecules of aspartame=?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of molecules of aspartame=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_32" width="69" /></span>xN<sub>A</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =4.98x10<sup>21 </sup>molecules.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now,1 molecule of aspartame contains =18 H atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 4.98x 1022 molecules =18x4.98x10<sup>21 </sup>H atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =89.64x10<sup>21</sup>H atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=8.964x1022 H atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q 12</span>: A </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">sample of 0.600 mole of a metal M reacts completely with excess of fluorine to from 46.8g MF<sub>2 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) How many moles of F are present in the sample of MF<sub>2 </sub>that forms.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) which elements is represented by the symbol M ?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (a) Formula of compound =MF<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of M =0.6 mol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of MF<sub>2</sub> =46.8g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> The molar of M:F in the compounds;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_33" width="149" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_34" width="143" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of F =0.6x2<b>=1.2mol Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of F =No of moles of Fx At . mass of F<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =1.2x19=22.8g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of compound =46.8g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of metal, M =46.8-22.8<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =24<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> At mass of M =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_35" width="123" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_36" width="58" /></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) The atomic mass of the elements, M =40<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The metal is calcium, Ca Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q 13</span> : In each pair , choose the larger of the indicated quantity ,or state if the samples are equal.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) Individual particles: 0.4 mole of oxygen molecules or0.4mole of oxygen atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) Mass: 0.4 mole of ozone molecules or0.4mole of oxygen atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) Mass: 0.6 mole of C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>4 </sub>or 0.6mole of 1<sup>2<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d) Individual particles: 4.0g N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>or 3.3g SO<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(e) Total ions: 2.3 moles of NaC1O<sub>3 </sub>or 2.0mole of MgC1<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(f) Molecules: 11.0g of H<sub>2</sub>Oor 11.0g H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(g) Na<sup>+ </sup>ion: 0.500 moles of NaBr or 0.0145kg NaC1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(h) Mass: 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms of <sup>235</sup>U or 6.02x1023 atoms of <sup>238</sup>U<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ans: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) Number of molecules =moles x N<sub>A</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Number of O<sub>2 </sub>molecules =0.4x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>=2.408x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of O atoms=0.4x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=2.108x10<sup>23 </sup>atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> There are equal number of individual particles in 0.4 mole of oxygen molecules and 0.4 mole of oxygen atom. In general, equal number of moles of different substances contains equal number of particles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Both are equal Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) Mass of substance = moles x molar mass <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of oxygen atoms =0.4x16=64g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of ozone, O<sub>3 </sub>molecules =0.4x48=19.2g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">0.4 moles of ozone molecules have larger mass than 0.4mole of oxygen atoms.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ozone Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) Mass of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub> =0.6x28=1.68g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of 1<sub>2 </sub> =0.6x127=254g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 0.6mole of 12 have larger mass than 0.6 mole of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1<sub>2 </sub>Answers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d) No of molecules =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of molecules in N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>=<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_37" width="23" /></span>x6.02x10<sup>23</sup> =2.62 x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation" style="tab-stops: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of molecules in SO<sub>2 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup> =3.1x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 3.3g of SO<sub>2 </sub>have larger number of individual particles than <st1:metricconverter productid="4.0 g" w:st="on">4.0 g</st1:metricconverter> of N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">SO<sub>2 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(e) No of formula units =Moles x N<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of formula units of NaC1O<sup>3 </sup> =2.3x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=1.38x10<sup>24 </sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of ions in 1 formula units of NaC1O<sup>3</sup>=2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Total no of ions in MgC1<sub>2 </sub> =2x1.38x10<sup>23</sup>=2.76x10<sup>24 </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of formula units of MgC1<sub>2</sub> =2.0x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>x3=3.6x10<sup>24 ions</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No .of ions in one formula unit of MgC1<sub>2</sub> =3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Total no of ions in MgC1<sub>2</sub> =1.20x10<sup>24 </sup>x3=3.6x10<sup>24 </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2.0moles of MgC1<sub>2</sub> contain lager number of total ions than 2.3 moles of NaC1o<sup>3-<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">MgC1<sub> </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(f) No of molecules =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_38" width="98" /></span>N<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of molecules in H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2</sub> =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_39" width="33" /></span>x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=3.68x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of molecules in H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2 =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_40" width="33" /></span></sub>x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=1.95x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">11.0g of H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2</sub>contains larger number of molecules than 11.0g of H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">H<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>2</sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(g) No of formula units =moles xN<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of formula units NaBr =0.5x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=3.01x10<sup>23 </sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> One formula units o NaBr contain Na<sup>+ </sup>ions =1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 3.01 x10<sup>23 </sup>formula unit of NaBr contains Na <sup>+</sup>ions =3.01x10<sup>23 </sup>Na<sup>+ </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of formula units of NaC1 =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_41" width="35" /></span>x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>=1.49x10<sup>23</sup>formula units<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> One formula unit of NaC1 contains Na<sup>+ </sup>ions =1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 1.49x10<sup>23 </sup>formula units of NaC1 contains =1.49x10<sup>23 </sup>Na<sup>+ </sup>ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">0.500 moles of NaBr contains lager number of Na<sup>+ </sup>ions than 0.0145kg ofNaC1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">NaBr Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(h) Mass of atoms of an element =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of <sup>235</sup>Uatoms =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>=235g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of <sup>238</sup>U atoms =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">x6.02x10<sup>23</sup>=238g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">238</span></sup></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">U Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q 13</span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the four important fertilizer i.e.,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i)NH<sub>3</sub> (ii)NH<sub>2</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>(Urea) (iii)(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (iv)NH<sub>4 </sub>NO<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in each of the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (i) NH<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (ii) (NH<sub>4)</sub>) PO<sub>4 </sub>(iii) (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4 </sub>PO<sub>4<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (a) Mol-mass of NH<sub>3</sub> =14+4=17g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of N =14g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> % of N =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">=82.35% Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) Mol-mass of NH<sub>2 </sub>CONH<sub>2</sub> =28+4+12+16=60g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of N =28g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">=46.35% Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) Mol-mass of (NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4</sub> =28+8+32+64=132g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of N =28g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> % of N =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">=21.21% Answer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d) Mol-mass of <sub> </sub>(NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>=28+4+48=80g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of N =28g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">x100<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =35% Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(I)</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mol-mass of (NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>=14+6+31+64=115g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of N =14g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of P =31g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">x100=<b>12.17% Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of P =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b>=26.96% Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(II)</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mol-mass of ((NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>=28+9+31+64=132g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of N =28g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of P =<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=21.21% Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of P =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=23.48% Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(III)</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mol-mass of (NH<sub>2 </sub>)<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>=42+12+31+64=149g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of N =42g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of P =31g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of N =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> %of P =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q 14</span>: Glucose C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>is the most important nutrient in the cell for generating chemical potential energy. Calculate the mass% of each element in glucose and determine the number of C,H and O atoms in 10.5g go the sample.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mol-mass of glucose C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6</sub> =72+12+96=180g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of C =72<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of H =12<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of O =96<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> % of C =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=40% Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> % of H =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=6.66% Answer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> % of O =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=53.33% Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>=10.5g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mol-mass of C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>=180g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mol-mass of <sub> </sub>=180g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of moles of C<sub>6 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>O<sub>6 </sub>=<span style="position: relative; top: 2pt;"><img height="18" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_42" width="12" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of molecules of glucose =No of moles x N<sub>A<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;">=0.058 molx 6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">=0.35x10<sup>23 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =3.5x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 1 molecule of glucose contains =6C-atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3.4x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules of glucose contains =6x3.5x10<sup>22 </sup>C-atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=21x10<sup>22 </sup>=2.1x10<sup>23 </sup>C atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 1 molecules of glucose contains =12H-atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3.5x10<sup>22 </sup>molecules glucose contains =12x3.5x10<sup>22<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">=4.2x10<sup>23 </sup>H- atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 1 molecule of glucose contains =6 O –atoms<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3.5 x 10<sup>22 </sup>molecules of glucose contains =6x3.5x10<sup>22<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=2.1x10<sup>23 </sup>O-atoms Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q 16</span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Ethylene glycol is used as automobile antifreeze .It has 38.7% carbon, 9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% oxygen. Its molar mass is <st1:metricconverter productid="62.1 grams" w:st="on">62.1 grams</st1:metricconverter> mol<sup>-1 </sup>.Determine its molecular formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> % of C=38.37 g % of H =9.7g % of O=51.6g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">At. Mass of C=12g mol<sup>-1 </sup>At. Mass of H=1.008g mol<sup>-1 </sup>At. Mass of O =16g mol<sup>-1 <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of C =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of H =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of O =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Atomic ratio is obtained by dividing the moles with 3.23, which is the smallest ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">C :H :O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><br />
</div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> <img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_43" width="161" /></span></sup><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1 :3 :1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Empirical formula =CH<sup>3 </sup>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Empirical formula mass =31<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> n= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_44" width="58" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molecular formula =2x CH<sub>3 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=C<sub>2 </sub>H<sub>6 </sub>O<sub>2 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q 16</span>: </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Serotonin (Molecular mass= 176g mol<sup>-1 </sup>) is a compound that conducts nerve impulses in brain and muscles. It contains 68.2 % C, 6.86% H, and 9.08% O. What is its molecular formula?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of C =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of H =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of N =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of O =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.2pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.45pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.65pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.6pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">N<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.7pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.2pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Atomic Ratio<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.45pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.65pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.6pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.7pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.2pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.45pt;" valign="top" width="63"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 43.65pt;" valign="top" width="58"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.6pt;" valign="top" width="59"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.7pt;" valign="top" width="61"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 47.75pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt; position: relative; top: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Empirical formula =C<sub>10 </sub>H<sub>12 </sub>N<sub>2 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Empirical formula mass =120+12+28+16=176g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Molecular mass =176g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">n= </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q17</span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> An unknown metal M reacts with S to from a compound with a formula M<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>.If <st1:metricconverter productid="3.12 g" w:st="on">3.12 g</st1:metricconverter> of M reacts with exactly <st1:metricconverter productid="2.88 g" w:st="on">2.88 g</st1:metricconverter> of sulphur, what are the names of metal M and the compound M<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3 </sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Formula of compound = M<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of M =3.12g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of S =2.88g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Atomic mass of S =32g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The molar ratio of M: S in the compound is :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_46" width="149" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_47" width="149" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of M =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_48" width="53" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.06 mole<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, No of moles of M =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image063.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_49" width="98" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> At. Mass M =<span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_50" width="123" /></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> The mass of M used in the formation of M<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>is 3.12g. The product M<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3 </sub>therefore also contains 3.12g of M, because mass is conserved. The amount of M before and after reaction must be the same. Since we know both the number of moles of M and the mass of M , we can cal calculate the atomic mass of M as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> At. Mass of M = </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =52<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Atomic number, Z =52<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q19</span>: </span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The octane present in gasoline burns according to the following equation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MTDisplayEquation"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1067" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">How many moles of O<sub>2 </sub>are needed to react fully with 4 moles of actane?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">How many moles of CO<sub>2 </sub>can be produced from one mole of actane?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">How many moles of water are produced by the combustion of 6 moles of octane?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If this reaction is to be used to synthesize 8 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub>how many grams of oxygen are needed? How many grams of octane will be used? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <sub>4 moles<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1068" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(a) <sup>2 moles 25 moles<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub> =25 moles of O2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">4 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =50moles of O<sub>2 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b) <sub>1 moles<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1069" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 moles <o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 2 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=16 moles of CO<sub>2 <o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1 mole of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>=8 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub>Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(c) <sub>6 moles<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1070" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 moles <o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 2 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=18 moles of H2 O(i)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 6 moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =54 moles of H<sub>2 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(d) <sub>6 moles<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>2C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 (i)</sub> + 250<sub>2(g)</sub> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1071" width="20" /></span>16CO <sub>2(g) </sub>+ 18H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> (i)</sub><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 moles 1800moles<o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 16 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub> =25 moles of O<sub>2 </sub><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">8 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =12.5 moles of CO<sub>2 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mol-mass of O<sub>2</sub> =32g mol<sub>-1 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =12.5 molx 32g mol<sub>-1 </sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =400g of O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 16moles of CO<sub>2 </sub> =2moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">8 moles of CO<sub>2</sub> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =1 mole of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mol-mass of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=96+18=114g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=No of moles of C<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18</sub>xMol.mass ofC<sub>8 </sub>H<sub>18 </sub>=1 molx <st1:metricconverter productid="114 g" w:st="on">114 g</st1:metricconverter> mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <b>114g Answer<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q19</span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Calculate the number of grams of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3 </sub>which can be prepared by the reaction of <st1:metricconverter productid="20 g" w:st="on">20 g</st1:metricconverter> of A1 and <st1:metricconverter productid="30 g" w:st="on">30 g</st1:metricconverter> of sulphur. How much the non-limiting reaction is in excess?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of A1 =20g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molar mass of A1 =27g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of A1 =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of S = 30g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molar mass of S =32g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <sub>0.74 mole</sub> <sub>0.94 mole</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 2A1 + 3S <b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1072" width="20" /></span> </b>A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sub><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 mole</span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <sup>3 mole</sup> <sup>1 mole</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 2 moles of A1 =1 mole of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 0.74 moles of A1 =<sub> </sub></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.37 mole of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 3 moles of S =1 moles of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;">0.94 moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.313 mole of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Since S give the least number of moles of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub> therefore, it is the limiting reactant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> No of moles of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3 </sub>=0.313 mole<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molar mass of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3 </sub>=150g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub>=No of moles of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub>xMolar mass of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.313molx <st1:metricconverter productid="150 g" w:st="on">150 g</st1:metricconverter> mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =46.95 g of A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3</sub> Answer<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The non-limiting reactant is A1 which is in excess. Now mass of A1 required reacting completely with 0.94 moles of S can be calculated as:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;">0.94 mole</span></sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 2A1 + 3S <b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1073" width="20" /></span> </b>A1<sub>2 </sub>S<sub>3<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sub><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 mole</span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <sup>3 mole</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 3 moles of S =2 moles of A1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 0.94 moles of S =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass of A1 =No of moles of A1 x molar mass of A1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =0.63x 27<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =17g of A1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of A1available =20g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass of A1 which reacts completely =17g with available S<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Excess of A1 =20-17=3g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q20</span>: A mixture of two liquids, hydrazine N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>and N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>are used as a fuel in rockets. They produce N<sub>2 </sub>and water vapors. How many grams of N<sub>2 </sub>gas will be formed by reacting 100g of N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4 </sub>and 200g g of N<sub>2 </sub>O<sub>4</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>+ N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub><b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1074" width="20" /></span></b> 3N<sub>2 </sub>+4 H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of2N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> =100g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>=200g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Molar mass of 2N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>=28+4=32g mol<sup>-1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Molar mass of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>=28+64=92g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of moles of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No of moles of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3.125moles 2.174 moles</span></sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>+ N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub><b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1075" width="20" /></span></b> 3N<sub>2 </sub>+4 H<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 moles 1mole 3moles<o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now , 2moles of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>=3moles of N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3.125moles of N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =4.69 mole of N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now , 1 mole of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>=3moles of N<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 2.174 moles of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4 </sub>=</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =6.52 mole of N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Since N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>gives the least number of moles of N<sub>2</sub>, hence it is the limiting reactant. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Amount of N<sub>2 </sub>produced =4.69 moles<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Molar mass of N<sup>2 </sup>=28g mol<sup>-1<o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Mass of N<sub>2 </sub> =4.69g molx 28g mol-1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =131032 g Answer <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q21</span>: Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material . It is produced by allowing sand (SiO<sub>2 </sub>)to react with carbon at high temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">SiO<sub>2 </sub> + <st1:metricconverter productid="3C" w:st="on">3C</st1:metricconverter> <span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1076" width="20" /></span>SiC + 2CO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">When 100kg sand isn reacted with excess of carbon, <st1:metricconverter productid="51.4 kg" w:st="on">51.4 kg</st1:metricconverter> of Sic is produced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Solution:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of SiO2 =100 kg=100000g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Mass of SiC produced =5.14 kg =51400g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <sub>100000g<o:p></o:p></sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> SiO<sub>2 </sub> + <st1:metricconverter productid="3C" w:st="on">3C</st1:metricconverter> <b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1077" width="20" /></span></b>SiC + 2CO<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <sup>60g</sup> <sup>40g</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Now, 60g of SiO<sub>2</sub> =40g of SiC<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> 100000g of SiO<sub>2</sub> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =66666.67 g <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Actual yield of Sic =51400 g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Theoretical yield of SiC =66666.67g<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> % yield =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> =77.1%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q22</span>: (a) What is Stoichiometry? Give its assumptions? Mention two important law, which help to perform the Stoichiometry calculations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">What is a limiting reactant? How does it control the quantity of the product formed? Explain with three examples<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: blue;">Q 23</span>: (a) Define yield. How do we calculate the percentage yield of a chemical reaction?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> (b) What are the factors which are mostly responsible for the low yield of the products in chemical reactions. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Q24: Explain the following with reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(j)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during Stoichiometric calculations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Many chemical reactions taking place in our surrounding involves the limit reactants.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">No individual neon atom in the sample of the element has a mass of 20.18amu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">One mole of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>should completely react with two moles of NaOH. How does Avogadro, s number help to explain it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">One mole H<sub>2 </sub>O has two moles of bonds , three moles of atoms , ten moles of electrons and twenty eight moles of the total fundamental particles present in it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">N2 and CO have the same number of electrons, protons and neutrons.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Ans. (i) According to law of conservation of mass, the amount of each element is conserved in a chemical reaction. Chemical equations are written and balanced on the basis of law of conversation of mass. Stoichiometry calculations are related with the amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. Hence, law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during stoichiometric calculations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In our surrounding many chemical reactions are taking place which involve oxygen. In these reactions oxygen in always in excess quantity while other reactant are in lesser amount. Thus other reactants act as limiting reactants. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Since the overall atomic mass of neon in the average of the determined atomic masses of individual isotopes present in the sample of isotopic mixture .Hence, no individual neon atom in the sample has a mass of 20.18amu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> +2NaOH <b><span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ABDULR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image066.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1078" width="20" /></span> </b>Na<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub> + 2H<sub>2 </sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1 mole 2moles<o:p></o:p></span></sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2 moles of H<sup>+ </sup>ions 2 moles of OH ions<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>H<sup>+ </sup>ions 2x6.02x10<sup>23 </sup>OH ions<sup> <o:p></o:p></sup></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Once mole of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>consists of 2 moles of H<sup>+ </sup>ions that contains twice the Avogadro’s number of H<sup>+ </sup>ions. For complete neutralization it needs 2 moles of one mole of H<sub>2 </sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>should completely react with two moles of N<sub>A </sub>OH.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Since one molecule of H<sub>2</sub>O has two covalent bonds between H and O atoms. Three atoms, ten electrons and twenty eight total fundamental particles present in it. Hence, one mole of H<sub>2 </sub>O has two moles of bond, three moles of atoms, ten moles of electrons and twenty eight moles of total fundamental particle present in it.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt;">In N<sub>2 </sub>there are 2 N atoms which contain 14 electrons (2x7),14 protons (2x7) and 14 neutrons (2x7) . In CO, there are one carbon and one oxygen atoms. It contains 14 electrons (6carbon e +8 oxygen e), 14 protons (<st1:metricconverter productid="6 C" w:st="on">6 C</st1:metricconverter> proton +8 O proton ) and 14 neutrons (6 neutrons +8 O neutrons).Hence , N<sub>2 </sub>and CO have the same number of electrons, protons </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0in;">and neutrons. Remember that electrons, protons and neutrons of atoms remain conserved during the formation of molecules in a chemical reaction.</span></div><b><i><br />
</i></b>chismtry zonehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16909027569134227232noreply@blogger.com64